Traditional Practices of the Ethnoveterinary Plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan

ISSN Printed: 0034-7744 ISSN digital: 2215-2075

DOI 10.15517/rbt.v69i1.42021

Traditional practices of the ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan

Ghazala Shoaib1, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah1, Nasir Shad2*, Yunus Dogan3, Zeeshan Siddique4, Abbas Hussain Shah5, Muhammad Farooq5, Khalid Rasheed Khan5 & Anely Nedelcheva6 1. Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; ghazalashoaib1987@gmail. com, [email protected] 2. Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; dear- [email protected] 3. Buca Faculty of Education, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; [email protected] 4. Department of Bioscience, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan; [email protected] 5. Department of Botany Government Post Graduate College Mansehra, Pakistan; [email protected], khan4uk@ gmail.com, [email protected] 6. Department of Organic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] * Correspondence

Received 27-V-2020. Corrected 18-VIII-2020. Accepted 16-IX-2020.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: Indigenous people in a far-flung mountainous area without basic facilities, mainly rely on medicinal plants to cope with various veterinary health problems. Objective: The present study was carried out to explore the traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary practices in Kaghan Valley, district Mansehra, Western Himalayas-Pakistan. Method: Ethnoveterinary data were collected between February to October 2014 from nine villages of the Kaghan Valley by involving 80 local people include traditional healers using a semi- structured interview. Results: A sum of 41 plant taxa of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was documented for treating livestock ailments. Out of which, herbaceous plants were recorded with high percentage (27 species, 65.8 %). Most of the species were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (12 taxa), followed by health improvement (7 taxa). The widely used part of plants for livestock aliments was the whole plant (9 species) followed by leaves (7 species), and preparation were paste (18 species) followed by powder with 10 species. The highest used values were recorded for Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76), and high relative frequency citations for Berberis lyceum and Dryopteris ramosa with 0.37 each. Among the plant species Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis and Phytolacca latbenia were among the taxa with cent fidelity level. Conclusion: The flora used in traditional remedies of the valley was found mostly endemic due to excessive utilization. Thus, further chemical investigation, better utilization and conservation of indigenous use of the reported species should be considered for future work.

Key words: traditional knowledge; livestock ailments; medicinal plants; Kaghan Valley.

Shoaib, G., Shah, G.M., Shad, N., Dogan, Y., Siddique, Z., Shah, A.H., Farooq, M., Khan, K.R., & Nedelcheva, A. (2020). Traditional practices of the ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan. Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(1), 1-11. DOI 10.15517/rbt.v69i1.42021

Plants have been used throughout human (EVB) or Ethnoveterinary Medicine (EVM) evolution for different purposes. The ethnovet- deals with all the traditional techniques applied erinary covers the utilization of plants by by humans not only to control the common dis- humans to prevent, control, and cure cattle’s ail- eases of domestic animals but also to improve ments. The subject of Ethnoveterinary botany the breeding practices in them (Guzman, 2015).

Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 1 The dwellers of remote and mountainous ter- necessities from mountain agriculture, ani- ritories preferred ethnoveterinary medicinal mal husbandry, medicinal plants, and forest plants for the health issues of their livestock resources (Kiran, Jean-Yves, & Brigitte, 2011). (Mathias, 2001). Cattles are one of the primary Domestic animals (goats, sheep, and cows income sources in the mountain communities of different varieties) are the major source of and are considered experts in animal rearing, income and dairy products for the poor com- pastoralism, and animal husbandry (Butzer, munity of the Kaghan Valley. The cultivation 1988). The interaction of indigenous plants and of medicinally important plants is limited by domestic animals plays a key role in the subsis- the noteworthy deficiency of accessible data tence of far-flung human communities provid- on the spread and management of significant ing a wide range of dairy products (Gordon, species limits (Abbasi et al., 2013). Allopathic 2000). Ample literature found on uses of plants drugs for cattle are challenging to access and by humans such as wild fruit, wild vegetable, afford for the people of remote and rural areas fuelwood, ethnomedicine, thatching, timber, of Pakistan (Shinwari, 2010). As a result, the etc. The traditional ethnoveterinary knowl- local people highly depend on the herbal rem- edge got scientific attention for two decades edy to treat many acute and chronic diseases and reported worldwide, for instance, in East (Abbas, Khan, Alam, Khan, & Abbasi, 2017). Africa (Dharani et al., 2015), sub-Saharan The present work was based on the field works Africa (Toyang, Wanyama, Nuwanyakpa, & and aimed to document the medicinal plants Diango, 2007), Nigeria (Chafe, Musa, & Dog- used in veterinary diseases. The major aim of ara, 2008), Zimbabwe (Matekaire & Bwakura, this study was to make discussion and keep- 2004), Ethiopia (Yineger, Kelbessa, Bekele, ing given limitation in the knowledge in the & Lulekal, 2007), Uganda (Tabuti, Dhillion, selected localities; this research was carried & Lye, 2003), Cameroon (Nfi et al., 2001), out to gather more vital information about Canada (Lans, Turner, Khan, Brauer, & Boep- ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, ple, 2007), India (Usha, Rajasekaran, & Siva, Western Himalayas-Pakistan. 2016), Europe (Mayer, Vogl, Amorena, Ham- burger, & Walkenhorst, 2014), etc. In Pakistan, MATERIALS AND METHODS few and fragmented literature are present from different parts of the country such as Greater Study area: Kaghan Valley is situated Cholistan desert (Khan, 2009), Southern Pun- between (34º 14′-35º 11′ N & 72º 49′ - 74º 08′ jab (Jabbar, Raza, Iqbal, & Khan, 2006). E), lies under the administration of District About 258 650 species of higher plants Mansehra, Pakistan. It is the catchment area of have been reported worldwide, and among River Kunhar, covering an area of 1 627 km2 them, more than 10 % of plants are used for (Fig. 1). The valley is bounded by Azad Jammu the cure of various diseases as a community and Kashmir from East and South direction, scale (Christenhusz & Byng, 2016). Based on West by Allai valley, North by Chillas and Gil- traditional knowledge along with many known git Baltistan. Floristically, the valley falls in the drugs (e.g., reserpine, tubocurarine, morphine, Sino-Japanese region (Takhtajan, 1986). The and aspirin, etc.), new plants are being stud- study area has four ecological zones (temper- ied for their medicinal uses (Rahman et al., ate, subalpine, alpine, and sub-tropical) with 2018). Mountainous communities, particularly rich forests and high altitudinal mountains of of the developing countries, are considered the Himalayan region with averagely 22 °C deprived and poorest due to the absence of minimum and 40 °C maximum temperature. basic facilities of life. The Northern part of (Champion, Seth, & Khattak, 1965; Schick- Pakistan is mountainous and encompasses a hoff, 1995). The exclusive features of the vast population with no or poor basic facili- Kaghan valley are the presence of nomads with ties. These people endeavor to fulfill all their a number of herds (Sardar, 2003; Schickhoff,

2 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 Fig. 1. The study area and visited localities Bank of River Kunhar in Kaghan valley.

1995). The valley is mainly inhabited by the were interviewed directly by semi-structured Gujars tribe and Hindko language speakers. It approach (Martin, 2004). During field trips is the famous and common route of nomadic a total of 80 informants (male and female) people, and a considerable number of people between 20-80 years of age were interviewed travel by horses, mules, and donkeys and some- with inform consents and willing to share their times by vehicles through the valley as well as knowledge (Table 1), old people had more stay at high pastures (Siri Payya, Baser, Gitti information regarding medicinal plants for Das, etc.) in the summer season. During the cattle compared to young people. Socioeco- winter season, they move towards warmer parts nomically, they were farmers, herdsmen, and of the country like lower Hazara and different nomads. Questions on the utility of various parts of the Punjab Province. plants, their part used, type of preparation, ethnoveterinary uses, and route of admin- Filed survey and data collection: Field istration were asked through questionnaires trips were arranged consecutively in the study (Martin, 2004). The recorded taxa and their area from February to October 2014 for the local veterinary remedies were comparatively collection of ethnoveterinary information and assessed with available literature of the coun- documented plants. Nine villages were selected try, nomenclature mainly based on Flora of based on unstructured interviews and group Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1970-2001) for iden- discussions for preliminary valley informa- tification. The botanical names and authori- tion. Local people include traditional healers ties were confirmed following the Angiosperm

Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 3 TABLE 1 Fidelity level indicates the percentage of Knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants reported informants claiming the use of plant species for by local respondents the same purpose.

