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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Fotbal a Společenská

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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Fotbal a Společenská Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Katedra sociologie Karel Hanuš Fotbal a společenská modernizace Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Jana Duffková CSc. Školní rok: 2007 - 2008 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny použité informační zdroje. V Praze, 28. července 2008 …..………………………….. Podpis diplomanta 2 Poděkování: Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval knihovně Sociologického ústavu AV ČR za zakoupení dvou vyžádaných obtížně dostupných publikací, Ivě Zvěřinové a Jiřímu Otáhalovi za pomoc při shánění zahraniční literatury, Prom.mat. Karlu Hanušovi za vyřešení problémů s osobním počítačem, Mgr. Soně Hanušové za pomoc při zpracování bibliografických údajů a jazykových a stylistických korekturách, PhDr. Janě Duffkové CSc. za přínosné konzultace a všem ostatním, kteří jakkoli přispěli ke zdárnému dokončení této práce. 3 Abstrakt (česky) Tato práce je věnována proměnám fotbalu v procesu společenské modernizace a částečně vlivům fotbalu na modernizaci. Cílem práce je postižení základní vývojové dynamiky moderního fotbalu, což předpokládá kombinaci historického a teoretického přístupu. Jádro analýzy, využívající plurality teoretických přístupů, je zaměřeno na situaci v Evropě (a zvláště v Anglii), která byla klíčová pro celkový vývoj, stranou však nezůstávají ani mimoevropské oblasti. Práce se soustředí nejprve na charakteristiku předmoderních kolektivních míčových her, ze kterých později vzniknul moderní fotbal. Analytický rámec dále tvoří vztah fotbalu ke čtyřem modernizačním trendům a jejich vybraným projevům: racionalizace společnosti (vytvoření formálních pravidel, institucionalizace fotbalu a rozvoj taktiky), generalizace trhu a vzestup ekonomické sféry (komercializace fotbalu (včetně médií), profesionalizace hráčů a specifika fotbalu v zemích státního socialismu), proměny sociálních vazeb, identity a vzestup národních států (nacionalismus a klubismus) a konečně projevy vybraných společenských nerovností ve fotbale a pokusy o jejich změnu (třídní nerovnosti, globální nerovnosti a genderové nerovnosti). 4 Abstract (English) This work is dedicated to the transformation of football (soccer) in the process of social modernization and partially to influences of football on modernization. The goal of this work is comprehension of basic dynamics of modern football which assumes combination of theoretical and historical approach. The core of the analysis (exploiting plurality of theoretical aproaches) is aimed at situation in Europe (and particularly in England) which was crucial for general development. However, non-European regions are not neglected. Af first is the work focused on characterization of premodern team ball games from which later resulted modern football. Analytical framework comprises relation of football to the four modernization trends and its selected displays: rationalization of society (creation of the formal rules, institutionalization of football and development of tactic), the market generalization and expansion of economic system (commercialization of football (including mass mediums), professionalization of players and particularities of football in state socialist countries), transformations of social bonds, identity and increase of nation states (nationalism and clubism) and displays of selected social inequalities in football and efforts to its change (class inequalities, global inequalities and gendered inequalities). 5 Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Předmoderní kolektivní míčové hry ................................................................................. 11 1.1 Časoprostorová variabilita .............................................................................................. 13 1.2 Sociologické parametry předmoderních kolektivních míčových her ............................. 16 2. Fotbal a racionalizace ......................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Vznik formalizovaných pravidel .................................................................................... 23 2.2 Institucionalizace fotbalu ................................................................................................ 30 2.3 Fotbalová taktika ............................................................................................................ 37 3. Fotbal a ekonomika ............................................................................................................ 44 3.1 Komercializace fotbalu ................