Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos

O. L. G. Peres11

1Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin UNICAMP

01 of June of 2018 Advanced Workshop on Physics of Atmospheric Neutrinos - PANE 2018

1 In collaboration with Arman Esmaili and Zahra Tabrizi 1/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations

In the latest years there are stronger evidences for neutrino oscillation

•

Super-Kamiokande Experiment SNO experiment

All evidences point to non-zero neutrino masses: Nobel prize in 2015!!

2/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Oscillation discover in other expts

2008: KamLand experiment MINOS experiment: UFG/USP/UNICAMP 1

600 νµ•dominated beam 800 νµ•dominated beam νµ•dominated beam νµ•enhanced beam νµ 20 νµ 30 νµ 80 νµ 20 10.71 × 10 POT non•fiducial µ contained•vertex νµ 3.36 × 10 POT 500 contained•vertex νµ contained•vertex νµ 600 25 0.8 MINOS data 60 400 Best fit oscillations 20 No oscillations 300 NC background 400 15 40 0.6 Cosmic•ray muons 200 Events / GeV Events / GeV Events / GeV 10 Events / GeV 200 20 100 5

0.4 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 9 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Neutrino Energy (GeV) Muon Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Survival Probability 25 Atmos. contained•vertex νµ Atmos. non•fiducial µ• Atmos. contained•vertex νµ Atmos. non•fiducial µ+ 0.2 ν ν 60 30 30 3- best-fit oscillation Data - BG - Geo e 37.88 kton•years νµ νµ νµ 20 νµ 2-ν best-fit oscillation 20 15 0 40 20

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Events Events Events Events 10 20 10 10 L /Eν (km/MeV) 5 0 e

0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 log ( L[km] / E [GeV] ) log ( L[km] / E [GeV] ) log ( L[km] / E [GeV] ) log ( L[km] / E [GeV] ) 10 ν 10 µ 10 ν 10 µ Double CHOOZ: UNICAMP/UFABC/CBPF

3/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Sterile neutrino :hiccups or new particle?

LSND, Mini-BooNE (2018) and Reactor anomaly

0.020 best fit ν mode: 12.84 1020 POT × ν¯ mode: 11.27 1020 POT 0.015 × LSND

0.010

0.005 Appearance Probability

0.000

0.005 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 L/E [meters/MeV]

4/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Large extra dimension model

• Proposed by Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos and Dvali (ADD)

m m m m • Gauss law: V ∼ 1 2 = 1 2 δ+2 δ M r MD REDr Pl

Constrains from 1/r tests RED > 1 mm

5/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Large extra dimension model

1 1 Compactiﬁcation: explanation of smallness of gravity: ∝ ∝ VED RED

One of extra dimensions have RED much greater then the other dimensions (5D) .

5/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Neutrino in Large Extra Dimension Models

R 4 A R 4 Si = d x dyi ΨiΓ ∂AΨi + d x [iν¯iL 6∂νiL + λijhν¯iLψjR(x, y = 0)]

λij Smallness of neutrino mass: mν ∝ ∼ 1eV RED • Fourier modes: inﬁnite number of states

6/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Neutrino in Large Extra Dimension Models

Z Z 4 A 4 Si = d x dyi ΨiΓ ∂AΨi + d x [iν¯iL 6∂νiL + λijhν¯iLψjR(x, y = 0)]

Mass terms ∞ ∞ X (n) X n (n) (n) (−n) (−n) mDν¯ ψ + ψ ψ − ψ ψ + h.c., i iL iR R iL iR iL iR n=−∞ n=1 ED √ √ √ √  D D D D D  mi 2mi 2mi 2mi ... 2mi  0 1/RED 0 0 ... 0     0 0 2/R 0 ... 0  Mi = lim  ED  . n→∞  ......   ......  0 0 0 0 ··· n/RED

D Only two free parameters mi and RED. 6/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Neutrino in Large Extra Dimension Models

Depending on radius we can have oscillation on short and long scale

Flavor neutrinos

1 1 >> ∆m2 ∼ ∆m2 R2 31 R2 31 6/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Neutrino in Large Extra Dimension Models