Demographic Number of Variable Percentages categories informants FL (%) = Ip/Iu x 100 Gender Male 50 62 Ip is the number of informants who inde- Female 30 38 pendently suggested the use of a plant spe- Experience Traditional healer 9 11 cies for a particular disease and Iu is the Local people 71 89 total number of informants who mentioned Age groups 18-40 11 14 the same plant for any disease (Alexiades & 41-60 21 26 Sheldon, 1996). Above 60 48 60 Education Illiterate 55 69 RESULTS Primary 13 16 Middle 3 4 Diversity of ethnoveterinary flora: Total 41 plant taxa of 39 genera belonging to 30 fam- Matric and above 9 11 ilies were recorded. Out of which, 34 dicots, 4 monocots, 2 ferns, 1 gymnosperm. Family Phylogeny Group IV system (Stevens, 2001), Polygonaceae was the most widely used family and The Plant List database (TPL, 2013). (4 species) followed by Poaceae and Lamiac- All the recorded species were properly pro- eae (3 species) each, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae cessed and labeled and submitted to Hazara and Ranunculaceae with 2 species each and the University, Herbarium. other remaining 25 families were with one taxa each (Table 2). Herbs were dominant with 26 Data analysis: The used value (UVi) was species followed by shrubs (9 species), trees (4 calculated by the formula proposed by (Phillips species) and ferns with 2 species. Total of 41 & Gentry, 1993). plant species were used to treat twenty different type of disease, grouped in six main categories, UVi = 1/4 ∑Ui = ni among the plant species maximum number of plant species were used to treat gastrointestinal Ui is the number of citations by each ailments 12, followed by health improvement informant for the speciﬁc species “i” and “ni” 7, dermal problems 6, respiratory disorders is used for the total number of informants inter- 5, urinary tract malfunction and as coolant viewed for speciﬁc plant species “i”. The use 1 each (Fig. 2). value ranges from 0 to 1. The Relative Frequency of Citations Parts used and drug formulation: Local (RFC) index was used to analyze the tradition- community members used 13 different parts al practices of the ethnoveterinary medicinal of plants either separately or combined for plants and the value of each species recorded ethnoveterinary ailments. Out of which, whole in the area (Tardío, Pardo de Santayana, & plant was widely used part 8, following by Morales, 2006). leaves 7, roots 4, seeds, grains and bark 2 each, flowers, fronds, fruits and stigma with 1 each. RFC = FC/N In combination, roots & rhizomes and leaves & flowers was the widely used part 2 each, FC is the number of informants who use and the other remaining parts with any type of plant species traditionally, and N is the total combination were recorded with one part used number of informants. each. Most of the crude drugs were used in the

4 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 Fig. 2. Major cattle ailments versus the number of plants used.

