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Introduction Evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group which involves a lack of maintaining normal approach where high quality evidence such as weight, usually less than 85% of the expected that gained from randomised controlled trials weight, and an intense fear of gaining weight. (RCTs) may be downgraded to moderate or low Bulimia nervosa involves the presence of binge if review and study quality is limited, if there is eating followed by compensatory behaviours to inconsistency in results, indirect comparisons, prevent weight gain, while binge eating disorder imprecise or sparse data and high probability of does not involve compensatory behaviour. reporting bias. It may also be downgraded if Method risks associated with the intervention or other matter under review are high. Conversely, low We have included only systematic reviews quality evidence such as that gained from (systematic literature search, detailed observational studies may be upgraded if effect methodology with inclusion/exclusion criteria) sizes are large or if there is a dose dependent published in full text, in English, from the year response. We have also taken into account 2010 that report results separately for people sample size and whether results are consistent, with a diagnosis of bipolar or related disorders. precise and direct with low associated risks Reviews were identified by searching the (see end of table for an explanation of these databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and terms)2. The resulting table represents an PsycINFO. Hand searching reference lists of objective summary of the available evidence, identified reviews was also conducted. When although the conclusions are solely the opinion multiple copies of review topics were found, of staff of NeuRA (Neuroscience Research only the most recent and/or comprehensive Australia). review was included. Reviews with pooled data were prioritised for inclusion. Review reporting assessment was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Results Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) We found one systematic review that met our checklist that describes a preferred way to inclusion criteria3. present a meta-analysis1. Reviews with less than 50% of items checked have been • Moderate to low quality evidence suggests excluded from the library. The PRISMA flow the prevalence of any eating disorder in diagram is a suggested way of providing people with bipolar disorder ranges between information about studies included and 3% and 36%. Binge eating disorders are excluded with reasons for exclusion. Where no more prevalent (9% to 29%) than anorexia nervosa (3% to 16%) or bulimia nervosa (2% flow diagram has been presented by individual to 10%). reviews, but identified studies have been described in the text, reviews have been checked for this item. Note that early reviews may have been guided by less stringent reporting checklists than the PRISMA, and that some reviews may have been limited by journal guidelines.
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Alvarez Ruiz EM, Gutierrez-Rojas L Comorbidity of bipolar disorder and eating disorders
Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental 2015; 8: 232-41 View review abstract online
Comparison Eating disorders in people with bipolar disorder.
Summary of evidence Moderate to low quality evidence (mixed sample sizes, appears inconsistent, unable to assess precision, direct) suggests the overall prevalence of eating disorders in people with bipolar disorder ranges between 3% and 36%. Binge eating disorders appear to be more prevalent (9% to 29%) than anorexia nervosa (3% to 26%) or bulimia nervosa (2% to 10%).
Eating disorders
Any eating disorder Between ~5% and ~36% of people with bipolar disorder had any eating disorder; 1 study, N = 356 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 5.3% had an eating disorder. 1 study, N = 64 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 7.3% had an eating disorder. 1 study, N = 2,548 people with hypomania or major depressive disorder found 8% of patients with mania had had an eating disorder at sometime. 1 study, N = 810 women with bipolar I or II disorder found 26% had a full eating disorder and 22% had a partial eating disorder. 1 study, N = 72 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 36% had an eating disorder.
Binge eating disorder Between ~9% and ~29% of people with bipolar disorder had a binge eating disorder; 1 study, N = 139 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 8.6% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 875 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 8.8% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 717 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 9.5% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 81 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 11.1% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 61 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 13.1% had a binge eating disorder, 37.7% had current binge eating episodes. 1 study, N = 83 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 13.3% had a binge eating disorder and 12% had a partial binge eating disorder.
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1 study, N = 148 women with bipolar I or II disorder found 14.2% had or had had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 51 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 17.6% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 52 women with bipolar I or II disorder found 29% had a binge eating disorder.
Anorexia nervosa Between ~3% and ~16% of people with bipolar disorder had bulimia nervosa; 1 study, N = 139 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 2.9% had anorexia nervosa. 1 study, N = 875 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 3.1% had anorexia nervosa. 1 study, N = 81 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 7.4% had anorexia nervosa. 1 study, N = 201 people with bipolar I or II disorder or major depression found 10.9% had anorexia nervosa. 1 study, N = 148 women with bipolar I or II disorder found 15.5% had or had had anorexia nervosa.
Bulimia nervosa Between ~2% and ~10% of people with bipolar disorder had bulimia nervosa; 1 study, N = 129 people with bipolar I found 2.3% had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 288 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 3.8% had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 875 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 4.8% had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 148 women with bipolar I or II disorder found 5.4% had or had had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 139 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 6.5% had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 81 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 8.6% had bulimia nervosa. 1 study, N = 51 people with bipolar I or II disorder found 9.8% had a binge eating disorder. 1 study, N = 201 people with bipolar I or II disorder or major depression found 10.4% had bulimia nervosa.
Consistency in results Appears inconsistent.
Precision in results Unable to assess; no CIs are reported.
