VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY “Jnana Sangama”, Belgaum-590018

2018-2019 A PROJECT REPORT ON “INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING - A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED OF KUMUDAVATHI WATERSHED” Submitted in fully fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY

ANKIT KUMAR SINGH (1NH15CV019)

JAGATH MOHAN (1NH15CV043)

KARAN PATIL (1NH15CV052)

KEERTHI T V(1NH15CV053)

Under the guidance of

Dr. N MAHESHA

(Senior Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, NHCE)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU & Approved by AICTE) Accredited by NAAC „A‟, Accredited by NBA

(i)

The Trust is a recipient of Prestigious Rajyotsava State Award 2012 Conferred by the Government of Karnataka Awarded Outstanding Technical Education Institute in Karnataka - 2016 Outer Ring Road, Near Marathalli, Bengaluru-560103. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certificate

Certified that the project work entitled “INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED OF KUMUDVATHI WATERSHED‟‟ is a bonafide work carried out by ANKIT KUMAR SINGH with USN:1NH15CV019, JAGATH MOHAN with USN:1NH15CV043, KARAN PATIL with USN:1NH15CV052 and KEERTHI T.V with USN:1NH15CV053, in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2018-2019 to meet the academic requirement.

Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal Dr. N MAHESHA Dr. NIRANJAN P.S DR.MANJUNATHA

Examiners:

1. …………………… 2. ……………………

(ii)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. MOHAN MANGHANI, Chairman of New Horizon College of Engineering for providing necessary infrastructure and creating good environment.

We would like to express our thanks to Dr. MANJUNATHA, Principal of New Horizon College of Engineering, outer ring road Marathahalli, Bengaluru -560103 for granting us permission to undertake the VTU prescribed project.

With a deep sense of gratitude, we would like to thank the Head of Civil Engineering Department, Dr. NIRANJAN P.S, for providing necessary facilities and encouraging us to make this project. We are very thankful to members of IAHV(International association of human values) Dr. Y LINGARAJU,Director KSRSAC & geomatics centre WRDO, Govt. Of Karnataka. RAVINDRA DESAI ,Govt &

Corporate Relations, RRP team.

We feel with a immense pleasure to express our deep gratitude and profound thanks to my project guide and staff members of the Department of Civil Engineering. Their valuable guidance in both field and office work helped us to carry out the project within the prescribed time.

Finally, we express our sincere thanks to lab instructors who provided a helping hand and to all our friends for their kind co-operation and help for the completion of the project.

Name USN

ANKIT KUMAR SINGH 1NH15CV019

JAGATH MOHAN 1NH15CV043

KARAN PATIL 1NH15CV052

KEERTHI T.V. 1NH15CV053

(iii)

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED OF KUMUDAVATHI WATERSHED

(iv) ABSTRACT

Watershed management decision making is a complex process. Cooperation and communication among federal, state, and local stakeholders is required while balancing biophysical and socioeconomic concerns. The public is taking part in environmental decisions, and the need for technology transfer from public agencies to stakeholders is increasing. Information technology has had a profound influence on watershed management over the past decade. Advances in data acquisition through remote sensing, data utilization through geographic information systems (GIS), and data sharing through the Internet have provided watershed managers access to more information for management decisions.

In the future, applications incorporating hydrologic simulation models, GIS, and decision support systems will be deployed through the Internet. In addition to challenges in making complex modelling technology available to diverse audiences, new information technology issues, such as inter-operability, Internet access, and security, are introduced when GIS, simulation models, and decision support systems are integrated in an Internet environment.

Integrated watershed management requires a host of inter-related information to be generated and studied in relation to each other. Remote sensing technique provides valuable and up-to-date spatial, non-spatial, multi-layered information obtained in a wide variety of formats both from remote sensing and other conventional sources has proved to be an effective tool in planning for watershed development.

Sustainable participatory watershed management is an approach to restore natural resources and agricultural productivity. The success of watershed management depends on multiple factors from the hydrological profile of the watershed to the local social and economy environment.

(v) CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Definition of watershed 2 1.3 Why watershed is important? 3 1.4 What is Watershed Management? 4 1.5 Importance of Watershed Management in present 5 1.6 Why management on natural resources on watershed 5 1.7 Role of Remote sensing & GIS in watershed management 6 1.8 Study area 6 1.9 AimAim andand ObjectiveObjective 7 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2.1 General 9 2.2 Application of remote Sensing and GIS Technology 9 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 10 3.1 Materials and Methodology 10 3.2 General description of the study area 11 3.3 Conceptual Design 12 3.4 Methodology 13 3.5 Design Aspect of the Study 13 3.5.1 Data Source 13 3.5.2 Coordinate System for Database 13 3.5.3 Spatial Database Organisation 14 3.5.4 Preparation of Base map 14 3.5.5 Preparation of Drainage map 15 4. PRESENT 19 4.1 Registration of map 19 4.2 Digitization of map 19 4.3 Morphometric analysis 19 4.3.1 Methodology 22 4.3.2 Morphometry 25 4.4 Linear aspects 26 4.4.1 Stream Order 26 4.4.2 Stream Length 26 4.4.3 Mean stream length 26 4.4.4 Stream length ratio 26 4.4.5 Bifurcation ratio 27 4.5 Aerial aspects 27 4.5.1 Drainage density 27 4.5.2 Stream frequency/ Channel frequency 28 4.5.3 Drainage Texture 28 4.5.4 Form factor 29 4.5.5 Circulatory Ratio 29 4.5.6 Elongation ratio 29 4.5.7 Length of overflow land 29 4.6 Working with IAHV 35 4.6.1 About IAHV 35 4.6.2 Kumudvathi river rejuvenation project 35 4.6.3 Structures constructed 36 4.6.3.1 Recharge wells 36 4.6.3.2 Injection wells 37 4.6.3.3 Water pool 38 4.6.3.4 Boulder checks 38 4.6.4 Instrument used 39 4.6.4.1 About Geotech water level meters 39 4.6.4.2 Main function and features 39 4.7 About Villages and their details 40 4.7.1 Tattekere 40 4.7.2 Karimanne 41 4.7.3 Desanahalli 42 4.7.4 Manne 43 4.7.5 Nidvanda 44 4.7.6 Imchanahalli 45 4.7.7 Narasipura 46 4.7.8 Heggunda 47 4.7.9 Lakkasandra 48 4.7.10 Govenahalli 49 4.8 Water level readings of villages 51 5.RESULT 53 5.1 Objectives achieved 53 6.CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES 57

(vi)

LIST OF TABLES

Sl. CONTENTS PAGE No. NO.

1 Formulae adopted for computation of morphometric parameters 22

2 Description of indicators of Prioritization 24

3 Calculation of different morphometric parameters of Makankuppe 25

4 Water level readings 51

(vii)

LIST OF FIGURES

Page SL. No. Figures No.