form of paste (18 species) followed by powder Arisaema costatum has therapeutic action in (10 species), decoction (7 species), extract and fever, flu and weakness (Abbasi et al., 2013). fried 3 species each (Table 2). Fresh leaves of Foeniculum vulgare are given to cattles to treat abdominal pain, indigestion Quantitative analysis: The medicinal and diarrhea (Jabbar et al., 2006). Flowers and plant species with greater use values were fruit of the same species have been reported Arisaema costatum having (0.82) followed by as galactagogues and ruminative (Manganelli, Primula denticulata (0.76), Paeonia emodi and Camangi, & Tomei, 2001). The roots powder Geranium wallichianum (0.74) each, Bergenia of Geranium wallichianum is mixed in water ciliata (0.71), Foeniculum vulgare and Thymus and thick paste is given to cattle for better linearis (0.65) each. While minimum used growth. Paste of fruits and flowers of Herac- values of collected medicinal plants was Vis- leum canescens mixed with flour given to cattle cum album (0.14). The RFCs analysis revealed for stomach disorder. Incarvillea emodi is the species with high value were Arisaema effective given in liver inflammation and fever costatum, Berberis lyceum, Dryopteris ramosa (Ahmad, Ahmad, & Weckerle, 2015). Oryza (0.37) each and Indigofera heterantha (0.35). sativa boiled with curd and oil and fed to cattle Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis, Phytolacca for weakness and lungs infection (Abbasi et al., latbenia, Oxalis corniculata, Oryza sativa, Iris 2013). The thick paste of Phytolacca latbenia hookeriana, Incarvillea emodi and Foeniculum is given to ox and cow for improving health vulgare showed maximum fidelity level (100 in snowy season. Resin of Pinus roxburghii is %) as shown in Table 1. applied on skin infections. Also, decoction of needles is used to cure cough and asthma. Root DISCUSSION powder of Persicaria bistorta is applied on injuries and boils. Primula denticulata plants In traditional therapies, the parts and mode infusion used to improve health. of preparation has a significance role in the Different workers used different mode of action of medicinally used plant taxa. The root administration to cure the ailments, the use of paste of Aconitum heterophyllum given to cattle leaf paste for enteritis, bark powder for helmin- against flu and fever. Decoction of fronds and thic infection, flowers as a tonic and the rind as rhizome of Adiantum capillus-veneris is used an astringent and to treat diarrhoea (Karthick- for treatment of diarrhea. The mashed roots of eyan & Gajendran, 2005; Majid et al., 2019).

Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 5 80 50 85 66 71 60 72 60 90 82 68 68 83 100 FL % 93.75 0.3 0.4 0.25 0.37 0.37 0.12 0.25 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.37 0.28 0.18 0.12 0.17 RFC 20 15 30 30 10 20 12 18 23 30 23 32 15 10 14 FC 0.2 UV 0.41 0.18 0.82 0.58 0.71 0.24 0.25 0.31 0.44 0.31 0.65 0.74 0.26 0.48 preparation/administration The paste of dry root powder is mixed with water and given to The paste of dry root powder is mixed of flu and fever. in paste form for the treatment cattle of is used for treatment of fronds and rhizome The decoction diarrhoea. fever and flue. to relieve Roots is mashed and given to cattle of cattle. the health It also improved the powder For the cure of mouth and foot disease cattle’s, or diseases) Mou-khurr injuries on (Locally: of bark applies diarrhoea with curd is used to treat Dry root powder mixed locally. “baa” called as a are given to cattle with milk Powder of seeds boiled galactagogue. on wound for healing. paste is applied Fresh plant rashes on skin to care The paste of young leaves is applied and skin allergies. on blisters and lesions mouth Paste of the bark is applied and foot. bloody (amoebic) to treat Fronds are fried and given to cattle dysentery. In flour as a galactagogue. plant is used with maize Whole better and sheep for their its paste is given to cattle summer, heath. to improve their after temperature are given to cattle Leaves with water and flour given to for fodder; fruits are mixed taste pain. abdominal to treat cattle paste is given to in water and thick powder is mixed Rhizome growth. for better cattle the paste of flowers and fruits for stomach disorder in castles with flour given to cattle mixed for is given to cattle and flowers of the plant Paste of leaves and fever. inflammation of liver treatment TABLE 2 TABLE Bark Bark Seeds Roots Roots Fronds Rhizome Part(s) used Whole plant Whole plant Whole Young leaves Young Leaves & fruits Leaves Root & rhizome Flowers & fruits Frond & rhizome Leaves & flowers Leaves Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of the Kaghan valley medicinal Ethnoveterinary Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Habit Shrub Shrub Dilphaki L. (Pteridaceae), /GS/GL/F-19/, L. (Pteridaceae), Wall. ex Royle Wall. D.Don ex Sweet (Geraniaceae), / D.Don ex Sweet (Geraniaceae), Pers. (Poaceae), /GS/KA/H-36/, Pers. (Poaceae), Lindl. Dunn Mill. Royle (Thymelaeaceae), /GS/TN/S- Royle (Thymelaeaceae), (Wall.) Mart. (Wall.) (C.Hope) C.Chr. (Dryopteridaceae), / (Dryopteridaceae), (C.Hope) C.Chr. (L.) (Royle ex Lindl.) Chatterjee (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), /GS/ Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), (Haw.) Royle (Berberidaceae), /GS/TN/S-01/, Royle (Berberidaceae), L. (Ebenaceae), /GS/TN/T-05/, Amlok /GS/TN/T-05/, L. (Ebenaceae), L. (Brassicaceae), /GS/PG/H-35/, Sarson L. (Brassicaceae), /GS/MA/H-18/, Botanical name, family, voucher number and local name voucher number and local name, family, Botanical Aconitum heterophyllum heterophyllum Aconitum /GS/SA/H-02/, Patress (Ranunculaceae), Adiantum capillus-veneris Kakoa Arisaema costatum /GS/NA/H-34/, Surganda (Araceae), Berberis lycium Sumbal ciliata Bergenia TN/H-03/, Patpewa Brassica rapa Cynodon dactylon Khabal Daphne mucronata 04/, Kutilal lotus Diospyros Dryopteris ramosa GS/TN/F-06/, Kunji Erysimum melicentae /GS/AA/H-21/, Jangli sarson (Brassicaceae), vulgare Foeniculum /GS/TN/H-07/, Sounf (Apiaceae), Geranium wallichianum GS/JI/H-29/, Rattanjot Heracleum canescens (Apiaceae), emodi Incarvillea booti /GS/AA/H-22/, Jan e adam (Bignoniaceae),

