DOCSLIB.ORG

China Winter Trip January 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China Winter Trip January 2016 China Winter Trip January 2016 Thursday, January 14 07.30 Go to Soekarno Hatta airport (Terminal 3). 10.10 - 13.15 Fly to Kuala Lumpur (KLIA 2) By Air Asia AK 389 14.00 - 17.00 Free time at KLIA 2, or going to Mitsui Outlet Park KLIA Sepang (6km away) by shuttle Bus from Car Park Bay B9 & B10 KLIA2. 19.10 Fly to Shanghai Pudong Airport By Air Asia D7 330 Friday, January 15 00.20 Arrive in Shanghai Pudong Airport (T2), clear immigration. 01.00 - 06.00 Sleep at the airport 07.00 Find some Breakfast 07.30 - 08.30 Going to Hongqiao Train Station using airport line 1 from terminal 2. 10.00 - 14.58 Depart to Beijing South Station using G14 train, 2nd class seat. 15.00-16.00 Go to Tiananmen Best Year Courtyard Hotel using SuBway Line 4 Daxing Line to Xidan, Before transfer to Tiananmen West by Subway Line 1. 16.30 Check in at the hotel 17.00 Explore places around hotel, Forbidden City, Mausoleum of Mao, Tiananmen Square, The Palace. 20.00 Wangfujing Street Night Markets 22.00 Go back to hotel to have some rest. No.1 Denglong Ku Hutong, Nanchizi Street, Dongcheng District, Wangfujing Street & Forbidden City, Beijing, China 100006 Saturday, January 16 06.00 - 08.00 Explore around hotel and find some Breakfast 09.00 Join tour from Beijing Champagne International Travel Service ( C Travel ). First drive 60km to the Juyongguan Great Wall, one of the most magnificent sections of the Great Wall in Beijing. The Juyongguan Pass Great Wall is sectioned into two semicircles - east and west. Most people prefer hiking on its west semicircle for its steepness and Beautiful view. Each semicircle takes aBout 2-hour hike. Hiking the west section of the Juyongguan Great Wall for 2-3 hours. CaBle car is no availaBle. 13.00 After lunch, continue to visit to the Underground Palace ( Dingling, part of the Ming Dynasty Tombs complex ). From the Yongle Emperor onwards, 13 Ming Dynasty Emperors were Buried in this area. You will visit Dingling, the tomb of the Wanli Emperor, which is the only one of the Ming Dynasty Tombs to have Been excavated. 15.00 Then head to Jiuhua Spa Resort lying in the Changping District in the north of Beijing. Check in and take a Break in your hotel room. Jiuhua Spa Resort Boasts over 1200 guestrooms and suites. Jiuhua Spa & Resort is gradually Becoming the ideal funland for many people. 19.00 After dinner, take 2-3 hours soaking at the hot spring in Jiuhua Resort. The hot spring is the perfect place to wash off the dirt and relax your Body. Jiuhua Spa & Resort is one of China’s four major hot springs, aBundantly rich in minerals and elements which are Beneficial to the wonders of medical treatment. Rejuvenate Your Spirit at the Hot Spring. It has a good effect on curing skin disease, pigment deposition, The Jiuhua hotspring comes from 1230 meters underground, and the temperature of the hot-spring keeps around 40. 22.00 After hot spring soaking, walk to own hotel room for the night at Jiuhua Spa Resort. Sunday, January 17 08.00 After Breakfast at the hotel at Jiuhua Spa Resort, today we will bring you to Snow World Ski Resortin Changping District, aBout 35 km away from your hotel. This ski resort is located in Changping District of Beijing. It is also the nearest Ski Resort away from the Beijing downtown. There are 3 International Standard Slide-ways for abecedarian, 380 meters long, 1 veneer slide-way with the length of 380 meters. As per the various needs from the customers, the Beijing Snow World Ski Resort offers stimulative Motorcycle on snow land, snow flying disk, romantic sleigh drawn By dogs or houses, Ice garden, and Snow garden. You will enjoy 3-4 hour ski at the ski resort. 13.00 After having Chinese lunch, drive Back to Beijing south railway station. 17.00 Arrive at Beijing, go to Temple of Heaven if possiBle. Don’t forget to find food for dinner. 21.23 Going to Shanghai using D321 train with soft sleeper class. Monday, January 18 09.12 Arrive in Shanghai, find some Breakfast Before join the Shanghai Tour. 11.00 Meet up with the guide near the exit of southwest (KFC) Shanghai Station. 12.00 Yuyuan Garden and lunch 13.30 The Old City’s God Temple 15.00 Nanjing road for shopping 17.00 The Bund 19.00 Huangpu River Cruising 20.00 Taking the elevator to the 88storey OBservation Deck of Jinmao Tower to have a Bird's eye view of Huangpu River. 21.00 Drive to the airport for check in at Shanghai Pudong Airport (T2). Tuesday, January 19 01.20 - 06.40 Fly to Kuala Lumpur By Air Asia D7 331 09.50 - 10.50 Fly Back to Jakarta (terminal 3) from KLIA 2 By Air Asia QZ203 11.30 Going Back home, or office. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M