The ﬂavor eigenstates are written as

P3 (0) P3 P∞ 0n 0(n) ναL = i=1 UαiνiL = i=1 Uαi n=0 Si νiL , (α = e, µ, τ), The eigenvalues are solution of (n) D 2 (n) λi − π mi RED cot πλi = 0. with solution λ(n) m(n) = i ' n , (n = 0, 1, ··· ), i RED RED

2 2 2 2 n • If ∆m31 = m3 − m1 ∼ 2 : Stronger changes in neutrino oscillation RED

• If the radius RED is larger also stronger non-unitarity effects

0n Uαi → UαiSi

6/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Matter effects for sterile ν H. Nunokawa, O.L.G.P. and R. Zukanovich Funchal. Phys.Lett. B562 (2003)

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ Stronger muon disappearance.

Also: A. Nicolaidis, et al. hep-ph/9904415 and Osamu Yasuda, hep-ph/0102166

2 Stronger bound on |Uµ4| , A. Esmaili, F. Halzen and O.L.G.P. JCAP 1211, 041(2012)

7/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Matter effects in Large extra dimensions

Matter potential in mass basis −−−→

For neutrinos

Mass eigenstates−−−−−→

For anti-neutrinos: V µ < 0 then νµ → νs transition

8/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Matter effects in Large extra dimensions

1 ∆m2 ∼ ∼ 0.16eV2 R2 sin2 θ ∼ (mR)2 ∼ 2.5 × 10−2

8/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos ICECUBE experiment

9/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constrains on large extra dimensions

χ2 analysis of muon disaepparance data of ICECUBE Our result

Variables:

m lightest ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− and R ED

1 eV−1 5 eV−1

10/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constrains on large extra dimensions

χ2 analysis of muon disaepparance data of ICECUBE

← − − − − − − − − − − Our result

excluded by cosmology ←−−−−−−−−−−− ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− ←−−−−− Reactor anomaly, sterile ν: Machado, Nunokawa and Zukanovich

1 eV−1 5 eV−1

10/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Test in longbaseline experiments: DUNE

Measure µ (e) events: Test of P(νµ → νµ)(P (¯νµ → ν¯µ) and P(νµ → νe)( P(ν¯µ → ν¯e))

11/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constrains on large extra dimensions

10 DUNE (Expected) IC 40 − IC 79 − T2K/Daya Bay KATRIN (Expected) 1 Reactor/Gallium (0) Σi m =0.25 eV ] i V e [ 0 m

1 10−

2 10− 2 1 10− 10− 1 10 1/R [eV] ED 12/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constrains on large extra dimensions

−IC-40/IC-79: − − − − − ICECUBE − − − − − analysis − − − − by − O.− − L. − G. − P., −− Esmaili − − − and − − Tabrizi − − − (USP) − → 10 DUNE (Expected) IC 40 − Cosmology excluded IC 79 − T2K/Daya Bay KATRIN (Expected) 1 Reactor/Gallium Solution for sterile ν anomalies (0) Σi m =0.25 eV ] i

V Machado, Nunokawa and Funchal e [ 0 m

10− EXCLUDED −−−−−→ KATRIN sensitivity: neutrino mass!! 2 10− 2 1 10− 10− 1 10 1/R [eV] ED 12/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constraints on short-baseline experiments: SBN

Short Baseline program for FERMILAB

13/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Constraints on short-baseline experiments: SBN

Sensitivity region for SBN

Work in progress, G. Stenico, D. Vanegas Forero and O.LG.P.

13/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Discrimination power

TRUE LED: → 3+1 scenario TRUE 3+1 model : → LED scenario

2 ∆χ = 7.989 ∆χ2 = 6.94

14/15 Orlando Luis Goulart Peres Extra Dimensions in Atmospheric Neutrinos Conclusions

1 Smallness of neutrino mass: motivated by large extra dimension models? 2 Neutrinos in large extra dimension models: oscillation pattern and non-unitarity 3 Future experiments can provide very good constrains on size of extra dimension 4 Full discrimination between the extra dimension oscillation model and the usual three neutrino theory −5 5 ICECUBE( 3× IC-70) RED > 2, 5(3, 0) × 10 cm for small m0