Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
EFPT Psychotherapy Guidebook • EFPT Psychotherapy Guidebook Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Olga Sidorova Published on: Jul 05, 2019 Updated on: Jul 11, 2019 EFPT Psychotherapy Guidebook • EFPT Psychotherapy Guidebook Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the most widely used evidence-based psychotherapy for improving mental health. Brief historic overview Cognitive behavioural therapy is a fusion of the behavioural and cognitive theories of human behaviour and psychopathology. Modern CBT development had three “waves”. The first, or behavioural wave was inspired and developed by notable people such as John B. Watson, Joseph Wolpe, Ivan Pavlov, Hans Eysenck, Arnold Lazarus and B. F. Skinner and comes from learning theory (Skinner et Pavlov). Learning theory is a concept describing the process of gaining, keeping and recalling knowledge. Behavioural learning theory assumes that learning is built on responses to environmental stimuli. I. Pavlov introduced a concept of classical conditioning where behaviour is a reflexive and involuntary response to stimuli. The exposure, which originated from the works of Pavlov and Watson, is a widely used instrument in CBT. It is a process of changing the unwanted, learned response or behaviour to a more desirable response. In addition to this, B. F. Skinner later shaped a concept of operant conditioning, which is based on the voluntary behaviour that is modified through the use of positive and negative reinforcements. The foundation for the second or “cognitive wave” of CBT can be tracked to numerous ancient philosophical ideas, notably in Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed that logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructive emotions and that individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. -
Behavioral Therapy* Michael Mceachrane
5 Capturing Emotional Thoughts: The Philosophy of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy* Michael McEachrane Ever since Albert Ellis introduced his ABC-theory of emotional dysfunction in the 1950s one premise of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been the idea that emotional disturbances are caused by beliefs. Following Stoic phi- losophy Ellis argued that emotional disturbances are a consequence (C) of beliefs (B) rather than of activating events themselves (A) (e.g., Ellis 1962). Since then, beliefs have been the focal point of CBT – be it Ellis’ rational emo- tive behavior therapy (REBT), Aaron T. Beck’s cognitive therapy (CT) or the so- called ‘new wave’ of cognitive-behavioral therapies such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (e.g., Beck 1979; Beck et al. 1979; Ellis and Blau 1998; Hayes, Follette and Linehan 2004). A second premise of CBT is that emotion causing beliefs are mentally rep- resented; primarily as ‘internal dialogues’ – what Ellis refers to as ‘self-talk’ and Beck as ‘automatic thoughts’ – but also as mental images (e.g., Beck 1979; Ellis 1994; Segal, Williams and Teasdale 2001). On the basis of this second premise, a central idea to the practice of CBT is that we can become aware of the beliefs that elicit our emotional reactions by becoming aware of the words or images that elicit them. This chapter examines these two premises – that emotions are caused by beliefs and that those beliefs are represented in the mind as words or images. Being a philosophical examination, the chapter also seeks to demonstrate that these two premises essentially are philosophical premises. -
Contemporary Clinical Interviewing: Integration of the Dsm-Iv, Managed Care Concerns, Mental Status, and Research
CHAPTER 1 3 CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL INTERVIEWING: INTEGRATION OF THE DSM-IV, MANAGED CARE CONCERNS, MENTAL STATUS, AND RESEARCH Shawn Christopher Shea INTRODUCTION DSM-IV, to more classic psychodynamic approaches and engagement skills. This clinical Interviewing is the backbone of all mental health challenge has been made even more difficult by yet professions. It is a dynamic and creative process, another new influence, the powerful presence of which represents a somewhat elusive set of skills. managed care and the constant ticking of "the The importance of this set of skills has been high- clock" concerning the number of sessions avail- lighted by Langsley and Hollender (1982). Their able to the client. In the past a skilled clinican survey of 482 psychiatric teachers and practitio- could perform a sound diagnostic assessment ners revealed that 99.4 percent ranked conducting within an hour, although many chose to take a comprehensive interview as an important longer. The difference is that today the clinician requirement for a psychiatrist. This represented the does not have a choice; managed-care principles highest ranking of 32 skills listed in the survey. dictate that he or she must complete the assessment Seven of the top 10 skills were directly related to within an hour and subsequently rapidly write up interviewing technique, including skills such as the the document as well. assessment of suicide and homicide potential, the Such a daunting integrative task, performed ability to make accurate diagnoses, and the ability under tight time constraints, can represent a major to recognize countertransference problems and hurdle for the developing clinician. -
Emotion-Scanning Therapy : an Integrative Use of Biofeedback and Cognitive Therapy in Pain Management