    ISSN 2152-7237 (print) ISSN 2153-2060 (online) The Silk Road Volume 11 2013 Contents In Memoriam ........................................................................................................................................................... [iii] Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M. Jacobs ............................................................................................................................ 1 Metallurgy and Technology of the Hunnic Gold Hoard from Nagyszéksós, by Alessandra Giumlia-Mair ......................................................................................................... 12 New Discoveries of Rock Art in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor and Pamir: A Preliminary Study, by John Mock .................................................................................................................................. 36 On the Interpretation of Certain Images on Deer Stones, by Sergei S. Miniaev ....................................................................................................................... 54 Tamgas, a Code of the Steppes. Identity Marks and Writing among the Ancient Iranians, by Niccolò Manassero .................................................................................................................... 60 Some Observations on Depictions of Early Turkic Costume, by Sergey A. Yatsenko .................................................................................................................... 70 The Relations between China and India
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
    WHC Nomination Documentation File Name: 1004.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties DA TE OF INSCRIPTION: 2nd December 2000 STATE PARTY: CHINA CRITERIA: C (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Criterion (i):The harmonious integration of remarkable architectural groups in a natural environment chosen to meet the criteria of geomancy (Fengshui) makes the Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs masterpieces of human creative genius. Criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv):The imperial mausolea are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over five hundred years dominated this part of the world; by reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes. Criterion (vi):The Ming and Qing Tombs are dazzling illustrations of the beliefs, world view, and geomantic theories of Fengshui prevalent in feudal China. They have served as burial edifices for illustrious personages and as the theatre for major events that have marked the history of China. The Committee took note, with appreciation, of the State Party's intention to nominate the Mingshaoling Mausoleum at Nanjing (Jiangsu Province) and the Changping complex in the future as an extention to the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS The Ming and Qing imperial tombs are natural sites modified by human influence, carefully chosen according to the principles of geomancy (Fengshui) to house numerous buildings of traditional architectural design and decoration. They illustrate the continuity over five centuries of a world view and concept of power specific to feudal China.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Astronomy and Feng Shui in the Planning of Ming Beijing
    Nexus Network Journal https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-021-00555-y RESEARCH The Role of Astronomy and Feng Shui in the Planning of Ming Beijing Norma Camilla Baratta1 · Giulio Magli2 Accepted: 19 April 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Present day Beijing developed on the urban layout of the Ming capital, founded in 1420 over the former city of Dadu, the Yuan dynasty capital. The planning of Ming Beijing aimed at conveying a key political message, namely that the ruling dynasty was in charge of the Mandate of Heaven, so that Beijing was the true cosmic centre of the world. We explore here, using satellite imagery and palaeomagnetic data analysys, symbolic aspects of the planning of the city related to astronomical alignments and to the feng shui doctrine, both in its “form” and “compass” schools. In particular, we show that orientations of the axes of the “cosmic” temples and of the Forbidden City were most likely magnetic, while astronomy was used in topographical connections between the temples and in the plan of the Forbidden City in itself. Keywords Archaeoastronomy of Ming Beijing · Forbidden City · Form feng shui · Compass feng shui · Ancient Chinese urban planning · Temple design Introduction In the second half of the fourteenth century, China sat in rebellion against the foreign rule of the Mongols, the Yuan dynasty. Among the rebels, an outstanding personage emerged: Zhu Yuanzhang, who succeeded in expelling the foreigners, proclaiming in 1368 the beginning of a new era: the Ming dynasty (Paludan 1998). Zhu took the reign title of Hongwu and made his capital Nanjing.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Version (Pdf)