6 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 73 55 40 50 57 70 95 50 64 60 86 85 100 100 100 100 100 87.5 FL % 0.3 0.1 0.35 0.27 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.18 0.12 0.27 0.17 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.15 0.32 0.21 0.12 RFC 8 11 28 22 14 10 24 15 10 22 14 23 20 18 12 26 17 10 FC 0.5 UV 0.17 0.47 0.16 0.56 0.21 0.51 0.21 0.74 0.54 0.37 0.76 0.21 0.32 0.41 0.32 0.56 0.55 (flu, aphara preparation/administration ) Continued Powder of root bark or its decoction is given to cattle for is given to cattle Powder of root bark or its decoction pain. abdominal is given to sheep as a vermifuge. Paste of green leaves skin to get rid of ticks on goats’ applied Paste of whole plant and lice. of and roots is used for the treatment Powder of dry leaves “Aphara”. called locally infection throat is given for 5-6 Seeds are boiled in water and the decoction days for indigestion. One kg rice grains is boiled with curd and oil fed to cattle for weakness and lungs infection. of bowels. for normal evacuation Paste is given to cattle with water and flour given to Dry root powder is mixed and growth. health for better cattle is given to ox and cow for improving paste of plant The thick in snowy season. health is of needles Decoction on skin infections. Resin is applied used to cure cough and asthma. and boils. on injuries Powder of roots are applied in water for a week, on is crushed and placed Fresh plant to improve health. given to cattle rotting internal Fruit coat is given to cow after birth maintain system. on wounds. Powder of plant is crushed and applied Whole infection. fruits (achenes) is used against eczemic of bowel. evacuation is given for normal Paste of leaves is given for liver inflammation Paste of young green leaves on skin for ticks and lice. and paste is also applied for cough and paste is given to cattle plant Young in cattes). cold and temperature lungs infection. rotted paste is used to treat Leaves TABLE 2 ( TABLE Seeds Grains Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves & fruits rhizome Roots & Fruit coat Root’s bark Root’s Part(s) used Whole plant Whole plant Whole plant Whole plant Whole plant Whole Roots/tubers Roots & leaves Resin & needles Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Habit Shrub Shrub Shrub Codd (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. (Wall. Pisomaar L. (Lamiaceae), /GS/MA/H-23/, L. (Lamiaceae), cuspidata

