Division 44 Environment and Infrastructure Sector project "Transport Policy Advice" Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide Planning Guide: Bus Rapid Transit Findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this document are based on information gathered by GTZ and its consultants, partners, and contributors from reliable sources. GTZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy and completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or Author: losses which emerge from its use. Lloyd Wright Editor: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH P. O. Box 5180 D - 65726 Eschborn, Germany http://www.gtz.de Division 44, Environment and Infrastructure About the author Sector Project "Transport Policy Advice" Lloyd Wright Commissioned by University College London Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 Mr. Wright is currently conducting transport D - 53113 Bonn, Germany planning research at University College http://www.bmz.de London. Mr. Wright formerly directed the Manager: Latin American activities of the Institute for Manfred Breithaupt Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP). Comments or feedback? He also directed the organisation’s International We would welcome any of your comments or Bus Rapid Transit Programme. Additionally, suggestions, on any aspect of the Planning Guide, by e-mail to [email protected], or by surface mail to: Mr. Wright has worked with the International Manfred Breithaupt Institute for Energy Conservation, the US GTZ, Division 44 P. O. Box 5180 Environmental Protection Agency, the US D - 65726 Eschborn Agency for International Development, the Germany United Nations, and GTZ on transport and Cover Photo: environmental issues. He was also previously Manfred Breithaupt TransMileno bus stop, Bogotá (Colombia) a fellow with the US-Asia Environmental February 2002 Partnership in Bangkok, Thailand. Mr. GTZ Transport Photo CD Rom: Urban Transport, Wright is currently working towards a PhD Second Edition, September 2004 in Urban Transport Planning at University Photos: College London. He also possesses an MSc Lloyd Wright and GTZ Transport Photo CD Rom: Urban Transport, Second Edition, September 2004 in Environmental Assessment from the London School of Economics, an MBA Layout: from Georgetown University, and a BSc in Klaus Neumann, SDS, G.C. Engineering from the University of Washington. Eschborn, October 2004 i ii Acknowledgements The development of this Bus Rapid Transit create many of the original BRT concepts; these Planning Guide has benefited from the experi- firms and individuals include Paulo Custodio, ences of high-quality public transit projects the consulting team at Logit, Pedro Szasz, and from around the world. The BRT Planning the consultancy of Logitrans. Guide has benefited greatly from lessons gained The BRT Planning Guide has benefited not only to date from the TransMilenio system in Bogotá from leading developing-nation experiences but (Colombia). TransMilenio represents perhaps also from the growing level of interest in BRT the most complete and inventive BRT system in Australia, Western Europe, Japan, and North in the world today. The assistance of Angélica America. A similar compendium of experiences Castro and Carlos Beltrán of TransMilenio SA developed under the United States Transit has been instrumental in developing this guide- Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) has book. Further, the former Mayor of Bogotá, been a rich source of world-wide experiences in Enrique Peñalosa, has become an international BRT. Sam Zimmerman and the consultancy of champion of promoting the BRT concept. DMJM & Harris have been leading these efforts. Additionally, insights from municipal officials The concept of BRT owes much to the persistent and consultants involved with the BRT systems support of key organisations that have worked to in Quito (Ecuador) and Curitiba (Brazil) have raise overall awareness as well as provide direct added greatly to the quality and relevance of the assistance to interested developing-nation cities. BRT Planning Guide. In many respects, BRT The Institute for Transportation & Development owes its existence to the creativity and deter- Policy (ITDP) under the leadership of its Direc- mination of Jaime Lerner, the former mayor of tor, Dr. Walter Hook, has consistently been at Curitiba and the former governor of the state the forefront of providing direct assistance to of Paraná. César Arias, who previously directed developing cities pursuing sustainable transport the BRT effort in Quito and is now a consultant options. Likewise, Gerhard Menckhoff, a con- on the Guayaquil (Ecuador) BRT project, has sultant with the World Bank, has played a key also lent considerable information for the BRT role in catalysing BRT projects in Latin America Planning Guide. Likewise, Hidalgo Nuñez and and elsewhere. Also, Peter