    Special Collections and University Archives UMass Amherst Libraries Theodore D. Goldfarb Collection 1978 June-July 389 digital images (0.1 linear feet) Call no.: PH 071 About SCUA SCUA home Credo digital Scope Inventory Admin info Download xml version print version (pdf) Read collection overview An environmental chemist, Ted Goldfarb was a founder of the Science for the People chapter at SUNY Stony Brook and an organizer of the group's second trip to the People's Republic of China in June 1978. The twelve delegates from SftP went with the intention of studying the organization of science and technology in China with respect to how it met people's needs, and they were toured through a succession of factories, production facilities, farms, schools, and institutes in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, and Beijing, among other locations. The nearly 400 slides in this collection were taken by Ted Goldfarb (and handful by his colleague Judith Weinstein) when they were members of the second Science for the People delegation to the People's Republic of China in June 1978. Reflecting their interests in science and technology, the slides document a succession of factories, production facilities, schools, and institutes they visited, but include shots of typical street scenes, markets, artisans and factory workers, and tourist sites such as the Great Wall, Ming Tombs, and Forbidden City. In addition to the images of China, a handful were taken during a stopover in Delhi and Agra, India, on the way back to the United States. See similar SCUA collections: China Cold War culture Communism and Socialism Photographs Science and technology Background on Ted Goldfarb A chemist and founder of the Science for the People chapter at State University of New York at Stony Brook, Ted Goldfarb began his academic career as a specialist in molecular spectroscopy and dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dip of Blue: the Chinese Art of Kingfisher Feather Inlay
    A Dip of Blue: The Chinese Art of Kingf isher Feather Inlay By Uta Weigelt For over a thousand years the blue feathers of kingfisher birds have been used in China to adorn jewellery and daily accessories using an inlay technique known as diancui (dotting with kingfisher). There are more than 90 species of kingfisher birds to be found around the world. Known for their spectacular hunting style and often bright and colourful plumage, they vary in size from the four-inch-long African dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx lecontei) to the 18-inch-long Australian laughing kookabura (Dacelo novaeguineae). Chinese craftsmen used the blue feathers of the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), the white throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) and the oriental dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx erithaca). Historical documents report that kingfisher birds and feathers were brought to China as import goods and tributes from what are today South China, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka. The Chinese preferred the feathers that came from Cambodia since they were of the highest quality and featured the most striking blue hues, from ultramarine to turquoise. The high value of kingfisher feathers derives from the very fact that they were hard to Headdress with dragons, phoenixes, female figures and auspicious obtain since the tiny birds could not be bred and were hard characters such as shou (long life), and also kingfisher feathers, augmented with gems and pearls, 18th century, courtesy of the Asian Civilisations Museum to catch. The trade in highly prized kingfisher feathers was therefore a major contributor to the wealth of the Khmer empire and played a significant role in the construction of many temples near Siem Reap.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Architecture: a History
