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Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and Impact on Vaccine- Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis — Beijing, China, 2014–2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and Impact on Vaccine- Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis — Beijing, China, 2014–2016 Dan Zhao, MD1; Rui Ma, MD1; Tao Zhou, MD1; Fan Yang, MD1; Jin Wu, MD2; Hao Sun3; Fang Liu, MD4; Li Lu, MD1; Xiaomei Li1; Shuyan Zuo, MD5; Wei Yao6; JianYin6 When included in a sequential polio vaccination schedule, the risk for VAPP associated with subsequent OPV doses. inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) reduces the risk for vaccine- Countries that have previously introduced at least 1 IPV dose associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), a rare adverse event before vaccination with OPV have rapidly eliminated VAPP associated with receipt of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (1). IPV has been available in China’s private sector since During January 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) 2009. After completion of immunogenicity studies (3–5), recommended introduction of at least 1 IPV dose into routine Beijing introduced IPV into the public sector EPI program in immunization schedules in OPV-using countries (1). The December 2014 as part of a sequential schedule that included Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018 1 dose of IPV at age 2 months, followed by 3 doses of trivalent recommended completion of IPV introduction in 2015 and OPV at ages 3, 4, and 48 months. After the global synchronized globally synchronized withdrawal of OPV type 2 in 2016 (2). withdrawal of all Sabin type 2 vaccines in April 2016, trivalent Introduction of 1 dose of IPV into Beijing’s Expanded Program OPV was replaced with bivalent OPV, which contains types 1 on Immunization (EPI) on December 5, 2014 represented and 3 oral polio vaccine viruses. -
Valuing the Cost of Improving Chilean Primary Vaccination: a Cost Minimization Analysis of a Hexavalent Vaccine
Olivera et al. BMC Health Services Research (2020) 20:295 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05115-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Valuing the cost of improving Chilean primary vaccination: a cost minimization analysis of a hexavalent vaccine Ignacio Olivera1, Carlos Grau1, Hugo Dibarboure2, Juan Pablo Torres3, Gustavo Mieres1, Luis Lazarov1, Fabián P. Alvarez4 and Juan Guillermo López Yescas5* Abstract Background: The phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is central to the polio ‘end-game’ strategy. Methods: We analyzed the cost implications in Chile of a switch from the vaccination scheme consisting of a pentavalent vaccine with whole-cell pertussis component (wP) plus IPV/OPV vaccines to a scheme with a hexavalent vaccine with acellular pertussis component (aP) and IPV (Hexaxim®) from a societal perspective. Cost data were collected from a variety of sources including national estimates and previous vaccine studies. All costs were expressed in 2017 prices (US$ 1.00 = $Ch 666.26). Results: The overall costs associated with the vaccination scheme (4 doses of pentavalent vaccine plus 1 dose IPV and 3 doses OPV) from a societal perspective was estimated to be US$ 12.70 million, of which US$ 8.84 million were associated with the management of adverse events related to wP. In comparison, the cost associated with the 4-dose scheme with a hexavalent vaccine (based upon the PAHO reference price) was US$ 19.76 million. The cost of switching to the hexavalent vaccine would be an additional US$ 6.45 million. Overall, depending on the scenario, the costs of switching to the hexavalent scheme would range from an additional US$ 2.62 million to US$ 6.45 million compared with the current vaccination scheme. -
The Hepatitis B Vaccine Is the Most Widely Used Vaccine in the World, with Over 1 Billion Doses Given
Hepatitis B Vaccine Protect Yourself and Those You Love What is Hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which attacks liver cells and can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis (scarring), or liver cancer later in life. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood and bodily fluids, and from an infected woman to her newborn at birth. Is there a safe vaccine for hepatitis B? YES! The good news is that there is a safe and effective vaccine for hepatitis B. The vaccine is a series, typically given as three shots over a six-month period that will provide a lifetime of protection. You cannot get hepatitis B from the vaccine – there is no human blood or live virus in the vaccine. The hepatitis B vaccine is the most widely used vaccine in the world, with over 1 billion doses given. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first "anti-cancer" vaccine because it can help prevent liver cancer! Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B? The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns and children up to 18 years of age, and all high-risk adults. All infants should receive the first dose of the vaccine in the delivery room or in the first 24 hours of life, preferably within 12 hours. (CDC recommends the first dose within 12 hours vs. the WHO recommendation of 24 hours.) The HBV vaccine is recommended to anyone who is at high risk of infection. -