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1986 Emotion-scanning therapy : an integrative use of biofeedback and cognitive therapy in pain management. Nancy J. Erskine University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Erskine, Nancy J., "Emotion-scanning therapy : an integrative use of biofeedback and cognitive therapy in pain management." (1986). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1401. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1401 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EMOTION-SCANNING THERAPY- AN INTEGRATIVE USE OF BIOFEEDBACK AND COGNITIVE THERAPY IN PAIN MANAGEMENT A Dissertation Presented By NANCY JANE ERSKINE Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February, 1986 Department of Psychology EMOTION-SCANNING THERAPY- AN INTEGRATIVE USE OF BIOFEEDBACK AND COGNITIVE THERAPY IN PAIN I^IANAGEMENT A Dissertation Presented By NANCY JANE ERSKINE Approved as to style and content by: Seymour Epstein, Chairperson of Committee Morton Harmatz, Member Ronnie Janbf f^Bulman , Member D. Nico Spinfelli, Member Seymour Berger, Deparjtment Head Department of Psychol/ogy 11 Nancy Jane Erskine All Rights Reserved . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In embarking upon the pursuit of a graduate degree it IS important to have access to people who represent the forerunners in one's field of study. -
Expository Review of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT)
International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research 7(2):101-111, April-June, 2019 © SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2019 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2354-2926 © SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2018 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2354-2926 Expository Review of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (R.E.B.T) of Albert Ellis As It Relates To Nigerian Situation Ebenezer, Jacinta Chinyeaka. M.ED & Maxwell, Eremie, Ed.D Department of Educational Foundation Faculty of Education, Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study gave a brief explanation of what a theory is all about. Thus, it means a set of tested assumption used overtime to produce a positive result. It also outlined the qualities of a good theory such as; meaningfulness, predictability, simplicity, comprehensiveness, usefulness and validity. The study mentioned its functions as; increasing the understanding of a body of knowledge through the explanation of some phenomena, encourages partway by which predictions are made and serve as a guide to research studies. The reasons for counselling theory were also outlined thus; providing useful information for both counsellor and client, helps in effective counselling, guidance and placement programme to take place educationally, vocationally and personal- socially. The study also mentioned the proponent of the theory as Albert Ellis (1959). It explains his ABCDEF theory where „A‟ refers to event,; B‟ refers to irrational belief and „C‟ refers to the behaviour that results from „B‟. His opinion on the use of „must,‟‟ should‟, ‟ought to be‟, His historical backgrounds and view of human nature were x- rayed as human beings being both rational and irrational, man having the ability to control his feeling and actions, emotional disturbances are not determined by external circumstances but his self-verbalization. -
Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy-Logotherapy.Pdf
Logotherapy Paul T. P. Wong Trinity Western University, British Columbia, Canada I. Introduction Known as the “Third Viennese School of Psychother- II. The Spiritual Dimension apy,” logotherapy was developed in the 1930s because of III. The Meaning of Meaning Frankl’s dissatisfaction with both Freud and Adler. IV. Basic Tenets Frankl accepts Sigmund Freud’s concept of uncon- V. Existential Frustration and Noogenic Neurosis sciousness but considers the will to meaning as more VI. Logotherapeutic Techniques and Applications VII. Recent Developments fundamental than the will to pleasure. Existential Further Reading analysis is designed to bring to consciousness the “hid- den” meaning or spiritual dimension of the client. Frankl received training in individual psychology GLOSSARY from Adler. He differs from Adler because he focuses on the will to meaning, while Adler emphasizes social dereflection A logotherapeutic technique to redirect clients’ attention away from their problems to more positive as- interest and the will to power. However, some of the pects of their lives. It is built on the human capacity for basic concepts of logotherapy, such as freedom and re- self-distancing and self-transcendence. sponsibility, bear the imprint of Adler’s influence. existential analysis Developed by Viktor Frankl, it refers to A major difference between logotherapy and psycho- therapeutic techniques that bring the hidden meaning of analysis is that both Freud and Adler focus on the past, existence into consciousness. while logotherapy focuses rather on the future—on the logotherapy Developed by Viktor Frankl, it refers to a spiri- meanings to be fulfilled. tually, existentially oriented therapy that seeks to achieve Although logotherapy and existential analysis tend healing and health through meaning. -
Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Psychological Management of Depression in Palliative Care