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Profesionalizace fotbalu ................................................................................................. 55 3.3 Specifika fotbalu ve státně socialistických zemích ........................................................ 62 4. Fotbal a identita .................................................................................................................. 69 4.1 Fotbal a nacionalismus ................................................................................................... 71 4.2 Klubismus ....................................................................................................................... 78 5. Fotbal, nerovnosti a demokratizace .................................................................................. 86 5.1 Fotbal a třídní nerovnosti ................................................................................................ 89 5.2 Fotbal a globální nerovnosti ........................................................................................... 97 5.3 Fotbal a genderové nerovnosti ...................................................................................... 104 Závěr ...................................................................................................................................... 114 Seznam použitých informačních zdrojů ............................................................................. 117 Seznam tabulek, grafů, schémat a textových příloh .......................................................... 129 Přílohy .................................................................................................................................... 130 6 Úvod Tato práce je věnována proměnám fotbalu v procesu společenské modernizace a z části i zpětným vlivům fotbalu na modernizaci. Moderní fotbal se od svého vzniku přibližně v polovině devatenáctého století v Anglii stal nejpopulárnějším a nejrozšířenějším světovým sportem. Z fotbalu se stalo významné hospodářské odvětví, politický nástroj (disciplinační i emancipační), zdroj identity a sociálních vazeb pro mnoho lidí, oblíbené téma mezilidské komunikace, faktor strukturace každodenních aktivit i mediální konstrukce. Nejvýznamnější utkání bývají prostřednictvím masových médií přenášeny téměř do všech oblastí jednotlivých zemí, kontinentů i celého světa a jsou mnohdy pokládány za celospolečenské události prvořadého významu. Sotva tedy lze pochybovat o tom, že fotbal představuje vysoce relevantní téma pro sociologický výzkum. Rozpracovanost sociologického zkoumání fotbalu se v jednotlivých zemích značně liší. Zatímco např. v Anglii existuje skupina badatelů věnujících se výhradně fotbalu (eventuálně v širším rámci sociologie sportu), specializovaná pracoviště a v anglickém jazyce vychází mnoho publikací na toto téma (o mezinárodních časopisech zaměřených na sociologii sportu, nebo přímo na vztah fotbalu a společnosti ani nemluvě), v České republice zůstává problematika fotbalu až na řídké výjimky poněkud opomíjena. Sociologie sportu je spíše okrajová disciplína zaměřená na obecnější otázky vztahu sportu a společnosti, takže úžeji zaměřené příspěvky, rozebírající převážně problematiku fotbalových fanoušků, se objevují spíše v okrajových sbornících. V současné době sice již existují ucelené původní české monografie o fotbalových chuligánech, jejich autoři jsou nicméně profesí politologové. V českých a slovenských sociologických časopisech ( Sociální problémy , Sociologická revue , Sociologický časopis, Sociológia , S-Obzor , Sociologické aktuality , Biograf či Gender, rovné příležitosti a výzkum ) se články zaměřené na fotbal neobjevují a s výjimkou několika statí převážně z osmdesátých let (včetně jednoho monotématického čísla Sociologického časopisu) zůstává opomíjena i sociologie sportu. Při sociologické analýze fotbalu proto zůstává český autor odkázán především na zahraniční zdroje (nedostatečně zastoupené v českých knihovnách), v některých případech i pokud jde o specificky českou problematiku (např. 7 studii o proměnách československého fotbalu (a hokeje) v době perestrojky lze nalézt v The British Journal of Sociology , nikoli však v české literatuře). Je však třeba dodat, že tato situace je do značné míry způsobena vývojovými diskontinuitami v dějinách české (a slovenské) sociologie. Jak je uvedeno výše, předmětem této práce je zkoumání proměn fotbalu v souvislosti s procesem společenské modernizace. Toto stručné vyjádření nicméně vyžaduje bližší specifikaci. V tomto pojednání se hovoří pouze o jedné verzi fotbalu, pro kterou se v češtině užívá synonymum kopaná (v britské angličtině football, nebo association football , v americké či britské hovorové angličtině soccer ), nikoli však o jeho dalších variantách, jako např. rugby (anglicky rugby či rugby football ), americký fotbal (v britské angličtině
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