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Chronology of How the West Was Lost

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Chronology of How the West Was Lost 1540: Coronado leads Spanish expedition on to southern plains. 1600-1700: Horses spread from the Southwest aeross the plains. 1779-83: Major smallpox epidemie from Mexieo to Canada. 1801-02: Smallpox epidemie. 1804-06: Lewis and Clark expedition. 1830: Indian Removal Aet: Tribes from the Southeast and Great Lakes foreed west to Oklahoma and Arkansas. 1837: Smallpox breaks out on upper Missouri and spreads aeross the plains. 1846-48: War between the Vnited States and Mexico. 1848-49: California Gold Rush. 1851: Treaty of Fort Lararnie with northern plains tribes. 1854: Sioux annihilate LieutenantJohn Grattan's eommand. 1861-65: Ameriean Civil War. 1862: Sioux "uprising" in Minnesota. 1864: Colorado militia massaeres Southern Cheyennes at Sand Creek. 1866-67: "Red Cloud War": Sioux fight to dose Bozeman Trail. 1867: Treaty of Medicine Lodge with southem plains tribes. 1867-83: Buffalo herds exterminated. 1868: Vnited States Army campaigns against southern plains tribes; George Custer destroys Southem Cheyenne village on the Washita River. Treaty of Fort Laramie with the Sioux. 1869: Transeontinental railroad eompleted. 1869-70: Smallpox on the northem plains. 1870: Vnited StatesArmy destroys Piegan village on the Marias River. 1871: V.S. Congress eeases to make treaties with Indian tribes. 1874-75: Red River War on the southem plains. 1875: Seventy-two southem plains warriors sentas prisoners ofwar to Fort Marion, Florida. 209 210 CHRONOLOGY OF HOWTHE WEST WAS LOST 1876-77: "The Great Sioux War": Sioux and Cheyennes annihilate Custer's command at the Little Big Horn. 1877: Crazy Horse killed. 1879: Captain Richard H. Pratt opens Carlisie Indian School in CarlisIe, Pennsylvania. 1881: Sitting Bull surrenders. 1881: U.S. Supreme Court decides Ex Parte Crow Dog. 1883: Courts ofIndian Offenses established. 1887: Congress passes Dawes A1Iotment Act. 1889-90: Ghost Dance spreads from Nevada to the plains. 1890: Sitting BuH killed. Wounded Knee massacre at Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota. 1903: U.S. Supreme Court mIes Congress has power to abrogate treaties with Indian tribes in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock. Questions for Consideration 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the documents and drawings reproduced in this book as sources for understanding or reconsidering Plains Indian history and the history of the Arnerican West? 2. What do the sources in this book tell us about the lives and experi­ ences of Plains Indians? What do they omit? 3. Which, if any, ofthe sources appear (a) to be of dubious authenticity; (b) to betray the influence of non-Indian editors or interpreters; or (c) to have been created consciously for a white audience? 4. The Great Plains region in the early nineteenth century has been described as "a world in flux." To what extent do the sources justify this description? 5. Account for the relatively rapid defeat of the Plains Indians by the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century. 6. What do the sources in this book reveal about the different ways in which Indian people responded to the demands and pressures im­ posed by the United States government in the late nineteenth cen­ tury? 7. In what ways did the lives of Plains Indian people change between 1800 and 1900? In what ways, if any, did their lives display continuity and resilience? 8. Two Leggings said that "nothing happened" after his people were confined to the reservation. What evidence do the sources in this book provide to help us (a) understand this reaction and (b) refute this statement? 211 Selected Bibliography The literature on the history and culture of the Plains Indians is volumi­ nous. This bibliography lists only a selection of the sources used in preparing this book. Students should refer to the notes for additional works. PRIMARY SOURCES Annual Reports olthe Board olIndian Commissioners 1870-1880 (Washing­ ton, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1871-81). Gary Clayton Anderson and Alan R. Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts 01 the Minnesota Indian War 011862 (St. Paul: Minne­ sota Historical Society Press, 1988). Althea Bass, The Arapaho Way: A Memoirolan Indian Boyhood (NewYork: Clarkson N. Potter, 1966). George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions 01 NorthAmerican Indians. 2 vols. (London: Author, 1844). Raymond J. DeMallie, ed., The Sixth Grandlather: The Teachings 01 Black Elk Given to John G. Neihardt (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984). Charles Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization: Chapters in the Autobiography 01 an Indian (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977 ed.). Jerome A. Greene, comp. and ed., Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views olthe Great Sioux War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994). Charles J. KappIer, ed., Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. 2 vols. (Washing­ ton, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1904). Arnold Krupat, ed., Native AmericanAutobiography: An Anthology (Madison: University ofWisconsin Press, 1994). O. G. Libby, ed., 'The Arikara Narrative of the Campaign Against the Hostile Dakotas," Collections 01 the North Dakota State Historical Society 6 (1920). Frank B. Linderman, Plenty Coups, Chielol the Crows (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962). Frank B. Linderman, Pretty-shield, Medicine Woman olthe Crows (Lincoln: University of N ebraska Press, 1972). Garrick Mallery, "Picture Writing of the American Indians," 10th Annual Report olthe Bureau 01 American Ethnology, 1888-89 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1893),266-328. 