Midgley, a former Cecilia Rodriguez of Quito’s Department of World Bank transport specialist, has been a Transport have provided much assistance. In pioneer with developing-nation BRT efforts. Asia, Kangming Xu and the Energy Foundation are contributing greatly to the development of Finally, the BRT Planning Guide and the entire BRT in China, as is Dr. Jason Chang who has Sustainable Transport Sourcebook would not be previously led BRT efforts in Taipei. In India, possible without the strong support and effort Dr. Dinesh Mohan and Dr. Geetam Tiwari of from the team at GTZ, the German Overseas the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi are Technical Assistance Agency. Karl Fjellstrom at the forefront of efforts there. was particularly instrumental in developing ideas for the Mass Transit BRT Planning Guide A number of consultancies have worked to as well as writing sections comparing different improve the quality of BRT initiatives. Special mass transit options. Klaus Neumann also thanks go to Luis (Pilo) Willumsen, Enrique played a key role in providing the layout and Lillo, and German Lleras of Steer Davies Gleave formatting for the final document. A great deal who are involved in BRT projects worldwide. of thanks goes to Manfred Breithaupt, Director Also, Jarko Vlasak of StratCo, and formerly of of GTZ’s sustainable urban transport pro- McKinsey & Company, has helped to develop gramme, who created the idea of the Sustain- the BRT business model used in Bogotá. Dario able Transport Sourcebook and who patiently Hidalgo, Ignacio de Guzman, and Juan Carlos oversaw the development of each module. Díaz at Akiris have played a central role in the development of TransMilenio, and they are now Lloyd Wright leading BRT efforts in several cities. Addition- University College London ally, several consultancies in Brazil helped to iii Contents 3.2 Planning Stage II: Analysis 51 3.2.1 Background and situational description 51 About the author i 3.2.2 Stakeholder analysis 51 Imprint i 3.2.3 Transportation data collection 52 Acknowledgements iii 3.2.4 Transportation demand modelling 58 Acronyms vi 3.3 Planning Stage III: 1. Introduction 1 Communications 63 3.3.1 Public participation processes 63 1.1 Defining Bus Rapid Transit 1 3.3.2 Communications with existing transport operators 63 1.2 History of BRT 2 3.3.3 Marketing plan 64 1.2.1 The predecessors to BRT 2 3.3.4 Public education plan 66 1.2.2 Modern BRT systems 2 3.4 Planning Stage IV: 1.2.3 Conventional bus systems 5 Operations 69 1.3 Public transport in developing 3.4.1 Corridor identification 69 cities 8 3.4.2 Feeder services 70 3.4.3 Service options 72 1.4 Barriers to BRT 9 3.4.4 Passenger capacity 75 1.5 Benefits of BRT 11 3.4.5 System management and control 79 3.4.6 Customer service plan 81 2. Choosing a Mass Transit System 13 3.5 Planning Stage V: Business and regulatory structure 93 2.1 Introduction to mass transit 3.5.1 Business structure 93 options 13 3.5.2 Institutional and regulatory structure 101 2.2 Criteria in technology selection 14 3.5.3 Incentives for competition 104 2.2.1 Costs 15 3.5.4 Operational cost analysis 113 2.2.2 Design and development 3.5.5 Tariff options 115 factors 19 3.5.6 Collection and distribution 2.2.3 Performance 28 of revenues 119 2.2.4 Impacts 33 3.6 Planning Stage VI: 2.3 The myths of BRT 38 Infrastructure 125 3.6.1 Conceptual study versus detailed engineering study 125 3. Planning for BRT 39 3.6.2 Busways 126 3.6.3 Stations 135 3.1 Planning Stage I: 3.6.4 Intermediate transfer stations 141 Project Preparation 41 3.6.5 Terminals 142 3.1.1 Project creation and 3.6.6 Depots 143 commitment 41 3.6.7 Control centre 144 3.1.2 Legal basis 42 3.6.8 Feeder infrastructure 147 3.1.3 Development team 43 3.6.9 Integration infrastructure 148 3.1.4 Project scope and timing 44 3.6.10 Commercial space 149 3.1.5 Planning budget and financing 48 3.6.11 Traffic signal control 150 3.6.12 Public utilities 150 3.6.13 Landscape 151 3.6.14 Infrastructure cost analysis 151 iv 3.7 Planning Stage VII: Technology 155 3.7.1 Vehicle technology 155 3.7.2 Fare collection and fare verification systems 169 3.7.3 Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) 175 3.7.4 Equipment procurement process 176 3.8 Planning Stage VIII: Modal Integration 177 3.8.1 Pedestrians 177 3.8.2 Bicycles 182 3.8.3 Other public transport systems 185 3.8.4 Taxis 186 3.8.5 Park-and-ride 186 3.8.6 Auto restriction measures 187 3.8.7 Integration with land use planning 191 3.9 Planning Stage IX: Impacts 193 3.9.1 Traffic impacts 193 3.9.2 Economic impacts 193 3.9.3 Environmental impacts 195 3.9.4 Social impacts 203 3.9.5 Urban impacts 203 3.10 Planning Stage X: Implementation Plan 205 3.10.1 Timeline and workplan 205 3.10.2 Financing plan 205 3.10.3 Staffing and management plans 213 3.10.4 Contracting plan 215 3.10.5 Construction plan 216 3.10.6 Maintenance plan 216 3.10.7 Monitoring and evaluation plan 217 4.