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Gender Socialization in Creation Myths

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Gender Socialization in Creation Myths International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2016 Gender Socialization in Creation Myths Doris Ogdoc-Gascon such as construction, defense/military, or any “tough” Abstract—The creation stories vary in different peoples and careers; while women involve in the “softer” jobs such as cultural groups; however, it is noteworthy to investigate the teaching, counseling, and doing secretarial jobs [3]. common representation of the man and the woman in these The idea of gender equality is moderately novel. Women creation myths. This research theorizes that men and women in had been treated as the lesser gender and had been the legends of the origin of human beings, through their plots and archetypes, reveal the gender socialization across nations. prohibited to participate in public undertakings, especially in This is supported by the theories of gender schema, formalism, politics, career, and education. At the end of the sixteenth archetypal, mimesis, and feminism in the analytical approach century, movements to challenge this school of thought toward delving into the creation of man stories, focusing on began to spring [4]. their structural and archetypal dimensions. Many have fought for the equality of the gender Specifically, it analyses the following: (1) the plot expectations and sociology. In a diverse culture of the structuration of the creation of man myths; (2) the archetypal peoples of the globe, most culture exhibits a communal image of men and women in the stories and their signification; and (3) the gender socialization in the creation myths. belief on gender roles. Some would say the biological The method of research used in this study is discourse aspects have contributed in the gender roles [5]; others analysis of the ten creation myths from representative regions would not agree [6]. Others strongly contend that there is a of the world: Greece’s Prometheus’ Creation of Man, Israel’s difference between sex and gender – that sex is Adam and Eve, Korea’s Dan Gun Legend, Ethiopia’s Story of physiologically-related, while gender is culturally-defined Wak, Australia’s Punjil’s Creation of Man, India’s Kausitaki [7]. Brahmana Myth, New Zealand’s Rangi and Papa, the Philippines’ Malakas and Maganda, Zimbabwe’s Wahungwe, The process by which gender roles are learned is through and Wicsonsin’s The Menominee and Manabush. gender socialization [8]. Gender socialization is caused by The results of the discourse analysis are these findings: (1) the following: family, peer, education, and mass media [8]. the creation myths reveal that man is the primary being Oral literary traditions, as art, may have also influenced created for a purpose while woman is created as secondary or gender socialization. supplementary and is created for man; (2) the archetypes of This is supported by Bem’s Gender Schema theory which male legendary characters are god-like and powerful while asserts that cultural associations to gender are influenced by female legendary characters are made out of man, from man or by man; (3) the common signification of men’s superiority schemata or networks [9]. A thread to that mat of gender and the women’ inferiority in reflects the gender socialization role is the oral literary tradition told to children. This study, depiction in the myths. therefore, investigates the gender socialization among the Hence, the assumption has been proved as the conclusion of creation myths told around the globe. the study: the creation of man stories, as evidenced by their plots and archetypes, are agents of gender socialization. II. OBJECTIVES Index Terms—Culture, feminism, gender roles, gender schema, masculinism or masculism, origin of man, sociology. The main objective of this literary study is to investigate the gender socialization present in the representative creation myths of the world. This specifically identifies the I. INTRODUCTION plot structure of the creation myths; determines the The differences in gender roles have become archetypal images of the male and female legendary controversial for years. Gender roles as defined by the characters; analyzes the significations of these characters; World Health Organization (WHO) are "socially constructed and discusses the gender socialization based on the roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a given society previously mentioned variables. considers appropriate for men and women" [1]. Since This research assumes that the creation of man stories, centuries past, men have been expected to be strong and to through their plot structures and archetypes, signify the fend for their families. In prehistoric time, men were thought universality of the gender socialization. This is mainly to carry firewood, slaughter wild beasts, and craft devices. supported by gender schema theory which