L. (Ranunculaceae), /GS/PA/H-28/, /GS/PA/H-28/, L. (Ranunculaceae), Brandis Sm. (Primulaceae), /GS/NN/H-27/, Sm. (Primulaceae), (Moq.) H. Walter (Phytolaccaceae), / (Phytolaccaceae), Walter (Moq.) H. (L.) Samp. (Polygonaceae), /GS/ (L.) Samp. (Polygonaceae), L. (Oxalidaceae), /GS/TN/H-10/, L. (Oxalidaceae), (L.) (DC.) Siebold. & Zucc. ex Walp Walp ex (DC.) Siebold. & Zucc. Sarg. (Pinaceae), /GS/TN/T-12/, Chir /GS/TN/T-12/, (Pinaceae), Sarg. L. (Lythraceae), /GS/TN/T-13/, Druna /GS/TN/T-13/, L. (Lythraceae), Foster (Wall. ex Benth.) (Wall. L. (Polygonaceae), /GS/PG/H-30/, Hola L. (Polygonaceae), D. Don (Polygonaceae), /GS/TN/H-15/, D. Don (Polygonaceae), Royle (Paeoniaceae), /GS/TN/H-11/, /GS/TN/H-11/, Royle (Paeoniaceae), L. (Polygonaceae), /GS/JI/H-39/, Khatri L. (Polygonaceae), subsp. L. (Poaceae), /GS/DR/H-24/, Chawal L. (Poaceae), europaea

Botanical name, family, voucher number and local name voucher number and local name, family, Botanical Indigofera heterantha Kaanthee /GS/PA/S-08/, (Leguminosae), Iris hookeriana /GS/PG/H-41/, Chalundri (Iridaceae), Isodon rugosus /GS/SA/S-38/, (Lamiaceae), Mentha longifolia Safeed podina Olea Kaho /GS/NA/T-09/, (Oleaceae), Oryza sativa Oxalis corniculata Khatgorora emodi Paeonia Mamekh latbenia Phytolacca GS/TN/H-25/, Lubber Pinus roxburghii Persicaria bistorta TN/H-14/, Masloor Primula denticulata Ramtootia granatum Punica Ranunculus muricatus Barea Rumex acetosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Khatimal Skimmia laureola /GS/TN/S-31/, Neer (Rutaceae),

Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 7 Paste of leaves of Rumex acetosa is given 72 75 64 80 45 75 100 67.5 FL % orally for normal evacuation of bowel, relieves liver inflammation and to remove ticks and 0.2 0.1 0.43 0.22 0.22 0.33 0.12 0.27 RFC lice. Root decoction is orally administered for

8 foot and mouth infection (Abbasi et al., 2013). 35 18 15 27 16 10 22 FC However, the Arial parts are also used for the

UV cure of Scabies. Skimmia laureola leaves rotted 0.65 0.33 0.47 0.37 0.21 0.56 0.14 0.35 paste is used to treat lungs infection. Decoction ”. of leaves of Thymus linearis is used as for flu

Malla locally known as “Malla”. Triticum aestivum grains porridge is given in dysentery and is also used and orally administered as galactagogue and reported for same uses by Abbasi et al. (2013). Valeriana jatamansi has medicinal action in liver and pancreas impairment. Fresh leaves are used directly or its extract is used, for diarrhea. This plant medicinal use is recently learnt by the locals (Ahmad et al., 2015). Ver- bascum thapsus is reported to be used as leaf preparation/administration ointment for the treatment of rectal prolapse (Manganelli et al., 2001). Leaves and flowers ) fried in oil given to treat severe flu. Young buds and leaves of Viburnum grandiflorum paste is

Continued given against constipation and flowers of Viola Decoction of leaves is used for flu locally known as “ is used for flu locally of leaves Decoction Grains porridge is given in dysentery and also used as galactagogue. and pancreas is given for liver of fresh whole plant Extract impairment. to in oil and are administered and flowers are heated Leaves severe flu. treat constipation. and buds paste is given against leaves Young Dry flowers soaked in water are given as coolant. of body weakness. is use as a remedy of plant Decoction of corn silk is given for a week urinary Decoction inflammation. pilosa used as coolant. Decoction of Viscum album is use as a remedy of body weakness and