1 1.1 Shows the delineation of watershed 2 2 3.2 General description of the study area 11 3 3.3.1 Location of Bengaluru Rural 12 4 3.5.5.1 Drainage map delinated by sing SOI toposheet No. 57G5 16 5 3.5.5.2 Drainage map delineated by using SOI Toposheets No. 57G5 14 6 3.5.5.3 Makankuppe Watershed Boundary 18 7 4.3.0 Drainage map of Makankuppe Miniwatershed 21 8 4.3.1 Geomorphology Map Of Makankuppe Mini Watershed 30 9 4.3.2 Land Use/ Land Cover Map Of Makankuppe Mini Watershed 31 10 4.3.3 Slope Map Of Makankuppe Mini Watershed 32 11 4.3.4 Soil Map Of Makankuppe Mini Watershed 33 12 4.3.5 Action Plan For Makankuppe Miniwatershed 34 13 4.6.3.1 Recharge Well 36 14 4.6.3.2 Injection Well 37 15 4.6.3.3 Water pool 38 16 4.6.3.4 Boulder Checks 38 17 4.6.4.1 Geotech water level meters 39 18 4.6.4.2 Recharge well structures 40 19 5.1.1 Boulder Check 53 20 5.1.2 Barren Hills Are Covered By Vegetations 54 21 5.1.3 Regeneration Of Grassland 54 22 5.1.4 Increase in crop yield 56

(viii)

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND

Watershed management decision making is inherently complex. It requires cooperation with federal, state and local bodies while incorporating biophysical and socioeconomic process. Traditionally, transfer of information was unidirectional, typically from state of federal government agencies to landowners. In today's society, bidirectional communication is imperative, expanding the role of land management agencies in the decision making process. However, federal and state budgets are increasingly constrained and new techniques' for information transfer needs to be employed. Watershed management decisions are further complicated by both the complexity of the issues and those processes creating the problems. The difficulties in spatially representing and quantifying biophysical and socioeconomic process require that management decisions be based on imperfect information. Water is life, in all forms and shapes. This basic yet profound truth eluded many of us in the second half of the 20th century. Water professionals and scientists around the world are ringing the alarming bells of an impending water crisis. Yet attempts to address some of the issues or to offer partial solutions met with limited success. The ever-growing population and concomitant expansion of agriculture and industry have placed increasing demand on the limited water resources (Department of Land Resources).

"There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people and the environment”. Though the Land tenure system, smaller farm size (<1 ha) and crop diversity limits the scope for frontier technologies in India. However, there is a wide scope for these technologies in watershed characterization, prioritization, action plan preparation, monitoring and impact assessment. Taking the present day importance of watershed development and the advantages of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in watershed management, a study was carried out on “Action plan preparation (Medak Nala) and

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 2

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

Impact Assessment (Katangidda Nala) of watersheds in Gulbarga district using Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies” with the objective to generate resource action plans for efficient use of soil and water resources in Medak Nala watershed and to assess the impact of watershed development project on natural resources and socio-economic conditions of rural communities in Katangidda Nala watershed.

In this context we are considering Makankuppe miniwatershed, Nelamangala Taluk, Bangalore Rural District for our case study.

1.2 DEFINITION OF WATERSHED[2] It is defined as the land area from which water drains to a given point. In other words watershed is an area from which runoff, resulting from precipitation, flows past a single point into a stream. Since water is drained off to a given point. The management of watershed in point of view of Hydrology is easily possible. Hence, we can arrive to another definition of watershed i.e. "watershed is a manageable Hydrological Unit". Watershed can be delineated using topographic maps with the help of drainage lines which represents the ridge and Valleys.

Figure 1: Shows the Delineation of Watershed

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 3

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

1.3 WHY IS WATERSHED IMPORTANT?[1] Watershed is an area, which catches the water from precipitation and then is drained by a river and its tributaries. It is a “resource region” where the eco-system is closely interconnected around a basic resource - water. The watershed or river basin is therefore an ideal management unit.

The watershed provides a powerful study and management unit, which integrates ecological, geographical, geological, and cultural aspects of the land. The watershed is also a useful concept for integrating science with historical, cultural, economic and political issues. Water (movement, cycling, use, quality, etc.) provides a focus for integrating various aspects of watershed use and for making regional and global connections. Using the watershed concept, one can start with study of any number of small sub systems (e.g., a particular marsh or sub-watershed; or a particular pollutant, such as salt) and continually relate these small-scale issues to questions of larger-scale watershed system health. We all live in a watershed. Watersheds are the places we call home, where we work and where we play. Everyone relies on water and other natural resources to exist. What you and others do on the land impacts the quality and quantity of water and our other natural resources. Healthy watersheds are vital for a healthy environment and economy. Our watersheds provide water for drinking, irrigation and industry. Many people also enjoy lakes and streams for their beauty and for boating, fishing and swimming. Wildlife also needs healthy watersheds for food and shelter. Effective and efficient way to sustain the local economy and environmental health. Scientists and leaders now recognize the best way to protect the vital natural resources is to understand and manage them on a watershed basis. Everything that is done in a watershed affects the watershed's system.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 4

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

1.4 WHAT IS WATERSHED MANAGEMENT?[1] Watershed management means the rational utilization of land and water resources of watershed for optimal production with minimal hazard to natural resources. Watershed- based management is the most effective way to enhance water quality and natural resources, protect critical terrestrial and aquatic habitat, prevent soil erosion, and sustain resource-based economic activities while concurrently managing the pressures of an increasingly urbanized landscape. The concept of Watershed Management is shown pictorially below with various aspects which need to be considered, as the sentiments of the people living within the watershed area have to be given utmost priority in implementing various watershed management schemes.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 5

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO [3] Watershed management or protection implies the proper use of all land and water resources of a watershed for optimum production with minimum hazard to natural resources. Watershed management is important in controlling damages due to runoff water, in managing and utilization of runoff water for useful purposes, in control of soil erosion and sedimentation, in reducing floods in the downstream areas, in enhancing ground water storage, in appropriate use of land resources.

Inappropriate land use practices in the upstream catchment leads to accelerated soil erosion and consequent silting up of reservoirs. Watershed management is thus an integral part of any water resources project. The prioritization of watershed i.e. which needs to be paid attention is based on sediment yield potential so that the treatment would result in minimizing sediment load into the reservoir.

1.6 WHY MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ON WATERSHED BASIS?[4] Soil, water and vegetation are the most vital natural resources for sustainable development and management, and hence should be handled and managed effectively, collectively and simultaneously. Managing the natural resource with sustainable approach is a rational phenomenon in its natural region. In this approach, the natural regions are invented to be in terms of the flow of water, which influences almost all fields of the environment, where the regions are diversified as basin, catchment, sub-catchment, macro watershed (>50,000 ha),sub-watershed (10,000–50,000 ha), mini-watershed (1,000– 10,000 ha), micro watershed (100–1,000 ha), mini watershed (1–100 ha) (Nair 2009). However, a particular extent/size of a region is imperative with regard to the aim of its development. Size will also be affected by the possible major components of a development such as afforestation, cultivation practices, etc. Keeping in view the local conditions and completion of the project within a reasonably short time, an average size of 2,000 ha is considered rational for agricultural development with regard to ease of surveys and investigations and effective planning. In the present study, Makankuppe miniwatershed has been taken as the smallest planning unit, as it conveniently and

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 6

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

efficiently represents continuum of three vital natural resources i.e. soil, water and vegetation.

