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Home , Moscow Summit (1972), Moscow Summit (1974), Nixonomics, Our Nixon, Secret Honor, Vietnamization

PP: Republican Born: January 9, 1913 Died: April 22, 1994 VP: Spiro T Agnew And State Elected from: California Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974 1968

The Election that Changed America DEMOCRATIC PARTY Democratic Primaries 1. Exhausted (from and Civil Rights…) , LBJ withdraws claiming he wants to finish his term and focus on ending the war in Vietnam. 2. Johnson’s current VP, joins the race 3. Robert F. Kennedy (dove) of NY joins the race and wins a majority of the primaries. His followers included African Americans, Hispanics, the poor, and the young. (LOOKS LIKE HE WILL WIN!!!)

Kennedy Tragedy 1. Robert Kennedy won the California primary and seemed destined to win the Democratic Nomination. 2. On the night of the CA victory, Kennedy was shot by a Jordanian immigrant- Sirhan Sirhan- (he was mad at R Kennedy for taking Israel’s side in a Palestinian/Israeli conflict) 3. Kennedy dies the next day- (only two months after MLK is shot).

Chaos in Chicago- the 1. Democrats meet in Chicago to settle Democratic Convention on a candidate for the Nov. election. 2. The mood is solemn. 3. The Democrats officially nominate LBJ’s VP- Hubert Humphrey. 4. Anti-War rioting occurs outside the DNC, while even inside there were protests against Anti-War Protestors US involvement in inside and outside the Vietnam DNC, Chicago 1968. REPUBLICAN PARTY Nixon’s Background A. Republican B. WWII Vet C. Former California Senator D. He was the Vice-President under Dwight D. Eisenhower E. Remember the “Checker’s Speech”- the dog?

(1) Election of 1968 A. Nixon and his VP nominee- - win. B. Humphrey runs as Democrat. C. Wallace as American Independent southern white racist guy! (last time one of these runs!!!) (16) Election of 1972 A. Nixon and Agnew win the 1972 Presidential election by a landslide! – (Was it corrupted???) B. Democrat- Senator George

McGovern from South Dakota Hey, Nick at (Notice Nixon only lost 1 state!) Night fans, do you get this? Domestic Policy (6) Changes in the Supreme Court Warren Burger/ 1. Shifts from liberal court (, Civil Rights, etc.) to a conservative court 2. Nixon nominated Warren Burger as chief justice after Earl Warren 3. Nixon placed three other conservatives on the bench also (3) Stagflation Stagflation: combination of rising and (both bad) 2. Large problems with federal deficit, costs of Johnson’s War on Poverty and Vietnam 3. August 1971- New Economic Policy/ “”- freeze on prices, rent, and wages. (2) New Federalism Republican attitude of reducing federal government's role in the economy, and a return of power to the states. 1. - Rising oil costs became a major cause (26) Energy of inflation and consumer worry. Crisis 2. US has become increasingly dependent on foreign oil since WWII. 3. Oct, 1973- Arab nations cut off oil shipments to the US as punishment for US support of Israel in the new Arab-Israeli war. 26 cont... 4. Price of petroleum shot ups 400%, created shortages in oil, gas, heating, etc. – And we thought Katrina was bad? H (24) OPEC 1. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- countries that got together to “monopolize oil prices” 2. 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 3. Announces a price hike-1973: Oil goes from $3.00 a barrel in the summer to $11.65 a barrel by December (today it is $56.00 a barrel)

(10) Environmental Protection 1. EPA- federal group established in 1970 in response to an oil spill off of the coast of Santa Barbara, Ca. The FIRST Earth Day celebration and continued environmental legislation (air, water, recycling, conservation) 2. Clean Air Act- set air-quality standards and tough emissions guidelines for automakers (1970) 3. Water Quality Act- required oil companies to pay part of clean up costs of oil spills (1972) 4. Endangered Species Act- protect the wildlife of extinction (1972) Foreign Policy 1. Nixon’s Secretary of State 2. Had advised IKE, JFK, and LBJ 3. Later will serve as Reagan’s foreign-affairs advisor 4. Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1973 5. Shared Nixon’s idea of Realpolitick- national interest, rather than ideals such as democracy and human rights- should guide US foreign policy. Nixon-Kissinger Approach 1. The chief goal of their foreign policy was to establish a balance of power among the world’s five major powers. a. b. c. Japan d. e. Western Europe. (France and Great Britain) (13) Nixon’s China Visit- Feb. ‘72 1. Nixon is perhaps best known for his China visit. 2. Improved relations with China by lifting trade and travel restrictions 3. The 2 nations worked together to promote peace in the Pacific 4. Nixon proposed the eventual withdrawal of US troops from Taiwan to promote a new policy he was planning regarding Soviet Union. The -May ‘72 (14) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)- US and SU sign a treaty limiting the number of continental nuclear weapons- those capable of traveling long distances. 2. These talks actually began in ’69. 3. This did not end the Arms Race, but it was a small step toward reducing the nuclear threat 4. SU enters into détente- a lessening of military and diplomatic tensions between the countries - ’69-70 1. Nixon plans to send troops through neutral Cambodia to cut off supply lines of North Vietnamese troops. (because of the trail… remember?) 2. Nixon orders widespread bombing of Cambodia- he and Kissinger keep this a big secret from American people. 3. Nixon feared international uproar over the invasion. 4. A revolt overthrows Cambodian leader in March ’70- Nixon’s attitude changes 5. Because the new leader was pro- American, Nixon makes his strategy public. 6. 80,000 US troops enter Cambodia and the North Vietnamese enter too. Cambodia is now under attack…. (8) My Lai Massacre (1969) An attack carried out in March 1968 by the United States Army on the hamlet of My Lai during the . As many as 500 civilians were killed during the attack. US soldiers were told that they were to attack the enemy settlement and to be prepared to kill anyone they encountered. As it turned out, only women, children, and elderly men going about their normal routines were in the hamlet when a platoon entered the area and began herding them into groups to be executed. – Many villagers had also been raped and mutilated. Throughout the attack there had been no hostile fire from the village. As a result of My Lai, U.S. soldiers are now routinely trained to know that orders to kill civilians can and should be disobeyed NO WONDER AMERICANS WERE PROTESTING the WAR… Anti-War Protest Increase (12) : 1971-New York Times (against the US governments wishes) begins to publish a collection of secret government documents relating to

