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Richard Millhouse Nixon

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PP: Republican Born: January 9, 1913 Died: April 22, 1994 VP: Spiro T Agnew And Gerald Ford State Elected from: California Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974 1968 The Election that Changed America DEMOCRATIC PARTY Democratic Primaries 1. Exhausted (from Vietnam and Civil Rights…) , LBJ withdraws claiming he wants to finish his term and focus on ending the war in Vietnam. 2. Hubert Humphrey Johnson’s current VP, joins the race 3. Robert F. Kennedy (dove) of NY joins the race and wins a majority of the primaries. His followers included African Americans, Hispanics, the poor, and the young. (LOOKS LIKE HE WILL WIN!!!) Kennedy Tragedy 1. Robert Kennedy won the California primary and seemed destined to win the Democratic Nomination. 2. On the night of the CA victory, Kennedy was shot by a Jordanian immigrant- Sirhan Sirhan- (he was mad at R Kennedy for taking Israel’s side in a Palestinian/Israeli conflict) 3. Kennedy dies the next day- (only two months after MLK is shot). Chaos in Chicago- the 1. Democrats meet in Chicago to settle Democratic Convention on a candidate for the Nov. election. 2. The mood is solemn. 3. The Democrats officially nominate LBJ’s VP- Hubert Humphrey. 4. Anti-War rioting occurs outside the DNC, while even inside there were protests against Anti-War Protestors US involvement in inside and outside the Vietnam DNC, Chicago 1968. REPUBLICAN PARTY Nixon’s Background A. Republican B. WWII Vet C. Former California Senator D. He was the Vice-President under Dwight D. Eisenhower E. Remember the “Checker’s Speech”- the dog? (1) Election of 1968 A. Nixon and his VP nominee- Spiro Agnew - win. B. Humphrey runs as Democrat. C. Wallace as American Independent southern white racist guy! (last time one of these runs!!!) (16) Election of 1972 A. Nixon and Agnew win the 1972 Presidential election by a landslide! – (Was it corrupted???) B. Democrat- Senator George McGovern from South Dakota Hey, Nick at (Notice Nixon only lost 1 state!) Night fans, do you get this? Domestic Policy (6) Changes in the Supreme Court Warren Burger/Burger Court 1. Shifts from liberal court (Earl Warren, Civil Rights, etc.) to a conservative court 2. Nixon nominated Warren Burger as chief justice after Earl Warren 3. Nixon placed three other conservatives on the bench also (3) Stagflation Stagflation: combination of rising unemployment and inflation (both bad) 2. Large problems with federal deficit, costs of Johnson’s War on Poverty and Vietnam 3. August 1971- New Economic Policy/ “NIXONOMICS”- freeze on prices, rent, and wages. (2) New Federalism Republican attitude of reducing federal government's role in the economy, and a return of power to the states. 1. 1970s- Rising oil costs became a major cause (26) Energy of inflation and consumer worry. Crisis 2. US has become increasingly dependent on foreign oil since WWII. 3. Oct, 1973- Arab nations cut off oil shipments to the US as punishment for US support of Israel in the new Arab-Israeli war. 26 cont... 4. Price of petroleum shot ups 400%, created shortages in oil, gas, heating, etc. – And we thought Katrina was bad? H (24) OPEC 1. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- countries that got together to “monopolize oil prices” 2. 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 3. Announces a price hike-1973: Oil goes from $3.00 a barrel in the summer to $11.65 a barrel by December (today it is $56.00 a barrel) (10) Environmental Protection 1. EPA- federal group established in 1970 in response to an oil spill off of the coast of Santa Barbara, Ca. The FIRST Earth Day celebration and continued environmental legislation (air, water, recycling, conservation) 2. Clean Air Act- set air-quality standards and tough emissions guidelines for automakers (1970) 3. Water Quality Act- required oil companies to pay part of clean up costs of oil spills (1972) 4. Endangered Species Act- protect the wildlife of extinction (1972) Foreign Policy Henry Kissinger 1. Nixon’s Secretary of State 2. Had advised IKE, JFK, and LBJ 3. Later will serve as Reagan’s foreign-affairs advisor 4. Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1973 5. Shared Nixon’s idea of Realpolitick- national interest, rather than ideals such as democracy and human rights- should guide US foreign policy. Nixon-Kissinger Approach 1. The chief goal of their foreign policy was to establish a balance of power among the world’s five major powers. a. United States b. China c. Japan d. Soviet Union e. Western Europe. (France and Great Britain) (13) Nixon’s China Visit- Feb. ‘72 1. Nixon is perhaps best known for his China visit. 