1.7. ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT [3] Remote sensing and GIS together play a very important role in watershed management. Due to synoptic coverage, entire watershed can be mapped for various geo- spatial databases like slope, lineament, drainage, contour, geology, geomorphology, soil, land use and land cover etc, using remote sensing and GIS data. Using GIS techniques, these databases can be converted to information about land use/ land cover mapping and change detection, runoff estimation, soil erosion study, site suitability analysis for rain water harvesting, watershed prioritization, action plan preparation, monitoring and evaluation of watershed along with its impact assessment etc., can be effectively carried out using GIS techniques. Further, due to availability of high spatial resolution satellite data like IRS P6 Panchromatic (5.8 m), IKONOS (4 & 1 m), CARTOSAT (2.5 m) can be used to accurately map landuse/landcover classification & location of soil and water conservation structures. Digital elevation model (DEM) can be derived using the interpolation of contour maps derived from topographic maps or analysis of stereo satellite data such as CARTOSAT or TERRA ASTER. Now present time Quick Bird data is also available (0.6 m). DEM provides the perspective view of watershed. Using DEM, slope, aspect, flow direction, flow accumulation and flow length maps can be derived, which can be integrated to into the other geo-spatial databases to derive suitable sites for various watershed conservation measures etc. 1.8. STUDY AREA Kumudavathi River happens to be one of the sources for T.G. Halli reservoir which is meant for water supply to the Bangalore city. There was very good inflow to the reservoir but drastically reduced due to degradation processes like deforestation, quarrying and over exploitation of ground water.

Kumudavathi watershed, which is a part of Left Bank Cauvery sub-catchment of Cauvery basin coded as 4B3B8 as given in the watershed atlas of Karnataka published by Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre (KSRSAC). This watershed has

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 7

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

been further classified into 18 mini watersheds, out of which we have selected Makankuppe mini-watershed for our present study. Makankuppe mini-watershed extends from 130 12’ 50’’ to 130 17’ 20’’ latitude and 770 14’ 05’’ to 770 17’ 50’’ longitude covering an area of 35.685km2. Administratively Makankuppe mini-watershed covers a major part of Nelamangala Taluk of Bangalore Rural district.

1.9 AIM AND OBJECTIVE  Preparation of drainage map by using Survey of India Toposheets as base map to do morphometric analysis of the watershed.  Preparation of the thematic maps like land use/land cover, lineament density, geomorphology, soil, lithology, slope, contour and drainage density using GIS and remote sensing.  Integration all thematic maps to identify the suitable sites for construction of ground water recharge structures to enhance ground water storage.  To control soil erosion and sediment yield through boulder checks and plantation.  To use land resources optimally.  To protect, conserve & improve lands in the watershed.  To develop, manage and assessment of water resources in the watershed.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 8

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL [7] This chapter deals with the literature available on various topics concerned to the application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technology in the field of integrated watershed management and assessment.

Prafull Singh et al 2014, highlights the importance of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and satellite images for assessment of drainage and extraction of their relative parameters for the Orr watershed Ashok Nagar district, M.P., India. Hydrological parameters such as drainage analysis, topographic parameters and land use pattern were evaluated and interpreted for watershed management of the area. Hydrological module of ARC GIS software was utilized for calculation and delineation of the watershed and morphometric analysis of the watershed using SRTM DEM. R S Dwivedi et al 2000, highlights the use of satellite data for watershed management and impact assessment in the Adarsha watershed, Kothapally, Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The approach involves generation of thematic maps on various natural resources through a systematic visual interpretation of satellite data, integration of such data with the ancillary information and generation of action plan in the GIS environment, and monitoring vegetation development as a sequel to implementation of action plan by generating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1C/-1D) Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor (LISS-III) data. R. S. More et al 2013,discusses the role of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in management of watershed for the purpose of placement of Water Harvesting Structures like Check Dams, Percolation Tanks, Farm Ponds, Bore Well, Dug well etc. In this paper, examples of 10 projects are included which presented to illustrate the initiaves the Watershed Management that have been implemented for the Placement of Water harvesting structures.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 9

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

Yaw A. Twumasi and Edmund C. Merem 2006,highlightsthe adopts of remote sensing and GIS based approach to provide baseline information about changes in the surrounding ecology and the watersheds of the River Niger Delta. Emphasis is on monitoring the extent and nature of environmental change occurring in the Niger Delta watersheds. Gopal Kumar et al 2014, highlights the common approach of post classification comparison of pre- and post-implementation satellite imageries for watershed impact evaluation suffers from serious limitations, mainly ignoring the changes which are not due to watershed interventions. To minimize such biases, control area approach is proposed and relative change in watershed compared to control area is attributed to watershed management. They studied four clusters of watershed in Vidarbha region, Maharashtra show that the effect of the watershed could stand out irrespective of pre- and post-implementation conditions of satellite imageries. Dharmendra Singh et al 2013, carried out a research work to assess the impact and effectiveness of watershed management practices on land use land cover of the Seoni watershed area with the help of satellite remote sensing and Geographic information system. Simultaneously the prediction (2021) of land use land cover conversion has also been done for the agriculture, forest, scrub and other classes (Including water bodies, fellow land, non-forest and settlement) using Cellular Automata Markove (CA-Markove) model. Nagaveni Chokkavarapu and Venkata Ravibabu Mandla, studied the impact assessment of watershed management techniques towards their improvement in land use land cover change (LULC) in agriculture, wasteland and degraded forest areas using multi temporal remote sensing data and GIS. It includes LULC classification, post classification techniques to measure the change detection between 2005 and 2013. V. M. Chowdhary et al 2008, highlights particularly, concern about widespread soildegradation and scarce, poorly managed water resources in Mayurakshi watershed has led to the implementation of watershed management activities. In this context, chalking out an Integrated Water Resource Development Plan that involves targeting groundwater potential zones and identifying suitable sites for artificial recharge assumes importance and holds the promise of making watershed management simpler and more effective.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 10

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

CHAPTER 3

3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY [5] In our present day, we have made an attempt to delineate and characterize flash floods affected zones in Kumudvathi Watershed by using GIS and Remote Sensing data and techniques. For this study, we have prepared different Thematic maps i.e., drainage maps, geomorphology map, land use-land cover map, lineament map, lithology map, soil map, slope map etc. through the standard visual interpretation techniques using topographic maps and the CARTOSAT-DEM file obtained from ISRO’s BHUVAN website. The raw data was obtained in the form of JPEG file and later it was prepared by the process of Digitization.

The toposheets were obtained from Survey Of India. The list of toposheets used are 57/G5, 57/G 6, 57/G 7, 57/G10, 57/G11. Toposheets were 1:50000 scale and have contour interval of 20m.

We made use of GIS software such as ARCGIS version 10.2.2 and ARCVIEW GIS 3.2a for digitization, computation and output generation purpose.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 11

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

3.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA [6]

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 12

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

3.3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN [8] In a sound watershed management framework, various complex decision making processes are involved with structural and non-structural practices that can be undertaken to optimize of land and water resources, prevent soil erosion, stabilize water demand, and to increase productivity through efficient land use planning. The WATMIS attempt illustrate the development of a viable and generic tool kit for integrated watershed planning and management of its natural resources. The system is conglomeration of multiple technologies like Geographical Information System GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS), hydrological modeling, soft-computing tools, etc.

