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Newsletter 209 February 2018 The Furniture History Society Newsletter 209 February 2018 In this issue: A Patent Worth Protecting: Jupe’s Improved Expanding Dining Table | Society News | Future Society Events | Occasional and Overseas Visits | Other Notices | Book Reviews | Reports on the Society’s Events A Patent Worth Protecting: Jupe’s Improved Expanding Dining Table ne day in early 1835 , upholder Robert O Jupe ( c. 1791 –1841 ) handed machinist Joseph Read a cardboard circle cut into four quadrants, and asked him to devise a mechanism to expand these quadrants outwards to form a larger circle. 1 He was testing whether his idea was viable: to create a table that expanded radially from a common centre and could then be fitted with leaves to create larger surfaces. Models were made in the workshop, and at least two mechanisms to achieve this end were developed. 2 In March, Jupe filed a patent application for an ‘improved expanding dining table’, making careful note that the invention consisted in the construction of a table that expanded from a common centre, rather than any particular means used to achieve that goal. The improved design applied not only to round, but also to oval and rectangular shapes, each cut into wedges that could be Fig. 1 Robert Jupe, Patent 6788 , National expanded radially from a common centre, Archives, Kew: C 54 /11260 , no. 12 . Detail of scroll showing one of two inserted drawings, extending both the width and breadth of ink and watercolour on parchment. the table. The original written specification Photo: Kathleen Morris for patent no. 6788 , sealed on 11 March and enrolled on 11 September 1835 , can be Since early 1832 , Jupe had been in found at the National Archives, Kew, 3 partnership with John Johnstone 5 as where it is accompanied by two large Johnstone, Jupe & Co., operating from 67 sheets of designs (Fig. 1), which were later New Bond Street. The firm immediately translated to an engraving for publication. 4 began advertising the tables, requesting 2 furniture history society newsletter, no. 209, february 2018 that the ‘nobility and gentry’ visit their simple but significant differences in the showrooms to witness how the round means of achieving an expanded round table could be expanded ‘immediately, and table, he seems to have hoped to capture without the slightest difficulty’ to various some portion of this promising market. sizes ‘even in the hands of the most His table top also was cut into wedges, inexperienced servant’.6 It differed from but rather than being drawn out radially the telescoping table patented by Richard along slides as the table top was pulled or Gillow in 1800 (patent no. 2396), which rotated, as was Jupe’s, his mechanism extended laterally, and it was seen as an drew the wedges to their eventual improvement over previous expanding positions by means of two motions — round tables, which had been achieved by horizontal and then vertical. The end means such as clipping extensions to the result was the same: an expanding round outer rim of the core table. table that grew in circumference from a Evidently, from the beginning the new common centre, with the resulting gaps design met with success,7 and it would go fitted with leaves. on to become one of the firm’s most Jupe filed suit against Pratt for patent enduringly popular products. Jupe and infringement. Among the pleas filed by Johnstone therefore were quick to take Pratt’s attorney were that Jupe’s patent action when Samuel Luke Pratt (1805–78) was not original, and that his client’s began advertising what they saw to be a product was quite different. A trial took pirated version of the table in 1836,8 place on 6 December 1836. The leading to the patent dispute case known distinguished lawyer and politician Sir as ‘Jupe v. Pratt’. Frederick Pollock (1783–1870) represented Pratt, who with his father (Samuel Jupe as plaintiff. The case was argued Pratt, d. 1849) had been in business for before a special jury with Judge James some years in the furniture, equipment Scarlett, 1st Baron Abinger (1769–1844) and antiques trade,9 was well acquainted presiding. Pratt was represented by a Mr with the importance of patents. Between M. D. Hill.12 Sir Frederick presented copies 1815 and 1836, the Pratts patented at least of the two sheets of patented drawings as six of their own inventions, and in the evidence and used models to explain 1840s took over control of a carving Jupe’s invention. The drawings, exactly machine patent assigned to William duplicating the original drawings filed Irving.10 Pratt was markedly with the patent, also survive in the entrepreneurial; beyond his activity in National Archive collections (Fig. 2).13 inventing patented improvements for Pratt’s attorney called no witnesses, household and travelling