Review Article Cognitive hypnotherapy for psychological management of depression in palliative care Assen Alladin Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary Medical School, Calgary, Canada Correspondence to: Assen Alladin, PhD. R.Psych. Department of Psychiatry, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in palliative care is well documented, yet they often remain undetected and untreated, adding further to the burden of suffering on patients who are already facing severe physical and psychosocial problems. This article will focus on depression as it represents one of the most common psychiatric disorders treated by psychiatrists and psychotherapists in palliative care. Although depression in palliative care can be treated successfully with antidepressant medication and psychotherapy, a significant number of depressives do not respond to either medication or existing psychotherapies. This is not surprising considering depression is a complex disorder. Moreover, the presentation of depression in palliative care is compounded by the severity of the underlying medical conditions. It is thus important for clinicians to continue to develop more effective treatments for depression in palliative care. This article describes cognitive hypnotherapy (CH), an evidence-based multimodal treatment for depression which can be applied to a wide range of depressed patients in palliative care. CH, however, does not represent a finished product; -
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Stroke Rehabilitation
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Stroke Rehabilitation Amy Quilty OT Reg. (Ont.), Occupational Therapist Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Certificate Program, University of Toronto Quinte Health Care: [email protected] Learning Objectives • To understand that CBT: • has common ground with neuroscience • principles are consistent with stroke best practices • treats barriers to stroke recovery • is an opportunity to optimize stroke recovery Question? Why do humans dominate Earth? The power of THOUGHT • Adaptive • Functional behaviours • Health and well-being • Maladaptive • Dysfunctional behaviours • Emotional difficulties Emotional difficulties post-stroke • “PSD is a common sequelae of stroke. The occurrence of PSD has been reported as high as 30–60% of patients who have experienced a stroke within the first year after onset” Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Mood, Cognition and Fatigue Following Stroke practice guidelines, update 2015 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijs.12557/full • Australian rates: (Kneeborne, 2015) • Depression ~31% • Anxiety ~18% - 25% • Post Traumatic Stress ~10% - 30% • Emotional difficulties post-stroke have a negative impact on rehabilitation outcomes. Emotional difficulties post-stroke: PSD • Post stroke depression (PSD) is associated with: • Increased utilization of hospital services • Reduced participation in rehabilitation • Maladaptive thoughts • Increased physical impairment • Increased mortality Negative thoughts & depression • Negative thought associated with depression has been linked to greater mortality at 12-24 months post-stroke Nursing Best Practice Guideline from RNAO Stroke Assessment Across the Continuum of Care June : http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao- ca/files/Stroke_with_merged_supplement_sticker_2012.pdf Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ViaCs0k2jM Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - CBT A Framework to Support CBT for Emotional Disorder After Stroke* *Figure 2, Framework for CBT after stroke. -
Principles of Behavior Therapy and Behavior Modification (Chapter 5 from the Umh an Reflex) Rodger K
Digital Commons @ George Fox University Faculty Publications - Grad School of Clinical Graduate School of Clinical Psychology Psychology 1981 Principles of Behavior Therapy and Behavior Modification (Chapter 5 from The umH an Reflex) Rodger K. Bufford George Fox University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/gscp_fac Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation ISBN 9789991767680 Published by Harper & Row, New York, NY. Pages 113-133. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Clinical Psychology at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications - Grad School of Clinical Psychology by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PART III Clhallllgnllllg IHiumallll Belhavnor 50 Principles of Behavior Therapy and Behavior Modification THE EMERGENCE of behavior theory represents a striking shift from the previous history of ideas in the western world. Since the zenith of Greek civilization, it has been customary to explain behavior in terms of such internal factors as will, desire, purpose, intention, belief, expectation, memory, and character. The experimental analysis of behavior, however, shifts the locus of causal explana tions for behavior from internal processes and events to external causes. In Skinner's words, "[This shift] quite naturally led to a flood of practical applications. An early stimulus-response formula was too simple and seriously misleading, but once the role of the causal environment was properly understood, a flourishing tech nology was inevitable." 1 This chapter examines the theoretical aspects of the application of behavioral psychology (technically, the experimental analysis of behavior) to the process of behavior therapy. -
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Overview