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Index Page numbers in boldface refer to Anqiu, Han tomb in, 44 Baodingshan, 176–77, 178 Big/Little Dipper(s), 32, 109, 146, figures. Anxiwangfu, 200–201 Bao’en Monastery: in Nanjing, 223, 260 Anyang, 14–16, 15, 25; Buddhist 314, 316; in Sichuan, 249, 290; Binglingsi, 84, 85 A caves in, 88, 89, 89–90; in Suzhou, pagoda of, 180, 182, Binyang caves, 87 Aai, 93 pagoda in, 97. See also Xiaotun; 215, 282 Bishushanzhuang. See Chengde Abaoji, 136, 138, 144, 192 Xibeigang Baoguo Monastery: in Fuzhou, Bixia Shrine, 251 abbot’s hall, 172 Anyi, 20, 21, 32 Daxiongbao Hall of, 156, 166–67, Biyong, 37, 38, 39, 120, 262, 262 abstinence (hall), 76, 183, 227, 232, Anyuanmiao (Temple), 283 167, 168, 184, 204; on Mount Biyunsi (Monastery), in Beijing, 233, 238, 260 Anyue, caves in, 177 Emei, 254; in Yuncheng, 117 273, 274, 284, 327, 333; in Shanxi, Acheng, 195–96, 196 Aohanqi, 8 Baoji, 17 126, 131 “Admonitions of the Court Aolimi, tombs in, 186 baosha, 165, 264 bizhu, 98, 99 Instructress,” 82 apsara, 143, 250 Baoshan, 24, 25; caves, 88, 89–90, block-house/block-like style Adunqiaolu. See Aduuchuluu Arabs, 106 118; tombs in, 144, 145 architecture, 268–69, 269, 276, Aduuchuluu, 16 “architect,” in China, 1, 150, 314 barbarian, 136 279, 284, 311 air shaft, 79, 120, 125 architrave, 6, 98, 99, 100, 101, 113, batter, 113, 127, 130, 163, 165, 204, Board of Works, 228, 314 Allied Architects, 322, 328, 334 113, 131, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 207, 209, 210, 211 boat-shaped dwellings, 311 Almaliq, 201 163, 174, 204, 210, 229, 280 bay system, 153–54, 154, 293 Book of Changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea and the Silk Roads, by Staffan Rosén
    Volume 6, Number 2 (Winter/Spring 2009) The Silk Road CONTENTS From the editor’s desktop ........................................................................ 2 Korea and the Silk Roads, by Staffan Rosén .......................................... 3 Alexander the Great and the Emergence of the Silk Road, by Yang Juping 杨巨平 .............................................................................. 15 Centaurs on the Silk Road: Recent Discoveries of Hellenistic Textiles in Western China, by Robert A. Jones ...................................................... 23 Dialogue Among the Civilizations: the Origin of the Three Guardian Deities’ Images in Cave 285, Mogao Grottoes, by Zhang Yuanlin 張元林 ..... 33 Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute: Possible Religious Symbolism within the Late-Song Paintings, by Lauren Arnold .............................................. 49 Shrine Pilgrimage among the Uighurs, by Rahilä Dawut ........................... 56 Cover photo: The golden crown from the northern mound of Tomb 98 in Kyôngju. Collection of the National Museum of Korea, Seoul. Photo © 2008 Daniel C. Waugh. The Silk Road is a semi-annual publication of the Silkroad Foundation supplied in a limited print run to li- braries. We cannot accept individual subscriptions. Each issue can be viewed and downloaded at: <http:// www.silkroadfoundation.org/toc/newsletter.html>. Please feel free to contact us with any questions or con- tributions. General guidelines for contributors may be found in Vol. 2, No. 1 (June 2004) on the website. The Silkroad Foundation Editor: Daniel C. Waugh 14510 Big Basin Way # 269 [email protected] Saratoga, CA 95070 © 2009 Silkroad Foundation © 2009 by authors of individual articles and holders of copyright, as specified, to individual images. “The Bridge between Eastern and Western Cultures” From the editor’s desktop This is the eleventh issue (of the twelve published) of this journal for which I have had editorial responsibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Jian'an Literature Revisited: Poetic Dialogues in the Last Three
    Jian’an Literature Revisited: Poetic Dialogues in the Last Three Decades of the Han Dynasty Hsiang-Lin Shih A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: David R. Knechtges, Chair Ching-Hsien Wang Zev Handel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2013 Hsiang-Lin Shih University of Washington Abstract Jian’an Literature Revisited: Poetic Dialogues in the Last Three Decades of the Han Dynasty Hsiang-Lin Shih Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor David R. Knechtges Department of Asian Languages and Literature The Jian’an period (196-220), which is best known through the fictionalized account in the Romance of the Three States, is also an important literary period. It is celebrated for its major writers such as Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi and Wang Can. Previous scholars have mainly been concerned with the life and poetry of an individual writer. In this dissertation, I attempt to take an approach that crosses the boundary between individual writers. I read Jian’an poems— including shi, fu, and yuefu—as the authors’ poetic dialogues with their contemporaries. This approach is based on the fact that the writers gathered at the court of Cao Cao and shared the language of poetry. Whether drinking together or living apart, they often engaged in a dialogue on a common topic through the medium of writing. Their topics range from travel, careers, expeditions, to merriment. Like the Athenian speechmakers in Plato’s “Symposium,” Jian’an writers also tried to impress, persuade, entertain and challenge one another in their poems.