states that data On the other hand, the weaker women were left at home to linked with gender is chiefly transferred through society in paint on the cave walls, cook food and take care of the schemata which is formed by chains of knowledge that let children [2]. Stereotyping gender roles has also been easier assimilation of some information than others [9]. adopted by different cultures - men must act strong, while Another noteworthy theory is Jung’s collective unconscious women are allowed to be expressive. Men engage in jobs theory which asserts that myths, through their archetypes, reveal the psyche of a group [10]. In this manner, the view of gender roles among the people is reflected in their oral Manuscript received April 1, 2016; revised June 1, 2015. tales. Doris Ogdoc-Gascon is with Cebu, Philippines (e-mail: [email protected]). doi: 10.18178/ijch.2016.2.2.043 83 International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2016 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY these, which they will act accordingly until their adulthood [15]. A. Method Used This literary research utilizes the discourse analysis of literary texts. This is a qualitative method that explains IV. FINDINGS cultural phenomenon in a group of people through the Phase One: Plot Structuration of the Creation of Man investigation of oral literary traditions. Myths B. Sources of Data The ten creation myths in various regions of the world are There are ten (10) stories taken from online sources: presented in a tabular form (Table I). Greece’s Prometheus’ Creation of Man, Israel’s Adam and TABLE I: PLOT STRUCTURE OF CREATION MYTHS Eve, Korea’s Dan Gun Legend, Ethiopia’s Story of Wak, CREATION OF PLOT STRUCTURATION Australia’s Punjil’s Creation of Man, India’s Kausitaki MAN MYTHS BEGINNING MIDDLE ENDING With Zeus Brahmana Myth, New Zealand’s Rangi and Papa, the Prometheus, command, the with Athena’s Prometheus Philippines’ Malakas and Maganda, Zimbabwe’s first woman, help, shaped favored men Wahungwe, and Wisconsin’s The Menominee and Pandora, was Greece’s man from clay over Zeus, that created. Manabush. Prometheus’ and fire. The there were Pandora was These tales come from continents such as Asia, Europe, Creation of man was times, he the tool for Man formed that like disobeyed Zeus. Africa, America, Australia or Oceania. men’s of the gods. destruction. C. Data-Gathering Procedure God thought God created that it was not Four stages are followed in the processing of data toward The man man after He good for the worked to make the completion of this study: the plot structuration of the finished man to be everything in creation of man myths (phase one), the analysis of Israel’s Adam creating the alone. He the Garden of and Eve heaven and the created a archetypal image and signification of men and women in the Eden in order. earth. woman out of stories (phase two), and the investigation on the creation the man’s rib. myths’ gender socialization (phase three). The bear Plot structuration of the creation myths (phase one) endured the test so it could involves the tabulation of the flow of the stories: their He settled at finally become Tae Bak beginning, middle, and ending. The study of the plot follows Hwan-ung, a a woman. She Mountain where god, was sent to became the first formalism which is a literary theory that objectively studies he saw a tiger Korea’s Dan the East of the woman, and her a piece of literature. This means that other aspects for study, and a bear Gun Legend Earth. offspring is Dan praying to be a such as the author, the realities, or the reader’s thoughts are Gun, the first woman. not studied. This solely considers the study of the text- the man who plot, the theme, the character, the point-of-view and the proliferated Korean race. style [11]. Aristotle’s plot structure includes the beginning, Man was not the middle, and the ending. The beginning introduces the satisfied living After, he made Wak, the creator solitarily, so character and the setting. This also includes the glimpse of mountains out god, told man to Wak took some the conflict or the rising action. The middle includes the of fire, he create his own of his blood. unlocked the conflict and the climax. The ending shows the resolution to coffin. He The blood Ethiopia’s Story coffin- the man locked him in transformed the problem [12]. of Wak jumped out the coffin. into a woman The analysis of the archetypal image and signification of alive. whom the man the men and women in the stories (phase two) is supported married. by the claims of archetypal theory and mimetic theory in the Punjil had analysis of literature. Jung’s archetypal theory asserts that control over the waters, and the collective unconscious of a group is revealed in using his hook, Punjil, the great He breathed mythological symbols which are called “archetypes” found he took two creator, made into the men, Australia’s women from a in the myths or legends [13].
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