3.3.1 Location Of Bengaluru Rural

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 13

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

3.4 METHODOLOGY [4] The methodology involves database preparation, generation of thematic maps on natural resources, and their integration with the socioeconomic data to arrive at a locale- specific prescription for land and water resources development. Once action plan is implemented, the next logical step is to assess its impact on environment and the beneficiaries.

In the present study, ARCIINFO CIS package and ERDAS package has been used as the core of spatial and non-spatial database. ARCIINFO is a modular, vector based package, and is versatile tor creation, organization, storage, retrieval, analysis, display and query for making cartographic quality output in the form of maps and generation to statistical tabular reports. The spatial data is organized using topographical data model while the non-spatial attribute data is stored using a data base management package.

3.5 DESIGN ASPECT OF THE STUDY [9]

Tile database consisting of both maps and socio-economic data designed, to be flexible enable to handle these datasets and also to allow future updating and the following aspects of design have been considered as spatial data domain.

3.5.1 DATA SOURCE

The spatial data is mainly from R.S data and other convincible sources. Most of these spatial data sets follow the (501) latitude-longitude. Thus, the spatial database needs to follow the standards of SO1 map sheets. The data base created on 1:50000 scale.

3.5.2 COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR DATABASE [17]

The coordinate system needs to be in appropriate units that represent geographic features in their shape and size. Since the 1:50,000-scale toposheet is used as in the case of survey of India.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 14

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

3.5.3 SPATIAL DATA BASE ORGANIZATION [10]

The IRS ID/IC LISS-111 and LISS IV and IRS 1'6 LISS I11 and LISS IV data covering the study area were radio metrically normalized and niosaiced using ERDAS IMAGINE version 8.7, image-processing software. 7'0 begin with, the topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale were scanned on a context FSS-ROO system. Digital outputs thus obtained were rectified for scanning errors and were projected on to the co-ordinate system by specifying the projection details. The individual rectified digital topographical maps were mosaicked and were used as a reference image for geometric correction of satellite data acquired during 1997 and 2004.Ground control points (GCl's) identifiable both on reference image '1s well as on the IRS data were precisely located with a monitor. Subsequently the digital IRS satellite data was registered to reference map with a sub-pixel accuracy using first order polynomial transform and was resembled using nearest neighbor algorithm. Later the digital data of the year 1997was co-registered to LISS IV data using image-to- image registration algorithm. The primary elements of spatial database are as follows:

3.5.4 PREPARATION OF BASE MAP: [6]

Base map is an outline map on which thematic details are incorporated. The nature of thematic map will not be the same; it depends on tile purpose on map. Toposheet will act as one of the input in the base map preparation, especially in the use of remote sensing data. In the process of preparation of base map, the scanned toposheets that cover the study area are required. Placing the trace paper on the toposheet, the major features like settlements, roads, rivers, water bodies, forest boundaries etc are traced out. Thus, traced out sheet was considered as base map. The base map thus prepared from toposheet as used for overlaying the satellite imagery in order to prepare various thematic maps, base maps for the three watersheds.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 15

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

3.5.5 PREPARATION OF DRAINAGE MAP [12]

Drainage map completion various streams and rivers that are flowing ill the area. Drainage patterns and textures are dissection signatures and very important terrain recognition elements, used as criteria for identification of geological and geomorphological phenomena.

The drainage pattern truly reflects the hidden structural characteristics and points out the tectonic history of an area. Various landforms and bedrocks depict six most common drainage patterns. Drainage pattern is usually classified as Dendritic Rectangular, Parallel, un parallel, Radial ,Centripetal and Deranged. Our studied drainage map shows sub- dendritic drainage pattern.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 16

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG 3.5.5.1: Drainage map delineated by using SOI Toposheets No. 57G5

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 17

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG 3.5.5.2: Drainage map delineated by using SOI Toposheets No. 57G5

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 18

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG 3.5.5.3: MAKANKUPPE WATERSHED BOUNDARY

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 19

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

CHAPTER-4

PRESENT 4.1 Registration of Maps

The registration is the procedure of providing data input to the software in the form of longitude and latitude. The value of error limit field can be increased depending on the scale of map and accuracy level. To maintain highly accurate geographic data, the RMS should be kept under 0.004 inches in page units. For less accurate data, the value can be as high as 0.008 inches or its equivalent measures.

4.2 Digitization of Maps [14]

Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a hard copy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the digitizing process, features of traced maps or image are captured as co-ordinates in either point, line or polygon format.

Since most common methods of digitizing involve the interpretation of geographic features via the human hand, there are several types of errors that can occur during the course of capturing the data. The type of error that occurs when the feature is not captured properly is called a positional error, as opposed to attribute errors where information about the feature capture is inaccurate or false. These positional error types are outlined below, and a visualization of the different methods is shown at the bottom of this section.

4.3 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS [10] Morphometric analysis using GIS and remote sensing technique has emerged as a powerful tool in recent years. Remote sensing has the ability of obtaining synoptic view of the large area at one time and very useful in analyzing the drainage morphometry. The study area covers an area of 1013.492 km2 draining into river Kaveri in Bangalore Rural district of Karnataka. The river Kaveri is a tributary to the river Krishna. The study area is located between Lat. 13o 45’– 13o 30’ and Long. 77o15’– 77o 30’ forming a Kumudvathi watershed (Fig. 1). Scanning of literature on the study area indicates that there is no published data on

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 20

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

the morphometry based on remote sensing and GIS techniques. Therefore, the present study aims at the morphometric analysis using remote sensing and GIS. The study area enjoys a warm summer and dry conformable winter. It is a semi-arid to arid region with dry climate followed by very less humidity and scanty annual rain fall not exceeding 100 mm. Therefore, this area is considered to be one of the drought-prone areas of Bangalore Rural district. Vegetation is very scanty because of dry climate, less rainfall and thin soil cover.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 21

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

Fig.4.3.1. Drainage map of Makanakuppe Miniwatershed

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 22

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.3.1 Methodology: [2] The drainage systems have been delineated using CARTOSAT-1 data and survey of India toposheets-as reference. The morphometric parameters were computed using the formulae of different workers presented in Table 1 and description of morphometric parameters in Table 2. For digitization, computation and output generation, Arc GIS 10.3.1software was used.

Table 1.Formulae adopted for computation of morphometric parameters

Sl.No Mophometric Formula Reference Parameters 1 Stream order Hierarchial rank Strahler (1964) 2 Stream length Length of the stream Horton (Lu) (1945) 3 Mean stream Lsm = ? Lu / Nu Where, Lsm = Mean Strahler length (Lsm) stream length? Lu = Total stream length of (1964) order 'u' Nu = Total no. of stream segments of order 'u' 4 Stream length RL = Lu / Lu – 1Where, RL = Stream Horton ratio (RL) length ratio Lu = The total stream length of (1945) the order 'u' Lu – 1 = The total stream length of its next lower order 5 Bifurcation ratio Rb = Nu / Nu + 1Where, Rb = Bifurcation Schumn (Rb) ratio Nu = Total no. of stream segments of (1956) order 'u' Nu + 1 = Number of segments of the next higher order 6 Mean Rbm = Average of bifurcation ratios of all Strahler bifurcation ratio orders (1957) (Rbm) 7 Relief ratio (Rh) Rh = H / Lb Where, Rh = Relief ratio H = Schumm Total relief (Relative relief) of the basin (1956) (km)Lb = Basin length 8 Drainage density D = Lu / A Where, D = Drainage density Lu Horton (D) = Total stream length of all orders A = Area (1932) of the basin (km2) 9 Stream Fs = Nu / A Where, Fs = Stream frequency Horton frequency (Fs) Nu = Total no. of streams of all orders A = (1932) Area of the basin (km2)

