The Tone of This Short-Story Is Anti-Feminist
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International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-2, Issue-1 January 2015 ISSN 2348-6848 Feminist Literary Criticism: The Case Study of Paul Elam´s Short Story ´´Anger Management`` Muhammad Usman Khan Department of Letters UNESP-Rio Preto Campus (Brazil) Abstract Pual Elam is an initiator of ´´A Voice for Elam, Feminism, Literary Criticism, Man``, a site dedicated to masculinism Violence, Misogyny and men´s rights. Elam and his group insist that men are oppressed and Introduction deprived in all over the world generally and in American soceity especially. He Paul Elam is the founder and also organised a conference about the animating force of ``A Voice for Men`` issues faced by men and from that which is an influenctial site for men´s platefrom, he criticised feminist idealogy. rights movement. A Voice for Men is one Elam also writes articles and short of the most visible and active among stories about his perspective and many men's rights activism (MRA) sites, expresses his counter-feminist ideas video channels and forums for people freely. ´´Anger Management `` is his who are involved in the movement. It also popular short story among readers which includes some women. The group claims is pointed many times by some feminists. that men are oppressed in American This short story tells about a man who society and intends to diminish feminism. broke the nose of his wife with his punch Some have criticized men’s rights because she ran away with his business activism because of packaging misogyny partner. As a result, a man was sent to a as preacing equal rights for men (Kate, jail. The short story was analysed 2014). Elam believes men are society's critically with feminist perspective and victims and need a forum to vent. He checked how a woman was characterised added institutions like marriage and within it. Some major themes of feminism unfair family courts have become risky such as male-dominance, gender for men (Pry & Valiente, 2013). inferiority, powerlessness of women, female physical & mental qualities, Elam´s anti-feminist attitude is so sexuality, sufferage and stereoptyes about clear from his writtings that sometimes he women were studied in it. It was calls a woman a monster for trying to care concluded that the writer has tried to for her little boy (Munchausen, 2014) and sympathise with that man, a protagonist he is also a fierce misogynist with a who exercised a violence against his wife. penchant for angry, violent rhetoric that is In this way, a domestic violence is full of only-slightly veiled threats supported by him. In addition, a woman is (Futrelle, 2014a, para. 2). There is Elam´s presented as powerless, sexual slave and 2010 post where he claims that women stereotyped as disloyal to her husband get raped because they are stupid, who can run away from his home any arrogant, and narcissistic (DiBranco, time she wants. 2014). According to Elam (2010), it is a testament to men, and an exposure of lies Keywords: perpetrated against them by gender ideologues that scholars have understood Page | 514 International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-2, Issue-1 January 2015 ISSN 2348-6848 this last half century without war in the The short story ´´Anger streets. It has always been in fortune of management`` is criticised litterally with men to sacrifice for others better than feminist perspective. Feminist literary themselves, and they have justified that criticism is a movement of human with their silence in the face of so many philosophy with some ideals that regular abuses. Betting on that silence to emphasizes the true and lawful status of continue when men are hungry is women in literature. Literary critics of stupidity. feminism are more concerned with language and script about gender as Paul Elam organized an compared to sociopolitical feminists. international conference on men´s issues Ellen Morgan restated Woolf´s advice: and as a result, many feminists criticised ´´Feminist criticism should, I believe the debates taken place there just like in encourage an art true to women´s past men´s rights activists have long been experience and not filtered through a male notorious in feminist circles (Stevens, perspective or constricted to fit male 2014). One speaker of the conference standards`` (Register, 1989, p. 19). supposed that women are solely accountable for all domestic violence Research Question because, having all the power in relationships, they could normally choose How is a woman presented in not to wed violent men (Hesse, 2014). Elam´s short-story regarding feminist These types of slogans arised another perspective? debate among feminists and others critics. The followers of Elam say that they are Research Method oppressed by irrational feminists who do not like men. The group also blames on The content analysis of the Elam`s women of exaggerating the number of short-story