2. Improved relations with China by lifting trade and travel restrictions 3. The 2 nations worked together to promote peace in the Pacific 4. Nixon proposed the eventual withdrawal of US troops from Taiwan to promote a new policy he was planning regarding Soviet Union. The Moscow Summit-May ‘72 (14) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)- US and SU sign a treaty limiting the number of continental nuclear weapons- those capable of traveling long distances. 2. These talks actually began in ’69. 3. This did not end the Arms Race, but it was a small step toward reducing the nuclear threat 4. SU enters into détente- a lessening of military and diplomatic tensions between the countries Cambodia- ’69-70 1. Nixon plans to send troops through neutral Cambodia to cut off supply lines of North Vietnamese troops. (because of the Ho Chi Minh trail… remember?) 2. Nixon orders widespread bombing of Cambodia- he and Kissinger keep this a big secret from American people. 3. Nixon feared international uproar over the invasion. 4. A revolt overthrows Cambodian leader in March ’70- Nixon’s attitude changes 5. Because the new leader was pro- American, Nixon makes his strategy public. 6. 80,000 US troops enter Cambodia and the North Vietnamese enter too. Cambodia is now under attack…. (8) My Lai Massacre (1969) An attack carried out in March 1968 by the United States Army on the hamlet of My Lai during the Vietnam War. As many as 500 civilians were killed during the attack. US soldiers were told that they were to attack the enemy settlement and to be prepared to kill anyone they encountered. As it turned out, only women, children, and elderly men going about their normal routines were in the hamlet when a platoon entered the area and began herding them into groups to be executed. – Many villagers had also been raped and mutilated. Throughout the attack there had been no hostile fire from the village. As a result of My Lai, U.S. soldiers are now routinely trained to know that orders to kill civilians can and should be disobeyed NO WONDER AMERICANS WERE PROTESTING the WAR… Anti-War Protest Increase (12) Pentagon Papers: 1971-New York Times (against the US governments wishes) begins to publish a collection of secret government documents relating to the war. Causes havoc in the US!!... More protesting… the truth was out Vietnam Protests (9) Kent State, Ohio • May 4, 1970 • 4 shot dead, 11 students wounded- in a protest rally Jackson State, MS May 10, 1970 2 dead, 12 wounded (5)Vietnamization 1. War strategy of turning over fighting to South Vietnam and gradually pulling out US troops. 2. Nixon thought this would bring “peace with honor”. He HOPED it would produce a stable anti-communist South Vietnam. 3. When Nixon took office in ’69, troop numbers were 540,000. By ’72 it had dropped to 24,200. (25) War Powers Act 1. In 1973, seeking to prevent another “Vietnam”, Congress passes this legislation. 2. This act Un-does the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by reaffirming Congress’s constitutional right to declare war by setting a 60-day limit on the presidential commitment of US troops to foreign conflicts. (19) Vietnam Peace Accord- cease- fire in Vietnam on January 23, 1973 and by April 29-30, 1975 (2 years later): N. Vietnam captures Saigon (the capital of S.Vietnam), & all U.S. civilians evacuated. 3. Vietnam Vets will not actually be welcomed home with the proper celebration until 1985. (20) Ending The Vietnam War As the final part of Vietnamization,” leaders met in Paris and officially called a cease fire to stop fighting in Vietnam, US soldiers leave Vietnam finally… now its up to them…after Chart: Deaths in Vietnam involvement under 5 Presidents! 1960- Ike, JFK, LBJ, Nixon and Ford! 1975 WATERGATE 1972-1975 Nixon’s downfall BACKGROUND to WATERGATE • Nixon plans to run for re-election in 1972, but his paranoia of others causes him to take measures to ENSURE his re-election. • The Election is November of ‘72… • Remember the election map? He won by a landslide… Talk about paranoid. JUNE 13, 1971: • The New York Times begins publishing THE PENTAGON PAPERS; the Washington Post will soon follow. (17) Watergate Scandal Break-in • JUNE 17, 1972: A Break -in of the DNC headquarters in the Watergate building. 5 men (dressed as plumbers) carrying spy equipment are arrested. SEPT. 9, 1971: (15) THE PLUMBERS the 5 men (who were dressed like plumbers) were paid “by someone” to burglarize a psychiatrist’s office to find files on the democratic party- (they were linked to Nixon and CREEP) CREEP: Committee to Re-Elect the President (Nixon’s campaign people) the name is quite fitting! NOVEMBER 11, 1972: • Nixon is re-elected in one of the largest landslides in American political history, taking more than 60% of the vote and crushing the Democratic nominee, Sen.
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