the war. Causes havoc in the US!!... More protesting… the truth was out

Vietnam Protests (9) Kent State, Ohio • May 4, 1970 • 4 shot dead, 11 students wounded- in a protest rally Jackson State, MS  May 10, 1970  2 dead, 12 wounded

(5) 1. War strategy of turning over fighting to and gradually pulling out US troops. 2. Nixon thought this would bring “”. He HOPED it would produce a stable anti-communist South Vietnam. 3. When Nixon took office in ’69, troop numbers were 540,000. By ’72 it had dropped to 24,200. (25) War Powers Act 1. In 1973, seeking to prevent another “Vietnam”, Congress passes this legislation. 2. This act Un-does the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by reaffirming Congress’s constitutional right to declare war by setting a 60-day limit on the presidential commitment of US troops to foreign conflicts. (19) Vietnam Peace Accord- cease- fire in Vietnam on January 23, 1973 and by -30, 1975 (2 years later): N. Vietnam captures Saigon (the capital of S.Vietnam), & all U.S. civilians evacuated. 3. Vietnam Vets will not actually be welcomed home with the proper celebration until 1985.

(20) Ending The Vietnam War As the final part of Vietnamization,” leaders met in Paris and officially called a cease fire to stop fighting in Vietnam, US soldiers leave Vietnam finally… now its up to them…after Chart: Deaths in Vietnam involvement under 5 Presidents! 1960- Ike, JFK, LBJ, Nixon and Ford! 1975

WATERGATE

1972-1975 Nixon’s downfall BACKGROUND to WATERGATE • Nixon plans to run for re-election in 1972, but his paranoia of others causes him to take measures to ENSURE his re-election. • The Election is November of ‘72… • Remember the election map? He won by a landslide… Talk about paranoid. JUNE 13, 1971: • begins publishing THE PENTAGON PAPERS; will soon follow.

(17) Break-in

• , 1972: A Break -in of the DNC headquarters in the Watergate building. 5 men (dressed as plumbers) carrying spy equipment are arrested.

SEPT. 9, 1971: (15) THE PLUMBERS the 5 men (who were dressed like plumbers) were paid “by someone” to burglarize a psychiatrist’s office to find files on the democratic party- (they were linked to Nixon and CREEP) CREEP: Committee to Re-Elect the President (Nixon’s campaign people) the name is quite fitting!

NOVEMBER 11, 1972: • Nixon is re-elected in one of the largest landslides in American political history, taking more than 60% of the vote and crushing the Democratic nominee, Sen. GEORGE McGOVERN of South Dakota. SPRING OF 1973: (18) Washington Post/: An anonymous tip from a known only as “Deep Throat” to the Washington Post newspaper that leads the executive and legislative branches of govt. to investigate Nixon and his people for criminal activities and cover-ups. Just FYI

• The informant named himself “Deep Throat” from the popular X rated movie of the day…

MAY, 1973: • TELEVISED HEARINGS May, 1973 televised coverage of Senate hearings. • Americans watch testimony of witnesses and presentation of evidence relating to the criminal charges filed against Nixon and CREEP. (May, ’73 cont.) • In June, (former attorney) directly implicates Nixon in the cover up. • Another witness comes forward with tape- recorded conversations • - prosecutor- demands Nixon turn over the tapes. (Nixon recorded EVERYTHING that went on in the - he was sooo paranoid) • Nixon refuses. He has his secretary “type up the info” instead

OCTOBER 10,1973: (23) A CHANGE IN VICE PRES. Agnew resigns after pleading no contest to charges of tax evasion. • Republican leader in the House of Representatives- GERALD FORD - becomes Nixon’s new VP.- HE NEVER GOT 1 VOTE from any American Citizen for Presidential office!!!