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 23

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

10 Drainage texture Rt = Nu / P Where, Rt = Drainage texture Horton (Rt) Nu = Total no. of streams of all orders P = (1945) Perimeter (km)

11 Form factor (Rf) Rf = A / Lb²Where, Rf = Form factor A = Horton Area of the basin (km2)Lb² = Square of (1932) basin length 12 Circularity ratio Rc = 4 * Pi * A / P²Where, Rc = Circularity Miller (Rc) ratio Pi = 'Pi' value i.e., 3.14A = Area of the (1953) basin (km2) P² = Square of the perimeter (km) 13 Elongation ratio Re = 2(√A/π) / Lb Where, Re = Elongation Schumn (Re) ratio A = Area of the basin (km2)Pi = 'Pi' (1956) value i.e., 3.14Lb = Basin length 14 Length of Lg = 1 / D * 2Where, Lg = Length of Horton overland flow overland flow D = Drainage density (1945) (Lg) 15 Basin Length Lb=1.312 * A 0.568 Nooka (Lb) Ratnam et al (2005) 16 Compactness Cc=0.2821*P/A 0.5 Horton coefficient (Cc) (1945)

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 24

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 25

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.3.2 Morphometry [10]: According to Clarke (1966), morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth surface, shape and dimensions of its landforms. The morphometric analysis is carried out through measurement of linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin and slope contribution (Nag and Chakraborty, 2003).The measurement of various morphometric parameters namely – stream order, stream length (Lu),mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (RL),bifurcation ratio (Rb), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm),relief ratio (Rh) drainage density (D), stream frequency (Fs), drainage texture (Rt), form factor (Rf), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re) length of overland flow (Lg) has been carried out and the data are presented in Table 3.

Table. 3. Calculation of different morphometric parameters of Makankuppe

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 26

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.4 Linear aspects: [18] The linear aspects include the stream order, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio, which were determined and results have been presented in Table 3.

4.4.1 Stream order Stream ordering is the first step in the quantitative analysis of the watershed. In the present study, Strahler (1964)ranking of streams has been carried out based on the method proposed by Strahler (1964). The order-wise stream numbers, area and stream length are presented in Table 3.

4.4.2 Stream length Stream length is measured from mouth of a river to drainage divide with the help of GIS software. This has been computed based on the law proposed by Horton (1945) for the basin of the study area. Usually, the total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and decreases as the s t ream order increases in t he present case.

4.4.3 Mean stream length Mean stream length (Lsm) is a characteristic property related to the drainage network components and its associated basin surfaces (Strahler, 1964). This has been calculated by dividing the total stream length of order (u) by the number of streams of segments in the order. The mean stream length is presented in Table 3. It is seen that, Lsm values exhibit variation from 0.617 to 33.133. It is observed that Lsm values of the studied basin indicate that Lsm of the given order is greater than that of the lower order and less than that of its next order.

4.4.4 Stream length ratio Stream length ratio (RL) is the ratio of the mean length of the one order to the next lower order of the stream segments. The RL values are presented in Table 3. The stream length ratio between the streams of different orders of the study area shows a change. This change

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 27

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

might be attributed to variation in slope and topography, indicating the late youth stage of geomorphic development in the streams of the study area (Singh and Singh, 1997 and Vittala et al., 2004)

4.4.5 Bifurcation ratio According to Schumn (1956), the term bifurcation ratio may be defined as the ratio of the number of the stream segments of given order to the number of segments of the next higher orders. Bifurcation ratio shows a small range of variation for different environments except where the powerful geological control dominates (Strahler, 1957). The bifurcation ratio of the studied basin is shown in the Table.3.

In the study area, the higher values of Rb indicates a strong structural control in the drainage pattern whereas the lower values indicate that the sub-basins are less affected by structural disturbances (Stahler, 1964; Nag, 1998; Vittalaet al., 2004 and Chopraet al., 2005).The Rb values of the study area range is 4.50 indicating that the basin is falling under normal basin category (Strahler, 1957).

4.5 Aerial aspects [19]: Aerial aspects include different morphometric parameters, like drainage density, drainage texture, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio and length of the overland flow. The values of these parameters are presented in Table 3 and discussed and interpreted.

4.5.1 Drainage Density: Drainage density is defined as the total length of streams of all orders per drainage area. Density factor is related to climate, type of rocks, relief, infiltration capacity, vegetation cover, surface roughness and run-off intensity index. Of these, surface roughness has no significant correlation with drainage density. The drainage density indicates the closeness of spacing of channels (Horton, 1932).The amount and type of precipitation influences directly to the quantity and characters of surface run-off. An area with high precipitation such as thundershowers loses greater percentage of rainfall in run-off resulting in more surface drainage lines. Amount of vegetation and rainfall absorption capacity of soils,

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 28

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

which influences the rate of surface run-off affects the drainage texture of an area. The similar condition of lithology and geologic structures, semi-arid regions have finer drainage density texture than humid regions. Low drainage density generally results in the areas of highly resistant or permeable sub-soil material, dense vegetation and low relief. High drainage density is the result of weak or impermeable sub-surface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief. Low density leads to course drainage texture while high drainage density leads to fine drainage texture. The drainage density in the studied watershed shows 1.96 per km2 suggesting low drainage density. This low drainage density of the study area suggests that it has highly permeable sub-soil and coarse drainage texture.

4.5.2 Stream Frequency /Channel Frequency: The total number of stream segments of all orders per unit area is known as stream frequency (Horton,1932). It mainly depends upon the lithology of the basin and reflects the texture of the drainage network. Hopefully, it is possible to have basins of same drainage density differing stream frequency and basins of the same stream frequency differing in drainage density. The Fs value of the studied watershed is presented in Table 3. The low value of 2.244 is observed in the studied watershed.

4.5.3 Drainage Texture: Drainage texture is the total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area(Horton, 1945). It is one of the important concepts of geomorphology which means that the relative spacing of drainage lines. Drainage lines are numerous over impermeable areas than permeable areas. According to Horton (1945), infiltration capacity as the single important factors which influences drainage texture and considered drainage texture which includes drainage density and stream frequency. The value of drainage texture ratio of the study area is 10.01. According to Smith (1950), five different drainage textures have been classified based on the drainage density. The drainage density less than 2 indicates very coarse, between 2 and 4 is related to coarse, between 4 and6 is moderate, between 6 and 8 is fine and greater than 8 is very fine drainage texture. The studied watershed shows low value of drainage density coarse to very drainage texture, the lower value may indicate that the sedimentary rocks exposed in the form of small ridges and mounds and plains with lower degree of slopes.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 29

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.5.4 Form factor: Form factor may be defined as the ratio of the area of the basin and square of basin length (Horton,1932). The value of form factor would always be greater than 0.78 for a perfectly circular basin. Smaller the value of form factor, more elongated will be the basin. Rf value of the study area is presented in Table 3. It is noted that the Rf values is 0.226 and indicate that the studied watershed is elongated in shape.