(DTP-Hep B-Hib) Vaccine Into the EPI Programme
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL UNIT Department of Health Services Ministry of Health Care and Nutrition 231, de Saram Place, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka Telephone: (+94-11-) 2681548, 2695112, Fax: (+94-11-) 2696583, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] My No: EPI/81/VII/2007 22nd October 2007 Provincial /Regional Directors of Health Services, Directors of Teaching Hospitals/Specialized Campaigns, M. SS /D.M.OO of Provincial /Base Hospitals, Heads of Decentralized Units and, Medical Officers of Health Introduction of combined pentavalent (DTP-Hep B- Hib) Vaccine into the EPI A decision has been taken to introduce Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae B) vaccine into the EPI programme in Sri Lanka from year 2008. This decision is based on the recommendation by the National Advisory Committee on Communicable Diseases. The Hib vaccine will be in the form of a combined pentavalent (DTP-HepB-Hib) vaccine, which would include DTP and Hep B and therefore would replace both DTP and Hepatitis B in the present schedule. Background The bacterium, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), is an important cause of infections in infants and young children; severe disease in adults due to Hib is uncommon. Where it has been studied carefully, Hib is the leading cause of acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children less than five years old, accounting for one-third to one-half of all cases of bacterial meningitis in this age group. Bacterial meningitis is fatal unless treated immediately with antibiotics. Even with proper treatment 3-25% of affected children may die. Permanent disability with sequelae that include deafness, learning disabilities, and difficulties in movement is not uncommon among those who survive the infection. -
Pentavalent and Hexavalent Vaccines
Pentavalent and Hexavalent Vaccines Cold Chain Equipment Database ID 3_7 Year 2004 The freeze indicator is used to warn of freezing and is packed with vaccines that are sensitive to freezing temperatures: DTP, TT, DT, Td (freezing point of -6.5°C), hepatitis B (-0.5°C), liquid Hib and their combinations (DTP-HepB, and DTP-HepB+Hib vaccines) and JE. Every refrigerator storing vaccines should have a freeze indicator (Freeze Watch™). It is strongly recommended that one freeze indicator be placed in each cold box during vaccine transport and distribution. This is critical in places subject to low temperatures. Immunization in practice: a practical resource guide for Health workers – 2004 update_____Module 3: The cold chain WHO/IVB/04.06 Page 13 Vaccine Handling Database ID 81_1 Year 2006 The recommended conditions for storing vaccines used in immunization programmes are shown in Appendix 81_1. This diagram also indicates the maximum times and temperatures in each case. At the higher levels of the cold chain, i.e., at national (primary), and regional or province level, OPV must be kept frozen between - 15oC and -25oC. Freeze-dried vaccines (i.e., BCG, measles, MMR and yellow fever) may also be kept frozen at -15oC to -25oC if cold chain space permits, but this is neither essential nor recommended. At other levels of the cold chain (intermediate vaccine stores and health facilities), these vaccines should be stored between +2oC and +8oC. All other vaccines should be stored at between +2oC and +8oC at all levels of the cold chain. Liquid formulations of vaccines containing diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, IPV and their combinations should not be frozen. -
Health Economics of Vaccines Boersma, Cornelis; Postma, Maarten J
University of Groningen Health Economics of Vaccines Boersma, Cornelis; Postma, Maarten J. Published in: Value in Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.11.006 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2021 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Boersma, C., & Postma, M. J. (2021). Health Economics of Vaccines: From Current Practice to Future Perspectives. Value in Health, 24(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.11.006 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 - Contents lists available at sciencedirect.com Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jval VALUE HEALTH. 2021; 24(1):1-2 Editorial Health Economics of Vaccines: From Current Practice to Future Perspectives Cornelis Boersma, PhD, Maarten J. -
Shaping the Market: Gavi's Model for Bringing the Power of Vaccines To