213 214 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Thomas B. Marquis, interpreter, Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer (Minneapolis: The Midwest Co., 1931). lames Mooney, "Calendar History ofthe Kiowa Indians," 17thAnnual Report olthe Bureau 01 American Ethnology 1895-96, part 1 (Washington, D.C.: V.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1898), 129-445. lames Mooney, 'The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of1890," 14th Annual Report 01 the Bureau 01American Ethnology, 1892-93, part 2 (Washington, D.C.: V.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1896). Peter Nabokov, Two Leggings: The Making 01 a Crow Warrior (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967). lohn G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks: Beingthe Life Story ola HolyMan olthe Oglala Sioux (Iincoln: Vniversity of Nebraska Press, 1988 ed.). "Prince Maximilian of Wied's Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832-1834," in Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748- 1846, vols. 22-25 (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1906). Report 01 the Joint Special Committee on the Condition 01 the Indian Tribes. [Doolittle ReportJ 39th Congress, 2nd session (1866-67) Senate Report No. 156. Serial1279. lames Willard Schultz, Blackleet and Buffalo: Memories 01 Life among the Indians (Norman: Vniversity of Oklahoma Press, 1962). Luther Standing Bear, My People the Sioux (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928). M. W. Stirling, 'Three Pictographic Autobiographies of Sitting Bull," Smith­ sonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 95, no. 5 (Washington: V.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1938). Stanley Vestal, ed., New Sources 01 Indian History, 1850-1891 (Norman: Vniversity of Oklahoma Press, 1934). W. Raymond Wood and Thomas D. Thiessen, eds., Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains: Canadian Traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indi­ ans, 1738-1818 (Norman: Vniversity of Oklahoma Press, 1985). SECONDARYSOURCES lanet Catherine Berlo, "Wo-Haw's Notebooks: 19th Century Kiowa Indian Drawings in the Collections of the Missouri Historical Sodety," Gateway Heritage 3 (Fall 1982), 5-13. Alfred W. Bowers, "Hidatsa Sodal and Ceremonial Organization," Bureau 01 American Ethnology Bulletin 194 (Washington, D.C.: V.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1965). H. David Brumble, III,AmericanIndianAutobiography (Berkeley: Vniversity of California Press, 1988). Colin G. Calloway, '''The Only Way Open to Vs': The Crow Struggle for Survival in the Nineteenth Century," North Dakota History 53 (Summer 1986), 25-34. lohn C. Ewers, The Blackleet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains (Norman: Vniversity of Oklahoma Press, 1958). Dan Flores, "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains, 1800-1850," Journal 01American History 78 (1991),465-85. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 215 Carolyn Gilman and Mary Jane Schneider, The Way to Independence: Memo­ ries 0/a Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840-1920 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987). FrederickE. Hoxie, Parading Through History: The Making o/the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935 (N ew York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). J oseph J ablow, 'The Cheyenne in Plains Indian Trade Relations, 1795-1840," Monographs 0/ the American Ethnological Society 19 (1966; reprinted Lin­ coln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994). Douglas C. J ones, The Treaty 0/ M edicine Lodge: The Story 0/ the Great Treaty Council as Told by Eyewitnesses (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966). Evan M. Maurer, et al. Visions o/the People: A Pictorial History o/Plains Indian Li/e (Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1992). James C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem (Iincoln: University of N ebraska Press, 1965). Karen Daniels Peterson, Howling Wolf.· A Cheyenne Warrior's Graphie Inter­ pretation 0/ His People (palo Alto, Cal.: American West Publishing, 1968). James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark among the Indians (Iincoln: University of NebraskaPress, 1984). Frank R. Secoy, "Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains," Mono­ graphs 0/ the American Ethnological Society 21 (1953; reprinted Iincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992). Joyce M. Szabo, Howling Wolf and the History 0/ Ledger Art (Albuquerque: University ofNew Mexico Press, 1994.) Russen Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987). Robert M. Utley, The Indian Frontier 0/ the American West 1846-1890 (Albuquerque: University of N ew Mexico Press, 1984). Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Li/e and Times 0/ Sitting Bult (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1993). James Welch, Fools Crow (NewYork: Penguin, 1987). Richard White, 'The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal 0/ American History 65 (1978),319-43.
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