4.5.5 Circulatory ratio: The circulatory ratio is mainly concerned with the length and frequency of streams, geological structures, land use/land cover, climate, relief and slope of the basin. It is the ratio of the area of the basins to the area of circle having the same circumference as the perimeter of the basin. In the study area, the Rc values are ranging from 0.246 indicating that it is elongated in shape and are characterized by the low relief and the drainage system is not controlled by geological structures.

4.5.6 Elongation ratio: Elongation ratio is the ratio between the diameter of the circle of the same area as the drainage basin and the maximum length of the basin. The elongation ratio value of the studied area is 0.53 indicating high relief and steep slope. Based on the elongation ratio, it is also suggested that the studied watershed is elongated in shape. A circular basin is more efficient in the discharge of run-off than an elongated basin (Singhand Singh, 1997).

4.5.7 Length of overland flow: The length of overland flow (Lg) approximately equals to half of reciprocal of drainage density (Horton, 1945). It is the length of water over the ground before it gets concentrated into definite stream channels. This factor basically relates inversely to the average slope of the channel and is quite synonymous with the length of the sheet flow.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 30

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG:4.3.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP OF MAKANKUPPE MINI WATERSHED

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 31

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG:4.3.2 LAND USE/ LAND COVER MAP OF MAKANKUPPE MINI- WATERSHED

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 32

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG:4.3.3 SLOPE MAP OF MAKANKUPPE MINI WATERSHED

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 33

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG:4.3.4 SOIL MAP OF MAKANKUPPE MINI WATERSHED

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 34

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG 4.3.5 ACTION PLAN FOR MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 35

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.6 WORKING WITH IAHV[20]

4.6.1 ABOUT IAHV The International Association for Human Values (IAHV), a partner organization of the Art of Living was founded by Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, to foster globally a deeper understanding of the values that unite us as human community.

IAHV is an international volunteer based NGO in special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations which along with the Art of living has touched 155 countries around the world. An international humanitarian NGO, IAHV implements social development programs aimed at increasing global equity, sustainable development initiatives, and social justice for all human beings on the planet.

IAHV also aims to propagate universal human values in all spheres of society, specifically economic, political, industrial, and social arenas. It has rapidly emerged as a significant player in the Indian development field. Though initially maintaining a focus on the provision of primary school education to poor children, IAHV quickly expanded its vision and added substantial breadth and depth to its project portfolio.

4.6.2 KUMUDVATHI RIVER REJUVENATION PROJECT [14]

The year 2007 saw an acknowledgment of a growing crisis: Bengaluru faced a 20 percent shortage of fresh water supply as the Thippagondanahalli water reservoir, fed by the Kumudvathi river, went dry. This proved to be a culmination of a problem that had been accumulating for a few years and promised only to grow larger, affecting the villages through which the river once flowed.

Under the banner of IAHV (International Association of Human Values), volunteers from The Art of Living undertook the challenge of reviving the dying river.

The volunteers along with the villagers pooled the resources and participated in de-silting the neglected Kalyani (step wells) in the villages. These structures play an important role in maintaining groundwater levels. About 10 recharge wells and boulder checks were constructed using donations of volunteers to showcase them to the public at large and also to Government officials. Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 36

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

The Action Plan was presented to the Zilla Panchayat and the Gram Panchayats. Several meetings of farmers with Gram Panchayat members were held highlighting the importance of activities to rejuvenate the river. Zilla Panchayats understood the importance of the project and also the possibility for including the work under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). The sanctions were accorded for the financial outlay, and Gram Panchayats were advised to implement the proposals made by them with guidance from The Art of Living team.

4.6.3 STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED [15]

4.6.3.1 RECHARGE WELLS

Open wells have a major role to play in the artificial recharge of ground water. Rooftop rainwater and surface water flowing in storm water drains can be filtered; the silt removed and allowed to recharge the open wells. If you are building on a new site do not forget to consider digging an open well. No, it need not be like this magnificent stone structure. It can be of RCC rings, only a metre in diameter and about 6 metres deep.

It is provided at second and third stream order.

DIMENSIONS:-

Diameter of circular concrete ring- 3ft

Height of concrete ring- 1ft

Depth of recharge well- 20ft

FIG 4.6.3.1 RECHARGE WELL

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 37

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.6.3.2 INJECTION WELL

An injection well is used to place fluid underground into porous geologic formations. These underground formations may range from deep sandstone or limestone, to a shallow soil layer. Injected fluids may include water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water mixed with chemicals. Injection well construction is based on the type and depth of the fluid injected. For example, wells that inject hazardous wastes or carbon dioxide (CO2) into deep isolated formations have sophisticated construction. These wells are designed to provide multiple layers of protective casing and cement. In contrast, shallow wells are usually of simple construction. It is provided at second and third stream order. DIMENSIONS:- Diameter of circular concrete ring- 3ft Height of concrete ring- 1ft Depth of recharge well- 20ft Depth of Bore well:- 80ft

FIG 4.6.3.2 INJECTION WELL

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 38

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.6.3.3 WATER POOL

It is necessary to pool the water in the form of pond in the tank, which will reduce the evaporation and water would get stored as a column of water with a minimum spread area. DIMENSIONS:- LENGTH – 28ft WIDTH- 28ft DEPTH- 12 ft to 14 ft

FIG 4.6.3.3 WATER POOL

4.6.3.4 BOULDER CHECKS

To avoid soil erosion and to reduce velocity of water. Provided at first order stream and after every recharge well and injection well.

FIG 4.6.3.4 BOULDER CHECK

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 39

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.6.4 INSTRUMENT USED [17] 4.6.4.1 About Geotech Water Level Meters Geotech Water Level Meters are portable instruments used to accurately measure water levels in monitoring wells and bore holes.

4.6.4.2 MAIN FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES 1. Automatic noise reduction. 2. 3 frequencies or 30 frequencies measuring at one time. 3. Operating functions are all on the LDC screen, easy operation. 4. It can storage 20 curve measuring data of 3 frequency and 30 frequency. 5. Curve and data are displayed on LCD screen. Curve and data also can print by micro printer or PC printer. 6. Power supply rechargeable battery. 7. Electrode test and power monitor 8. Whole weight.2KG, size: 24CM×13CM×16CM

4.6.4.1 GEOTECH WATER LEVEL METERS

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 40

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

4.6.4.2 RECHARGE WELL STRUCTURE

4.7 ABOUT VILLAGES AND THEIR DETAILS [16] 4.7.1 Tattekere

Tattekere is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 74 families residing. The Tattekere village has population of 301 of which 150 are males while 151 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Tattekere village population of children with age 0-6 is 31 which makes up 10.30 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Tattekere village is 1007 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Tattekere as per census is 632, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Tattekere village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Tattekere village was 77.04 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Tattekere Male literacy stands at 85.50 % while female literacy rate was 69.06 %. Average water use : 123 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells : 3 Average Rainfall : 640mm Lattitude : 13.2566º Longitude : 77.2663˚

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 41

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 36.00 35.00 34.00 33.00 RCW READINGS 32.00 (mbgl)