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an overview Amber Hammontree, LPC Clinical Trainer Georgia Families 360° GAPEC-1204-16 March 2016 1 Learning objectives • Understand the basic concepts of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) • Identify the symptoms/disorders that CBT is used to treat • Understand evidence-based treatment • Discuss the strengths and limitations of CBT as a treatment model 2 What is cognitive behavioral therapy? • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combines principals of both cognitive and behavioral therapies. • Cognitive therapy emphasizes the role of thinking in “how we feel and act.” • Therapy focuses on: ― Identifying negative patterns of thinking ― How to change these unhealthy thoughts to healthier beliefs Healthy thoughts will then lead to more desirable reactions and outcomes. 3 What is cognitive behavioral therapy? (cont.) • Behavioral therapy focuses on replacing damaging habits with pro-social behaviors through skill building. This is done by: ― Focusing on decreasing the connections between stimuli (people, situations or events) and negative reactions to them. ― Learning and applying new skills to improve reactions. Additional approaches to CBT Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Rational Living Therapy (RLT) Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) Dialectic Behavior Therapy (DBT) 4 Basic principles of CBT CBT focuses on exploring the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. What we think affects how we act and feel. Thought What we feel affects what we think and do. What we do affects how we think and feel. Feelings Behavior 5 CBT terminology • CBT views behavior as either "adaptive" or "maladaptive", "learned" vs "unlearned", and "rational" vs "irrational." • Behavior that is rational meets these three criteria: ̶ It is based on fact ̶ It helps us achieve our goals ̶ It helps us feel how we want to feel • Behavior that does not meet these criteria is not rational. -
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Overview
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an overview Amber Hammontree, LPC Clinical Trainer Georgia Families 360° GAPEC-1204-16 March 2016 1 Learning objectives • Understand the basic concepts of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) • Identify the symptoms/disorders that CBT is used to treat • Understand evidence-based treatment • Discuss the strengths and limitations of CBT as a treatment model 2 What is cognitive behavioral therapy? • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combines principals of both cognitive and behavioral therapies. • Cognitive therapy emphasizes the role of thinking in “how we feel and act.” • Therapy focuses on: ― Identifying negative patterns of thinking ― How to change these unhealthy thoughts to healthier beliefs Healthy thoughts will then lead to more desirable reactions and outcomes. 3 What is cognitive behavioral therapy? (cont.) • Behavioral therapy focuses on replacing damaging habits with pro-social behaviors through skill building. This is done by: ― Focusing on decreasing the connections between stimuli (people, situations or events) and negative reactions to them. ― Learning and applying new skills to improve reactions. Additional approaches to CBT Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Rational Living Therapy (RLT) Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) Dialectic Behavior Therapy (DBT) 4 Basic principles of CBT CBT focuses on exploring the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. What we think affects how we act and feel. Thought What we feel affects what we think and do. What we do affects how we think and feel. Feelings Behavior 5 CBT terminology • CBT views behavior as either "adaptive" or "maladaptive", "learned" vs "unlearned", and "rational" vs "irrational." • Behavior that is rational meets these three criteria: ̶ It is based on fact ̶ It helps us achieve our goals ̶ It helps us feel how we want to feel • Behavior that does not meet these criteria is not rational. -
Unit 1 Psychoanalysis, Psychodynamic and Psychotherapy
UNIT 1 PSYCHOANALYSIS, PSYCHODYNAMIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Psychotherapy 1.2.1 Essentials of Psychotherapy 1.3 Psychoanalysis 1.3.1 Phases in the Evolution of Psychoanalysis 1.3.2 Brief History of Psychoanalysis 1.3.3 The Work of a Psychoanalyst 1.3.4 Goals of Psychoanalysis 1.4 Techniques in Psychoanalysis 1.4.1 Maintaining the Analytical Framework 1.4.2 Free Association 1.4.3 Dream Analysis 1.4.4 Interpretation 1.4.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance 1.4.6 Analysis of Transference 1.4.7 Counter Transference 1.5 Psychodynamic Therapies 1.5.1 Freudian School 1.5.2 Ego Psychology 1.5.3 Object Relations Psychology 1.5.4 Self Psychology 1.6 Differences between Psychodynamic Therapy and Psychoanalysis 1.7 Let Us Sum Up 1.8 Unit End Questions 1.9 Suggested Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit we will be dealing with psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and other related therapies. It provides a detailed account of psychoanalysis and presents the component factors in the same. We then discuss the essentials of Psychotherapy and point out its importance. Then we take up psychoanalysis and as the first step we elucidate the evolution of psychoanalysis and then follow it up by presenting a history of psychoanalysis. Then we take up the functions of a psychoanalyst and detail the same. This is followed by the goals of psychoanalysis and the techniques of psychoanalysis. The next section deals with the psychodynamic therapies and their significance. Then we point out the differences between Psychodynamic Therapy and Psychoanalysis 5 Counselling: Models and Approaches 1.1 OBJECTIVES After completing this unit, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of psychotherapy; • Define psychoanalysis; • Describe the goals of psychoanalysis; • Identify the difference between psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalysis; and • Explain the techniques like dream analysis and free association used by the psychotherapist.