TABLE 2 ( TABLE decoction of corn silk of Zea mays is given for Grains Leaves Stigma a week for urinary inflammation. Flowers Part(s) used Whole plant Whole plant Whole Leaves & buds Leaves Leaves & flowers Leaves Novelty of the study: The current work is the first of its nature in the study area and Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Habit Shrub Shrub Shrub eleven plant species (Aconitum heterophyllum, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Arisaema costatum, Dryopteris ramose, Incarvilllia emodi, Indigofera heterantha, Iris hookeriana, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Viola pilosa and Valeriana jatamansi) were documented for the first time in Pakistan for their ethnoveterinary practices. These plants were not only different taxonomically but also in ethnoveterinary uses. The ethnoveterinary knowledge Wall. ex DC. (Adoxaceae), /GS/ ex DC. (Adoxaceae), Wall. diminishes more quickly as compare to the Jones (Caprifoliaceae), /GS/AA/H- Jones (Caprifoliaceae), L. (Scrophulariaceae), /GS/PG/H-16/, L. (Scrophulariaceae),

L. (Poaceae), /GS/DR/H-20/, Gandam L. (Poaceae), plants important for human health (Farooq et Benth. (Lamiaceae), /GS/NH/H-40/, Benth. (Lamiaceae), al., 2008; Khan, 2009). The communication L. (Santalaceae), /GS/MA/S-26/, Neelatari L. (Santalaceae),

Blume (Violaceae), /GS/JI/H-33/, Thandi jari Thandi /GS/JI/H-33/, (Violaceae), Blume disclosed the presence of plant based veteri- L. (Poaceae), /GS/TN/S-37/, Makai L. (Poaceae), nary knowledge in aged people similar to the studies of Deeba, Muhammad, Iqbal, & Hus- Botanical name, family, voucher number and local name voucher number and local name, family, Botanical

Thymus linearis Chikar aestivum Triticum jatamansi Valeriana 32/, Mushkbala thapsus Verbascum Gandikan grandiflorum Viburnum MT/S-17/, Guch pilosa Viola album Viscum Zea mays sain (2009); Zia ud Din, Zafar, Khan, Jonsson,

8 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 69(1): 1-11, March 2021 & Muhammad (2010). This pattern of knowl- Para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado, lo más edge may be attributed with decrease interest usual fue utilizar la planta entera (9 especies), seguida de in domestic animals generation by generation las hojas (7 especies), con preparación en pasta (18 especies) y en polvo (10 especies). Las especies registradas (Nfi et al., 2001). The flora used in tradi- con más uso fueron: Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula tional remedies of the valley was found mostly denticulata (0.76) y Berberis lyceum y Dryopteris ramosa endemic due to excessive utilization (Majid et con la misma alta frecuencia relativa (0.37 cada una). Las al., 2019). Conservation of indigenous use and especies Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis y Phytolacca better utilization of the reported species should latbenia se reportaron entre los taxones con mayor nivel de fidelidad porcentual. Conclusión: La flora utilizada en los be considered for future work. remedios tradicionales del valle de Kaghan fue mayorita- riamente endémica. Se propone para trabajos futuros mayor Ethical statement: authors declare that investigación química, y mayor utilización y conservación they all agree with this publication and made en las especies de plantas reportadas por los indígenas. significant contributions; that there is no con- Palabras clave: conocimiento tradicional; dolencias del flict of interest of any kind; and that we fol- ganado; plantas medicinales; Valle de Kaghan. lowed all pertinent ethical and legal procedures and requirements. All financial sources are fully and clearly stated in the acknowledge- REFERENCES ments section. A signed document has been Abbas, Z., Khan, S.M., Alam, J., Khan, S.W., & Abbasi, filed in the journal archives. A.M. (2017). Medicinal plants used by inhabitants of the Shigar Valley, Baltistan region of Karakorum range-Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS medicine, 13(1), 1-15. Abbasi, A.M., Khan, S.M., Ahmad, M., Khan, M.A., We are thankful to the local people and Quave, C.L., & Pieroni, A. (2013). Botanical ethno- nomads of the Kaghan valley for sharing their veterinary therapies in three districts of the Lesser ethnoveterinary knowledge, great hospitality, Himalayas of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9(1), 2. and support. We also thank to Dr. Abid Naeem, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Med- Ahmad, K., Ahmad, M., & Weckerle, C. (2015). Ethno- icine, China, for their assistance in manuscript veterinary medicinal plant knowledge and practice among the tribal communities of Thakht-e-Sulaiman revision and improvement. hills, West Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 170, 275-283.

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