OCTOBER 20, 1973: (27) : After 2 government officials refuse to resign rather than fire Cox (the prosecutor), Nixon sends to fire him. • Many Americans are outraged because 2 gov. officials resigned and 1 was fired on a Sat night while Nixon tried to cover his buttocks!!! AUGUST 8-9, 1974: (28) RESIGNATION & THE UN-ELECTED PRESIDENT: Nixon finally agrees to release the tapes. Prove Nixon had directed the Watergate cover-up & authorized illegal activities. Rather than face impeachment, Nixon resigns on Aug. 8,’74. Gerald Ford becomes Pres. On Aug. 9, ’74- He is the only president to not be elected but appointed to the position.

SEPTEMBER, 1974: • - President Ford grants Nixon a full pardon. He explained that if Nixon were put on trial it would raise questions on both domestic and foreign fronts about our governmental processes and democracy.

Can this possibly be legal? It smells awfully fishy… June 1, 2005 • DEEP THROAT REVEALED: Reporters and were the only ones who knew the real identity of Deep Throat until 2005. • W. , former FBI director comes forward 30 years later announcing to Vanity Fair that he is Deep Throat. He had kept this secret from everyone- including his family for over 30 years. Felt died December 19, 2008 at 95! Social Changes 1969-1974 (4) Man Lands on the Moon

1. July 16, 1969: Apollo 11 spacecraft leaves Kennedy Space Center in route to the moon. 2. Astronauts Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin 3.July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong leaves the first human footprint on the Moon. (take that, Soviets…ha!) – “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” (7) Woodstock: August ‘69

1. 500,000 Hippies, Doves, Hawks, Gays, Lesbians, Anti-Gays, and even Rednecks attend the 3 day PEACE anti-Vietnam concert in upstate NY. 2. 30 Artists: The Dead, Joan Baez, Crosby/Stills/&Nash, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix… 3. 10 deaths, 2 new babies 4. Filth, Hunger, Intoxication, Disorientation, and Rain…and lots of love, man! Charles Manson Killing Spree ‘69 1. Manson lead the killing group known as “The Family” infamously associated with the Tate-La Bianca murders 2. First murdered actress Sharon Tate who was 8 months pregnant at the time (in Beverly Hills, CA). 3. A spree of murders occurred in the next year. 4. Manson was set for parole in 2007.- he didn’t get it. Now they are looking for more bodies on his “ranch” 1. Mexican American Cesar labor activist and Chavez leader of the United Farm Workers. 2. In 1969, Chávez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valley to the border of Mexico to protest growers' use of illegal aliens as temporary replacement workers during a strike. 3. Leading voice for migrant farm workers Rights for migrant workers… mostly 4. Focused national attention on Mexican. But any worker these laborers' terrible working who moves around for conditions, which eventually led to work improvements. 1970: Music Loses Two Icons 1. Jimi Hendrix dies Sept. 18 at the age of 27 (possible drug OD) 2. Janis Joplin dies Oct. 4 at the age of 27 (drug OD) (11) Twenty-sixth Amendment 1. Ratified on July 1, 1971 2. Voting age is lowered from 21 to 18. 3. If you are old enough to be sent to war- you are old enough to vote! Title IX (9) 1. Prohibited sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance. 2. Girls, this means your athletic groups get just as much funding as the guys!

VII. Important Supreme Court Cases of the ’60s-’70s You’ve GOT to know these!!!! (22) Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

“…you have the right to an attorney, if you cannot afford one, one will be provided to you…”

States must provide , at the public’s expense, for poor defendants charged with serious crimes. Mr. Gideon Escobedo v. Illinois 1964

1. Granted the accused the right to have a present during police investigations.

Miranda v. Arizona 1966 1. Accused persons must be informed of their rights at the time of 2. their arrest.

“You have the right to…” (21) Roe v. Wade 1973 1. Landmark US Supreme Court Case: January 22, 1973: Declared that most 2. Right to choose. Laws against abortion violate a constitutional right to privacy 3. Now decades of debates and it divided the country into “pro-choice” vs “pro-life” Hurricane Camille ’69

1. August 17: Category 5 hits Pass Christian killing 256 people Katrina… Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest, in the history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall.

Comparisons between Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 season and Camille of 1969 • similar strengths and similar landfall locations. • Before Katrina, Camille was considered to be the "benchmark" against which all Gulf Coast hurricanes were measured. • Katrina was weaker than Camille at landfall but substantially larger, which led to a broader impact of a similar storm surge. • Many who experienced Camille described Katrina as "much worse" - not only because of the massive storm surge, but from the fact that Katrina pounded the Mississippi coast for a longer period of time. • Camille also had a record storm surge- the eye of the storm was about 12 miles in diameter and crossed almost directly over the town of Waveland at a forward speed of 15 mph. • All told, Camille caused more than 200 deaths and more than a billion dollars in damage • Katrina is now considered the deadliest and costliest hurricane in the U.S. in over 80 years. In all, more than 1,400 people were killed and damages are estimated to have exceeded more than $75 billion. • At 10:00 AM CDT Hurricane Katrina made its third landfall near Pearlington, Mississippi (20 miles from Waveland) and Slidell, Louisiana, with sustained winds of 120 mph