accoutrements, confident in his argument that his client’s his role in reviving interest in medieval invention was wholly unrelated to the armour as well as his role in the patented designs of Jupe. On the other subsequent trade in these objects (whether hand, Sir Frederick called at least fourteen real or faked) is well known.11 By some witnesses, including engineers, furniture furniture history society newsletter, no. 209, february 2018 3 Fig. 2 Robert Jupe (British, c. 1791–1841), Designs for patented table, submitted as evidence in Jupe v. Pratt, 1835, ink and watercolour on parchment, 26 × 34¼ in. (66 × 87 cm), National Archives, Kew: MFC 1/42. Photo: Janice Li workers, cabinet-makers and upholsterers win a new trial. No retrial was pursued, (among them civil engineer William and thus the matter ended positively for Carpmael, cabinet-maker Thomas Banting Johnstone, Jupe & Co. and draughtsman Henry Whittaker), all of While neither defendant nor plaintiff whom testified that they considered testified in the trial, John Johnstone was Pratt’s table to be a copy of Jupe’s. The present at least during the hearing jury decided in favour of Jupe, but the regarding the retrial, as we learn from a matter did not end there. A few weeks letter he wrote to The Times to correct an later, a lengthy letter disputing the case’s important error in reporting on the decision was submitted to the London outcome of the decision.16 He states that he Journal of Arts and Sciences.14 Hill filed for a was writing on behalf of Jupe, who was non-suit and a new trial; in April 1837, the currently out of town. It appears, however, court dismissed the non-suit but decided that he controlled the interest in the patent, that a new trial would be granted if Pratt since, when he and Jupe parted ways in paid for the entirety of the costs of the January 1839, he quickly advertised that, previous trial.15 The judge admonished despite this dissolution of partnership, his Hill that he should carefully consider firm continued to be ‘sole Patentees and whether he had sufficient argument to Manufacturers’ of the circular expanding 4 furniture history society newsletter, no. 209, february 2018 dining table, as well as Jupe’s patented In December 1891, Johnstone, Norman extending dessert plateau (which was & Co. sold a set of ‘patent circular Dining designed to complement the table).17 tables’ for use at Windsor Castle,19 possibly Jupe moved to 47 Welbeck Street and of a new patented design. In the United died in 1841. States, the firm patented a version of the In 1851, the firm of Johnstone, Jeanes & table that expanded both radially and Co. exhibited an example of the laterally20 in advance of the 1893 World’s expanding table in the Great Exhibition at Columbian Exposition in Chicago, at the Crystal Palace (Fig. 3), and they which they were prominent among British exhibited a ‘patent circular expanding firms. At the 1893 fair, the firm’s displays dining table’ at the Paris Universal included a ‘patent circular expanding Exposition of 1878. Although by this time dining table’ as well as a ‘patent circular the original patent would have been long expanding and extending dining table’.21 expired, the continued use of the term In 1894, due at least in part to the ‘patent’ evoked the ingenuity and history enormous financial gamble the firm made of the design.18 The firm continued to on the 1893 exposition, Johnstone, Norman produce and sell the table, and variants of & Co. were in financial failure.22 They were it, to the end of the century. Known tables taken over by Morant & Co. in mid-1894, of this type are marked in a variety of but the firm name continued to be used ways, including examples with stamps until around 1911. and/or brass bosses inscribed ‘Jupe’s Even after the firm’s demise, the Patent’, ‘Johnstone, Jupe & Co.’, ‘Patent original concept of Jupe’s expanding table Johnstone’, ‘Johnstone & Jeanes Patentees’ has shown remarkable longevity. To this and ‘Johnstone, Norman & Co. Patentees’, day, furniture companies market new as well as examples with neither stamps radially expanding tables using Jupe’s nor bosses (Figs 4, 5). name as a touchstone; many of these also Fig. 3 Illustration of table displayed by Johnstone, Jeanes & Co., Art Journal Illustrated Catalogue: The Industry of All Nations (London, 1851), p. 273 furniture history society newsletter, no. 209, february 2018 5 Fig. 4 Johnstone, Jupe & Co., London, ‘Jupe’s Patent’ Extending Dining Table, c. 1839. Mahogany, 70½ in. diameter (without leaves) × 29½ in. high (179 × 75 cm). Apter-Fredericks Ltd, London Fig. 5 Johnstone, Jupe & Co., London, ‘Jupe’s Patent’ Extending Dining Table (view from above showing mechanism), c. 1839. Apter- Fredericks Ltd, London mimic the materials and designs of early acknowledgements Jupe tables.
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