Directness of results Direct
Explanation of acronyms
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CI = Confidence Interval, N = number of participants, vs. = versus
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Explanation of technical terms Reliability and validity refers to how accurate the instrument is. Sensitivity is the proportion * Bias has the potential to affect reviews of of actual positives that are correctly identified both RCT and observational studies. Forms of (100% sensitivity = correct identification of all bias include; reporting bias – selective actual positives) and specificity is the reporting of results; publication bias - trials proportion of negatives that are correctly that are not formally published tend to show identified (100% specificity = not identifying less effect than published trials, further if anyone as positive if they are truly not). there are statistically significant differences Weighted mean difference scores refer to between groups in a trial, these trial results mean differences between treatment and tend to get published before those of trials comparison groups after treatment (or without significant differences; language bias occasionally pre to post treatment) and in a – only including English language reports; randomised trial there is an assumption that funding bias - source of funding for the both groups are comparable on this measure primary research with selective reporting of prior to treatment. Standardised mean results within primary studies; outcome differences are divided by the pooled variable selection bias; database bias - standard deviation (or the standard deviation including reports from some databases and of one group when groups are homogenous) not others; citation bias - preferential citation that allows results from different scales to be of authors. Trials can also be subject to bias combined and compared. Each study’s mean when evaluators are not blind to treatment difference is then given a weighting condition and selection bias of participants if depending on the size of the sample and the 4 trial samples are small . variability in the data. Less than 0.4 represents a small effect, around 0.5 a medium effect, and over 0.8 represents a large effect4. † Different effect measures are reported by different reviews. Odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) refers to the probability of a reduction (< 1) or an Prevalence refers to how many existing cases increase (> 1) in a particular outcome in a there are at a particular point in time. treatment group, or a group exposed to a risk Incidence refers to how many new cases factor, relative to the comparison group. For there are per population in a specified time example, a RR of 0.75 translates to a period. Incidence is usually reported as the reduction in risk of an outcome of 25% number of new cases per 100,000 people per relative to those not receiving the treatment or year. Alternatively some studies present the not exposed to the risk factor. Conversely, a number of new cases that have accumulated RR of 1.25 translates to an increased risk of over several years against a person-years 25% relative to those not receiving treatment denominator. This denominator is the sum of or not having been exposed to a risk factor. A individual units of time that the persons in the RR or OR of 1.00 means there is no population are at risk of becoming a case. It difference between groups. A medium effect takes into account the size of the underlying is considered if RR > 2 or < 0.5 and a large population sample and its age structure over effect if RR > 5 or < 0.25. lnOR stands for the duration of observation. logarithmic OR where a lnOR of 0 shows no difference between groups. Hazard ratios
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measure the effect of an explanatory variable § Imprecision refers to wide confidence on the hazard or risk of an event. intervals indicating a lack of confidence in the effect estimate. Based on GRADE Correlation coefficients (eg, r) indicate the recommendations, a result for continuous strength of association or relationship data (standardised mean differences, not between variables. They can provide an weighted mean differences) is considered indirect indication of prediction, but do not imprecise if the upper or lower confidence confirm causality due to possible and often limit crosses an effect size of 0.5 in either unforseen confounding variables. An r of 0.10 direction, and for binary and correlation data, represents a weak association, 0.25 a an effect size of 0.25. GRADE also medium association and 0.40 and over recommends downgrading the evidence when represents a strong association. sample size is smaller than 300 (for binary Unstandardised (b) regression coefficients data) and 400 (for continuous data), although indicate the average change in the dependent for some topics, these criteria should be variable associated with a 1 unit change in relaxed6. the independent variable, statistically controlling for the other independent variables. Standardised regression coefficients represent the change being in ║ Indirectness of comparison occurs when a units of standard deviations to allow comparison of intervention A versus B is not comparison across different scales. available but A was compared with C and B was compared with C that allows indirect comparisons of the magnitude of effect of A ‡ Inconsistency refers to differing estimates versus B. Indirectness of population, of effect across studies (i.e. heterogeneity or comparator and/or outcome can also occur variability in results) that when the available evidence regarding a is not explained by subgroup analyses and particular population, intervention, therefore reduces confidence in the effect comparator, or outcome is not available and estimate. I² is the percentage of the variability is therefore inferred from available evidence. in effect estimates that is due to heterogeneity These inferred treatment effect sizes are of rather than sampling error (chance) - 0% to lower quality than those gained from head-to- 40%: heterogeneity might not be important, head comparisons of A and B. 30% to 60%: may represent moderate heterogeneity, 50% to 90%: may represent considerable heterogeneity and over this is considerable heterogeneity. I² can be calculated from Q (chi-square) for the test of heterogeneity with the following formula4;
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References
1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMAGroup (2009): Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal 151: 264-9. 2. GRADEWorkingGroup (2004): Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal 328: 1490. 3. Alvarez Ruiz EM, Gutierrez-Rojas L (2015): Comorbidity of bipolar disorder and eating disorders. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental 8: 232-41. 4. CochraneCollaboration (2008): Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Accessed 24/06/2011. 5. Rosenthal JA (1996): Qualitative Descriptors of Strength of Association and Effect Size. Journal of Social Service Research 21: 37-59. 6. GRADEpro (2008): [Computer program]. Jan Brozek, Andrew Oxman, Holger Schünemann. Version 32 for Windows.
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