#GaviSeth Shaping the market: Gavi’s model for bringing the power of vaccines to the world’s poorest children Seth Berkley MD National Vaccine Advisory Committee 2 February 2015, Washington DC www.gavi.org The challenge: Reducing delays in launching new vaccines in poor countries 2 #vaccineswork Gavi: an innovative public-private partnership Building on the comparative advantages of both public and private partners 3 #vaccineswork Gavi-supported vaccination programmes: an overview Refers to the first Gavi-supported introduction of each vaccine. Vaccine Investment Strategy: Gavi’s approach to prioritsing new vaccines Category VIS Criteria • Cholera Impact on child mortality Health Impact on overall mortality • Dengue impact • Hepatitis A Impact on overall morbidity • Hepatitis B (birth dose) Epidemic potential Global or regional public health priority • Hepatitis E Herd immunity Additional • Influenza* impact Availability of alternative interventions considerations • Meningococcal CYW Socio-economic inequity • Malaria Gender inequity • Rabies Disease of regional importance • Yellow Fever** Capacity and supplier base • DTP booster GAVI market shaping potential Implementation Ease of supply chain integration • Enterovirus 71 feasibility • Mumps Ease of programmatic integration Vaccine efficacy and safety * Maternal vaccination Vaccine procurement cost Cost and value ** Additional mass campaigns In-country operational cost for money Procurement cost per event averted Gavi’s unusual development model Co-financing Market- shaping Donor base -
Cuban Experience in Immunization, 1962–2016*
Pan American Journal Special report of Public Health Cuban experience in immunization, 1962–2016* Lena López Ambrón,1,2 Liudmila Ibelin Egües Torres,1 Alina Pérez Carreras,3 Belkys María Galindo Santana,4 Miguel Ángel Galindo Sardiña,1 Sonia Resik Aguirre5 and Alina Tejeda Fuentes6 Suggested citation (original manuscript) López Ambrón L, Egües Torres LI, Pérez Carreras A, Galindo Santana BM, Galindo Sardiña MA, Resik Aguirre S, et al. Experiencia cubana en inmunización, 1962–2016. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018;42:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.34 ABSTRACT Cuba’s Immunization Program was created in 1962. It arose from the political, economic and social transformations initiated in 1959 when communicable diseases—including vaccine-pre- ventable diseases—were the main cause of child morbidity and mortality. The program’s organi- zation and uninterrupted implementation have led to the eradication of six diseases, two severe clinical forms and two serious complications, as well as incidence and mortality rates of remaining diseases maintained at such low levels they do not constitute a health problem. An average of 4.8 million doses of simple or combined vaccines that protect against 13 diseases are administered annually in Cuba, including a pentavalent vaccine whose five components are produced domesti- cally. The 1962 oral polio vaccine campaign was the first intersectoral experience with community participation in the Americas region, and Cuba was the first country to eradicate the disease. Recent Cuban research results have influenced the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Universal vaccination against hepatitis B administered 24 hours after birth, using a domestic vaccine, was achieved in Cuba 19 years before the World Health Organization set the goal. -
The Development of the Ebola Vaccine
Give it a shot: Seven lessons learned from the Ebola virus disease for public-private vaccine development collaboration in response to future neglected disease outbreaks Kai-Moritz Keller MALD Capstone Project, The Fletcher School Supervised by Prof. Christopher Tunnard July 2016 1 Introduction Public-Private Collaboration in Global Health – a perspective The 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak – The power of the exponential curve Vaccines: The Health intervention of choice The Ebola vaccine effort: Chance meets a shaky system Resources and needs: The network of actors Seven lessons learned: The framework The seven lessons learned: 1. Rigorous ongoing risk assessment 2. Translation of assessment in expanded public-private research efforts 3. Transfer of public-private IP to appropriate manufacturers 4. Testing and implementation coordination by WHO 5. Discussion and articulation of ethics guidelines in emergency response 6. Harmonization of regulatory approval and indemnity architecture 7. Development of a sound emergency funding structure under GAVI Conclusion Appendix Bibliography 2 Introduction In one intervention to address the 2014/2015 Ebola crisis in West Africa a variety of private and public actors came together to successfully execute a vaccine development program on an extremely tight timeline. Processes that normally take about a decade were concluded in a matter of months, as a result of unprecedented cooperation between industry, national and supra- national government bodies, the scientific community, and private-public funding mechanisms. The Ebola pandemic was eventually overcome through non-immunization means – but the vaccine program still warrants careful examination in order to distill takeaways and best practices for vaccine development in future neglected disease outbreaks. -
Sector Assessment (Summary): Vaccines