4.7.2 Karimanne Karimanne is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 107 families residing. The Karimanne village has population of 451 of which 211 are males while 240 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Karimanne village population of children with age 0-6 is 51 which makes up 11.31 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Karimanne village is 1137 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Karimanne as per census is 1318, higher than Karnataka average of 948. Karimanne village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Karimanne village was 79.25 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Karimanne Male literacy stands at 88.89 % while female literacy rate was 70.62 %. Average water use : 133 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Lateric soil No. Of Recharge wells : 3 Average Rainfall : 680mm Lattitude : 13.2620º Longitude : 77.2584º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 42

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl)

36.00 34.00 32.00 RCW READINGS 30.00 (mbgl)

4.7.3 Dasenahalli Dasenahalli is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 172 families residing. The Dasenahalli village has population of 772 of which 390 are males while 382 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Dasenahalli village population of children with age 0-6 is 86 which makes up 11.14 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Dasenahalli village is 979 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Dasenahalli as per census is 1098, higher than Karnataka average of 948. Dasenahalli village has lower literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Dasenahalli village was 75.22 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Dasenahalli Male literacy stands at 86.82 % while female literacy rate was 63.20 %. Average water use : 127 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Sandy soil No. Of Recharge wells : 2 Average Rainfall : 655mm Lattitude: 13.2696º Longitude : 77.2745º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 43

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl)

36.00 35.00 RCW READINGS 34.00 (mbgl) 33.00

4.7.4 Manne Manne is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 379 families residing. The Manne village has population of 1429 of which 695 are males while 734 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Manne village population of children with age 0-6 is 74 which makes up 5.18 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Manne village is 1056 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Manne as per census is 542, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Manne village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Manne village was 76.83 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Manne Male literacy stands at 89.18 % while female literacy rate was 65.54 %. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Manne village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Average water use : 123 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells :0 Average Rainfall : 680mm Lattitude : 13.2437º Longitude : 77.2767º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 44

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 40.00 35.00 RCW READINGS (mbgl) 30.00

4.7.5 Nidavanda

Nidavanda is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 370 families residing. The Nidavanda village has population of 1540 of which 799 are males while 741 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Nidavanda village population of children with age 0-6 is 163 which makes up 10.58 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Nidavanda village is 927 which is lower than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Nidavanda as per census is 852, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Nidavanda village has lower literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Nidavanda village was 75.24 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Nidavanda Male literacy stands at 86.22 % while female literacy rate was 63.51 %. Average water use : 130 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Lateric soil No. Of Recharge wells : 1 Average Rainfall : 660mm Lattitude : 13.2456º Longitude : 77.2551º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 45

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

36.00 RCW READINGS (mbgl) 35.00 34.00 RCW READINGS 33.00 (mbgl) 32.00

Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

4.7.6 Imchanahalli

Imchanahalli is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 78 families residing. The Imchanahalli village has population of 324 of which 162 are males while 162 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Imchanahalli village population of children with age 0-6 is 31 which makes up 9.57 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Imchanahalli village is 1000 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Imchanahalli as per census is 824, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Imchanahalli village has lower literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Imchanahalli village was 66.55 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Imchanahalli Male literacy stands at 77.93 % while female literacy rate was 55.41 %.

Average water use : 127 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Lateric soil

No. Of Recharge wells : 4

Average Rainfall : 682mm

Lattitude : 13.2700º

Longitude : 77.2492º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 46

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 34.00 33.00 RCW READINGS 32.00 (mbgl) 31.00 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

4.7.7 Narasipura Narasipura is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 188 families residing. The Narasipura village has population of 828 of which 444 are males while 384 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Narasipura village population of children with age 0-6 is 103 which makes up 12.44 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Narasipura village is 865 which is lower than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Narasipura as per census is 907, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Narasipura village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Narasipura village was 77.24 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Narasipura Male literacy stands at 85.90 % while female literacy rate was 67.16 %.

Average water use : 130 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells : 2 Average Rainfall : 650mm Lattitude : 13.2739º Longitude : 77.2337º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 47

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 37 36 35 34 RCW READINGS 33 (mbgl) 32 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

4.7.8 Heggunda Heggunda is a large village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 487 families residing. The Heggunda village has population of 2079 of which 1049 are males while 1030 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Heggunda village population of children with age 0-6 is 229 which makes up 11.01 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Heggunda village is 982 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Heggunda as per census is 991, higher than Karnataka average of 948. Heggunda village has lower literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Heggunda village was 74.27 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Heggunda Male literacy stands at 84.58 % while female literacy rate was 63.76 %.

Average water use : 135 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells : 3 Average Rainfall : 680mm Lattitude : 13.2705º Longitude : 77.2665º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 48

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 36.00 35.00 34.00 RCW READINGS 33.00 (mbgl) 32.00 31.00 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

4.7.9 Lakkasandra Lakkasandra is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 92 families residing. The Lakkasandra village has population of 375 of which 185 are males while 190 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Lakkasandra village population of children with age 0-6 is 35 which makes up 9.33 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Lakkasandra village is 1027 which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Lakkasandra as per census is 591, lower than Karnataka average of 948. Lakkasandra village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Lakkasandra village was 76.76 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Lakkasandra Male literacy stands at 84.66 % while female literacy rate was 69.49 %. Average water use : 123 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells : 1 Average Rainfall : 690mm Lattitude : 13.1447º Longitude : 77.2957º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 49

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 38.00 37.00 36.00 RCW READINGS (mbgl) 35.00 34.00

Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

4.7.10 Govenahalli Govenahalli is a medium size village located in Nelamangala Taluka of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka with total 174 families residing. The Govenahalli village has population of 847 of which 433 are males while 414 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Govenahalli village population of children with age 0-6 is 83 which makes up 9.80 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Govenahalli village is 956 which is lower than Karnataka state average of 973. Child Sex Ratio for the Govenahalli as per census is 1128, higher than Karnataka average of 946. Govenahalli village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Govenahalli village was 81.02 % compared to 75.36 % of Karnataka. In Govenahalli Male literacy stands at 89.09 % while female literacy rate was 72.43 %. Average water use : 132 ltrs/day/capita Soil type : Red soil No. Of Recharge wells : 2 Average Rainfall : 688mm Lattitude : 13.1801º Longitude : 77.3158º

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 50

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

RCW READINGS (mbgl) 35.60 35.40 35.20 35.00 34.80 RCW READINGS 34.60 (mbgl) 34.40 34.20 34.00 33.80 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 51

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT 4.8 WATER LEVEL READINGS OF VILLAGES

RCW READINGS TOTAL RCW MONTH & YEAR (mbgl) STRUCTURE

TABLE 4.8 WATER LEVEL READINGS Jan-19 35.01 13

Jan-19 34.99 2

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 52

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

Jan-19 34.21 4

TABLE 4.8 WATER LEVEL READINGS Jan-19 34.76 8

Jan-19 34.41 3

Jan-19 32.5 5

Jan-19 35 4

Jan-19 34.96 3

Jan-19 35.21 2

Jan-19 35.12 1

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 53

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT CHAPTER-5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED

 DECREASE IN SOIL ERROSION

The soil loss is generally more in land having less vegetation, as there are no roots to prevent the soil erosion. As a solution of this problem , Boulder checks have been provided. Due to these boulder checks the flow of the water decreases at there and thus some amount of water infiltrates to the soil and hence increasing the ground water level gradually, giving rise to more vegetation in that area and hence decreasing the soil erosion.