was conducted and the rape and denounces “the institution of following themes of concerns were marriage as unsafe and unsuitable for explored in its text applying the measures modern men” (Neavling, 2014). of feminist literary theory. Paul Elam also writes articles and 1. Petrirtic society or male- short-stories about men´s rights and anti- dominated society where women feminism. ´´Anger Management`` is his are dependent. controversial short-story that, according to some critics, reflects his counter- 2. Woemen are inferior than men. feminist viewpoint. In Elam´s words, ´´it is based on a true story`` (2012). The 3. Women are powerless. story is written after the twenty-year 4. Women have low physical or experience of Elam, he worked as a drug mental qualities. and alcohol counselor. For his counselees, the domestic violence was a recurring 5. Women are sexual salves. issue. He further tells that “sometimes the stories were not as predictable or 6. Women have no rights to suffrage. stereotypical as what people hear about” (p. 20). 7. Negative stereotypes about women. Page | 515 International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-2, Issue-1 January 2015 ISSN 2348-6848 Theoretical Framework opportunities in society as men. b) Social feminism calims that women are The present research is based on oppressed due to the class system. c) feminist literary theory. This theory Redical feminism focuses on sexual explains a literary phenomenon with relationship between man and women and respect to a feminist perspective. Feminist defined that men are the problem and literary theory is a wide ambrella under women are the solution (Rachman, which many critics survive with some para.12-14). French, American and different understandings of literature British literary theorists share some basic about women. Among feminist theorists, ideas of feminism. Showalter, a major an essence of woman is a common theme. representative of Anglo-American Feminist literary criticism arised a feminist literary theory, emphasizes two theoretical issue with the birth of the new types of feminist criticism: the first one is women's movement commenced in the the feminist critique, that offers feminist early 1960s (Oppermann, 1994). By readings of male texts in which analyzing the roles of the women within the stereotypes of women in literature are literature, it can be revealed that what kind inquired. In her opoint of view, this of personal qualties the author ascribes to approach is restricted because it relies on the women and what kind of role the male critical theory to be global. women and men would have played in Therefore she adopts the secondary mode relation to each other, which adds an upper of feminist criticism, gynocriticism, that level of comprehension to any text (Wilcox, will build a female framework for the 2009). analysis of women´s literature and develop new models based on the study Feminist critics want to change the of female experience (Kostic, 2006, p. great canon of Western literature because, 72). Kristeva, a great symbol of French they think, it was unilaterly men who feminist literary theory, goes beyond composed those works and male critics gender differences; she is not female or who decided for their importance male focused; according to her, feminist (Gardiner, p. 395). There are two writing has nothing to do with the sex of different modes of feminist criticism. The the author, it is a character inscribed in first mode is studies the feminist as the text itself that rises at points when the reader, and it presents feminist readings author is generally not in control of the of texts which conceptualizes the images, meaning of the text (Ibid, 2006, p. 73). and stereotypes of women in literature, the omissions and misconceptions about While the problems of difference women in criticism, and women-as-sign and diversity were significant both to the in semiotic systems. The second mode of political policy of searching about the feminist criticism dessiminated by this interactions of race, class and gender and approach is the study of women as writers to the deconstructive policy of and its subjects are the history, styles, postmodern feminist theory, they also themes, genres and structures of writing evoked some doubt among feminist by women...(Showlter, 1981, pp. 182- scholars about the viability of the feminist 184). enterprise in general (Davis, 2008, p. 71). As one might fortell, every feminism has The three main types of feminism the recognition of the material conditions, are: a) Liberal feminism that asserts that women do not have the same freedom and Page | 516 International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-2, Issue-1 January 2015 ISSN 2348-6848 ideological presuppositions and socio- at last Christmas. When he asked her political structures of its place of birth. In about the reason of leaving his home the 21st century, feminist theorising in permanantly, her reply was very insulting.