    [Show full text]
  • Changling Mausoleum Chánglǐng Língyuán ​长岭陵园
    ◀ Central Asia–China Relations Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Changling Mausoleum Chánglǐng Língyuán ​长岭陵园 The Changling Mausoleum is the resting place of the Ming Yongle Emperor (reigned 1403– 24), whose given name was Zhu Di and whose posthumous title is Chengzu. At 120,000 square meters, it is one of the grandest and certainly the best preserved of all of the Thir- teen Ming Tombs (shisan ling) that lie roughly 45 kilometers north of Beijing in a valley be- low the Tianshou Mountains. mperor Ming Yongle, or Zhu Di as he was known at birth, was an emperor of usurpation. He gained the title after a four-​­year war with his nephew, whom the first Ming emperor had chosen for the throne. Like the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing, which Zhu Di designated the Ming capital after his ascen- sion to the throne, the building of the Changling Mauso- leum was yet another project to legitimize Zhu Di as the true successor to the Ming emperorship, and Beijing as the true capital of the Ming Empire. The construction of Changling began in 1409. By 1413, Portrait of the Yongle emperor Zhu Di, for whom the underground tomb was completed. The exact struc- the Changling Mausoleum was built. Ink and ture of the Changling tomb is not known, but it is likely color on silk, by an anonymous painter, Ming dy- that it is similar in construction to the excavated Dingling nasty. Zhu Di, who usurped the throne from his tomb. Upon completion of the tomb, Zhu Di ordered the nephew, had the Changling Mausoleum built as a body of his empress Xu, which was being kept in Nan- way to legitimize his succession to Ming emper- jing, to be buried in the tomb chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusive Day Tour to Ming Emperor`S Tomb Sacred Path and Guyaju Dwelling China, China | 8 Hours | 1 - 15 Pax
    All inclusive Day Tour to Ming Emperor`s Tomb Sacred Path and Guyaju Dwelling China, China | 8 hours | 1 - 15 Pax Overview Itinerary This is a typical itinerary for this product Stop At: Dingling Underground Palace, Beijing You will pick up in your centrally located hotel lobby from 8:00am. Drive to the Scared Path and Underground Palace of Ming Tombs. The Scared Path is the best preserved and coplete one in China. The Sacred Way (or Divine Road) which means the road leading to the heaven. The Emperor, known as son of the Heaven, who came from Heaven to his country through the Scared way, also deservedly would return to Heaven through this road. The road is lined with marble statues which are important decorations of the mausoleum. Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes Stop At: Ming Tombs (Ming Shishan Ling), Beijing Followed by a visit to Underground Palace of Dingling Tomb. The only one excavated to the public. Tourists can see precious antiques unearthed from the tomb in the the exhibition halls. Duration: 30 minutes Stop At: Guyaju Caves, Beijing After lunch, in the afternoon. Continue on to the Guyaju Caves, a multi-village complex of more than 170 dwellings carved directly into the rock face. Believed to have been carved by an ethnic minority called the Xiyi between the Tang and lIao Dynasties, the remarkable caves resemble `ant farms for human` and consist of rooms of varying shapes and styles complete with doors, windows, kitchen rabges, and closets. After the full-dya tour is finished, you will be transferred back to your hotel in downtown Beijng.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy and Feng Shui in the Project of the Tang, Ming and Qing Royal Mausoleums: a Satellite Imagery Approach
    Astronomy and Feng Shui in the project of the Tang, Ming and Qing royal mausoleums: a satellite imagery approach Giulio Magli School of Architecture, Urban Planning and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected] The royal Chinese mausoleums of the Tang, Ming and Qing Chinese dynasties are astounding ensables of monuments, conceived and built to assure to the Emperors immortality in the afterlife and perennial fame on earth. To this aim, a series of cognitive elements were embodied in the funerary landscapes selected for such monuments, including astronomy, general topography, and traditional Chinese “geomancy”. Taking advantage of satellite imagery, we investigate here on this issue in a general manner. In particular, we develop and apply a rigorous approach to investigate if magnetic compass was used in the planning of such monuments. Keywords: Chinese mausoleums, Chinese sacred landscapes, Archaeoastronomy of ancient China. 1. Introduction Starting from the first Emperor of Qin, different solutions were adopted by the Chinese rulers for their tombs, and – consequently - spectacular royal necropolises were founded and developed. In particular, the Han (206 BC–220 AD) and later the Song (960–1279 AD) emperors opted for the construction of tombs located under huge artificial mounds. In a recent paper, we have analyzed several cognitive aspects of these impressive monuments and, in particular, we have shown that their orientation was governed by astronomical considerations (Magli 2018). In the present paper, we study the funerary landscapes of the Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties. The tombs of these emperors were not based on the construction of artificial mounds: the Tang rulers took advantage of existing mountain peaks, while the Ming and Qing tombs were conceived as architectural units above ground with a corresponding palace underground.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (Or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-09-14 Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties Sun, Xumeng Sun, X. (2020). Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112546 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties by Xumeng Sun A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2020 © Xumeng Sun 2020 ii Abstract The origin of the Huns has been a myth since they made the first appearance in the Eastern Europe in the 370s CE. The early Roman and Gothic historians assume they came from the North, “the frozen ocean,” or the East, associated with the Alans. It was not until the eighteenth century that the French Orientalist Joseph de Guignes first proposed from the political perspective that the mysterious Huns came from Northeastern Asia, where the nomadic Xiongnu rose and became the most powerful enemy of Qin and Han dynasties (221BCE- 220 CE) in China.
    [Show full text]