FIG 5.1.1 BOULDER CHECK  LARGE EXTENTS OF BARREN HILL SLOPES ARE COVERED BY VEGETATIONS

Due to increase in the ground water level and increase in availability of water in the area ,the dry lands slowly started getting converted into moist and humus land and hence the barren lands started getting converted into slopes with vegetation.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 54

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

FIG 5.1.2 BARREN HILLS ARE COVERED BY VEGETATIONS

 REGENERATION OF GRASSLANDS FOR MORE FODDERS AND ANIMALS.

Due to the increase in ground water level and availability of water, farmers started getting water for irrigation .This increased the productivity of the farmers.

The increase in the quality of soil due to all this farming activity and ground water availability , increased the regeneration of grasslands, which in turn are useful for the fodders and other animals.

FIG 5.1.3 REGENERATION OF GRASSLAND

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 55

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

 THERE IS SLIGHT INCREASE IN GROUND WATER LEVEL.

Due to the boulder checks, injection wells, recharge wells water pool. All these structures directly effects the ground water level.

Boulder checks are decreasing the flow of water and allowing water to penetrate into the soil hence increasing the ground water level. Injection wells and recharge wells too giving slight increase in the ground water level.

Ground Water Level Variation 40

35 Water Level Variation 30

2016 2017 2018 2019

FIG 5.1.3 RAINFALL DATA

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 56

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

 THERE IS INCREASE IN THE CROP YIELD IN PARTICULAR AREA.

Due to availability of water in the area and the increase in the ground water level, availability of water for irrigation have encouraged the farmers for farming.

As the dry lands have changed to moist and humus land, the soil quality has increased. Hence increasing the productivity and the quality of the production.

FIG 5.1.4 INCREASE IN CROP YEILD

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 57

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

6.1 CONCLUSION:

Remote sensing and GIS techniques have proved to be efficient tools in drainage delineation and their updation. These updated drainages have been used for the morphometric analysis. The morphometric analysis was carried out through measurement of linear and areal aspects of basins. The morphometric analysis of the drainage networks of the watershed of the study area show dendritic to sub-dendritic patterns with very coarse drainage texture. The variation in stream length ratio might be due to change in slope and topography. The bifurcation ratio value indicates normal basin category and the presence of low drainage density suggesting that it has highly permeable sub-soil and coarse drainage texture. The values of form factor and circulatory ratio suggest that the studied watershed is elongated in shape. Elongation ratio indicates high relief and steep ground slopes. It is apparent from the foregoing that there is a tremendous scope for frontier technologies in developing a database of agriculture resources and decision support systems at the farm (<1 ha) level. The study concludes that Remote sensing and GIS technologies can be used for scientific planning and management of natural resources and The repetitive coverage of the satellite data of an area provides an excellent opportunity to monitor the land resources and evaluate the land cover changes through on comparison of images acquired for the watershed at different periods. Framing and implementation of action plans at a higher scale will be a stupendous tasks and a threatening challenge to space and agriculture scientists alike who are currently remotely placed from the ground truth of Indian farmers. This study disclosed that the integrated use of satellite remote sensing and GIS technology will contribute considerably to the property management of a watershed basin. This project has analyzed the applications of GIS and remote sensing tools in watershed management. The paper establishes a summary of the attributes and advantages of watershed approach normally, problems within the literature, review

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 58

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

of the main environmental effects and factors related to the matter, and a series of suggestions to mitigate the issues. Considering the growing pressures mounted by human activities within the region, the results from the information analysis revel that the study brings some important changes in its coastal environments particularly on the geology of forest and environment. These changes are attributed to socio-economic and environmental variables and host of different factors. The overall results seen the substantial contribution of satellite remote sensing to the property management of a catchment basin.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 59

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT

6.2 REFERENCES [1]Krishnamurthy, J., et al. “An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through remote sensing and a geographical information system. “ International Journal of Remote Sensing 17.10(1996): 1867-1884.

[2]Mahadevan C and Kazim Syed (1947) The Bhima Series and other rocks of Bengaluru Districts. Journal of Karnataka Geological Survey 5(1):1-60

[3]Malur MN, Nagendra R and Rudraiah M (1985) A Study of stylolites of Bhima Basin, Karnataka. 5th IAS Convention Volume. PP 161-174.

[4]Malur MN, Nagendra R and Rudraiah M (1991-1992) Microstylolites from Kurkunta Formation, Bhima Group ( eastern part), Karnataka, South India. Jour of Mysore University; Section B. pp 188-190.

[5]Strahler AN (1957) Quantitave Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology. Trans AM Geophys Union 38:913-920.

[6]Strahler An (1964) Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basin and channel networks. In: VT Chow(ed), Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, Section 4

[7]Thornbury, William D. Principles of Geomorphology. Vol. 78. No.2. LWW, 1954.

[8]Vittala SS, Govindaiah S and Honne Gowda H (2004) Morphometric Analysis of sub-watershed in the Pawangada area of Tumkur District, South India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. J Indian Soc of Remote Sensing 32(4): 351-362

[9]Mukhopadhyay, D. (1986). Structural patterns in the Dharvar craton. JGSI, vol 4, pp 167-186

[10]Horton RE (1945) Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. GeolSoc Am Bull 56: 275-370

[11]Foote RB (1876) The geological features of southern marhatta country and adjacent

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 60

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING – A CASE STUDY FROM MAKANKUPPE MINIWATERSHED, NELAMANGALA TALUK, BANGALORE RURAL DISTRICT districts. Mem Geol Survey India XII(1):70-164.

[12]Ranganath, B. K., 1998, Monitoring and Evaluation of Watersheds in Karnataka using Satellite Remote Sensing, Technical Report, ISRO-NNRMS-TR-98- 98, ISRO, Bangalore.

[13]Diwakar, P. G, Ranganath, B. K, Gowrishankar, D and Jayaraman, V., 2008, Empowering the rural poor through EO products and Services – An Impact assessment. Acta Astronautica, 63 (1-4):551 – 559.

[14]Grant Milne, Praful Patel, Michael Carter and Constance Bernard, 2006, Managing Watershed Externalities in India, Agriculture and Development Sector Unit, South Asia Region, Report no1, World Bank.

[15]Anonymous, 2003, Sujala Watershed Project - Operation Manual, Watershed Development Department, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore.

[16]Anonymous, 2011, Innovations in Development –Karnataka watershed development project, the World Bank in India, Issue 2, 2011.

[17]ThoratMM(2017),“Watershed Management”, IRJSE,5(5), 81-83.

[18]U. Sunday Tim Sumant Mallavaram “Application Of GIS Technology In Watershed Based VManagement and Decision Making” Watershed Update Vol 1,Pp 1-6.

[19] V N Sharda(2005) “Integrated Watershed Management Managing Valleys and Hills in the Himalayas”,International Water Management Institute,South Asia,Pp.61-81.

[20]Vinayak N.Mangrule(2013) “Watershed Planning and Development Plan by Using RS and GIS of Khultabad Taluka of Aurangabad District”,IJICT,Vol 3,Number 10,pp1093- 1100.

Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-2019 Page 61