Responsive COVID-19 Vaccines for Recovery Project Under the Asia Pacific Vaccine Access Facility (RRP BAN 55077-001) SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): VACCINES A. Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities. 1. Bangladesh has achieved impressive improvements in health service coverage and health outcomes since independence in 1971. In the last 50 years from 2020, life expectancy at birth rose from 44 to 72 years,1 while the under-5 mortality rate declined almost tenfold in the same period (from 239.68 to 28.95 deaths per 1,000 live births).2 Since its establishment in 1974, the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has achieved notable success, including: (i) the delivery of high levels of coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases,3 with the proportion of children that are fully vaccinated rising from 2% in 1985 to 82.3% in 2016,4 and (ii) the eradication of smallpox and poliomyelitis. In line with regional (Southeast Asia Regional Vaccine Action Plan) and global targets (Global Vaccine Action Plan), the EPI has successfully introduced and scaled several new vaccines to high coverage levels, including the hepatitis B,5 rotavirus (not scaled yet),6 measles-rubella,7 and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.8 2. Development problems. Equity in access and resource limitations are among key development problems highlighted here. Routine vaccination coverage is high in Bangladesh (at ≥97% nationally in 2019)9 though unevenly distributed across geographic and socio-economic groups, with coverage as low as 78% among children in Dhaka slums (footnote 4), and with coverage increasing according to income and educational attainment.10 The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination program will need to prioritize these hard-to-reach groups to ensure equitable distribution. -
Comité Consultatif Mondial De La Sécurité
2013, 88, 301–312 No. 29 Weekly epidemiological record Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire 19 JULY 2013, 88th YEAR / 19 JUILLET 2013, 88e ANNÉE No. 29, 2013, 88, 301–312 http://www.who.int/wer Contents Global Advisory Committee Comité consultatif mondial 301 Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, de la Sécurité vaccinale, on Vaccine Safety, 12–13 June 2013 12–13 June 2013 12-13 juin 2013 The Global Advisory Committee on Vac- Le Comité consultatif mondial de la Sécurité cine Safety (GACVS), an expert clinical vaccinale (GACVS), composé d’experts Sommaire and scientific advisory body, was estab- cliniques et scientifiques, a été créé par l’OMS 301 Comité consultatif mondial lished by WHO to provide independent pour la conseiller, en toute indépendance et de la Sécurité vaccinale, scientifically rigourous advice on vaccine avec la rigueur scientifique voulue, sur des 12-13 juin 2013 safety issues of potential global impor- problèmes de sécurité vaccinale pouvant avoir tance.1 GACVS held its 28th meeting in une importance mondiale.1 Le GACVS a tenu Geneva, Switzerland, on 12–13 June 2013.2 sa 28e réunion à Genève (Suisse), les 12 et The committee reviewed 7 specific issues: 13 juin 2013.2 Il a examiné 7 questions spéci- (i) the experience of 4 Asian countries fiques: 1) l’expérience de 4 pays d’Asie dans with the use of Hib-containing pentavalent l’utilisation du vaccin pentavalent contenant vaccine; (ii) the safety profile of varicella la valence Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines; (iii) the safety of immunization (Hib); 2) le -
The Publicly Funded Vaccines Market in the UK
The Publicly Funded Vaccines Market in the UK Office of Health Economics OHE Consulting Report 10/01 25 October 2010 Jon Sussex, OHE1 Koonal K. Shah, OHE Corresponding author: 112 Whitehall, London, SW1A 2DY, Tel: +44 (0)20 7747 1412, E-mail: [email protected] This OHE Consulting Report presents a report that was prepared as a case study for the Federal German Ministry of Health (Bundesgesundheitsministerium), who funded the project. The full report of the wider study of vaccines markets, to which the OHE’s case study of the UK contributes, is entitled “Gutachten zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Impfstoffen in Deutschland ” (“Review for the improved efficiency of vaccines provision in Germany”), June 2010, and is available at: http://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/cln_160/nn_1168248/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE /Forschungsberichte/gutachten-impfstoffe,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/gutachten- impfstoffe.pdf 1 Contents 1. Background and Institutional Overview...................................................................................... 3 1.1. Features of the UK health care system ............................................................................... 3 1.2. The national immunisation programme and how vaccines reach patients .......................... 4 1.3. Organisations involved in vaccines policy, evaluation and procurement ............................. 6 2. Methods of Cost Benefit Analysis of Vaccines ............................................................................ 9 3. How the Outcomes