University of South Florida Scholar Commons Government and International Affairs Faculty Government and International Affairs Publications

2-2013 Racial Formations: Brazil Bernd Reiter University of South Florida, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gia_facpub Part of the Government Contracts Commons, and the International Relations Commons

Scholar Commons Citation Reiter, Bernd, "Racial Formations: Brazil" (2013). Government and International Affairs Faculty Publications. 6. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gia_facpub/6

This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Government and International Affairs at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Government and International Affairs Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, Volume 1, 2nd Edition – 3rd/ 11/1/2012 14:16 Page 15

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VOLUME 1 AFRICAN LIBERATION SUPPORT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY COMMITTEE Tressie McMillan Cottom A Abdul Alkalimat ANNOTATED FILMOGRAPHY ABOLITION MOVEMENT AFROCENTRISM Antoinette T. Jackson Maurice Jackson Joseph L. Graves Jr. Kaniqua Robinson ADMIXTURE AFRO-SYNCRETIC RELIGIONS ANTEBELLUM BLACK ETHNOLOGY Joseph L. Graves Jr. Johari Jabir Mia Bay

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ALIEN LAND LAWS ANTHROPOLOGY, HISTORY OF Veronica Toste Daflon Keith Aoki Jonathan Marks Joa˜o Feres Jr. ALLEN, RICHARD ANTHROPOMETRY AFRICA: BELGIAN COLONIES Douglas R. Egerton Barry Bogin John Obioma Ukawuilulu AMBEDKAR, B. R. ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT AFRICA: BRITISH COLONIES Valerian Rodrigues Francis Njubi Nesbitt John Obioma Ukawuilulu AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE AFRICA: FRENCH COLONIES MichaelJ.O’Neal Erin Corber George R. Trumbull IV AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY ANTI-INDIAN MOVEMENT AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIES AND THE FOUNDING OF LIBERIA Zoltan Grossman George O. Ndege Amos J. Beyan ANTI-SEMITISM: OVERVIEW AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE AFRICA: ITALIAN COLONIES Bonnie M. Harris Michael Pretes COMMITTEE David Hostetter ANTI-SEMITISM: ARAB WORLD AFRICA: PORTUGUESE COLONIES Esther Webman Caryn E. Neumann AMERICAN INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS ANTI-SEMITISM: MODERN EUROPE AFRICAN BLOOD BROTHERHOOD Jon Allan Reyhner Colin Clark Stephen G. Hall AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) ANTI-SEMITISM: UNITED STATES AFRICAN DIASPORA Joane Nagel Leonard Dinnerstein Perry Mars AMERICAN INDIANS APARTHEID AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Gregory R. Campbell Francis Njubi Nesbitt Emmanuel Nnadozie AMERICAN NEGRO ACADEMY ARAB AMERICANS Alfred A. Moss Jr. Louise Cainkar AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT, PRECOLONIAL ANCESTRY ARYANS Joseph E. Inikori J. L. Verdolin Ranjan Anand

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ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF BLACK CODES CANCER (BREAST) NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY Takkara Brunson Joseph L. Graves Jr. Anderson Thompson BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS CAPITALISM ATLANTIC CREOLES AND VERNACULAR Catherine A. John Zach Sell ENGLISH BLACK IMMIGRATION Hubert Devonish CARIBBEAN IMMIGRATION Tod Hamilton Ramona Hernandez ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE BLACK INDIANS Griselda Rodriguez Stewart Royce King John H. Moore CASTE AND CASTEISM AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE PEOPLES BLACK NATIONALISM Bhoomi K. Thakore Marianne Hoyd Stephen G. Hall ´ ´ Gaynor Macdonald CESAIRE, AIME BLACK PANTHER PARTY FOR SELF A. James Arnold ´ AZTLAN DEFENSE Francisco A. Lomelı´ CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART W. Chris Johnson Kevin S. Amidon BLACK POPULAR CULTURE (US) B Angela M. Nelson CHICAGO SCHOOL, THE BAARTMAN, SAARTJE Ray Hutchison Danielle Christmas BLACK POWER Judson L. Jeffries CHICANO MOVEMENT BAKER, ELLA Ernesto Cha´vez Thomas J. Davis BLACKNESS IN LATIN AMERICA Norman E. Whitten Jr. CHILDREN, STATUS DISPARITIES OF BALDWIN, JAMES Janice E. Hale Angelene Jamison-Hall BLACK-WHITE INTERMARRIAGE Cynthia R. Greenlee-Donnell CHINESE DIASPORA BANDUNG CONFERENCE 1955 Donald M. Nonini Christopher J. Lee BLOOD PURITY LAWS Franc¸ois Soyer CHINESE IMMIGRATION AND BARRIO EXCLUSION (US), NINETEENTH RichardGriswolddelCastillo BLOOD QUANTUM Gregory R. Campbell CENTURY Bill Ong Hing BATES, DAISY BOAS, FRANZ Greg Johnson Lee D. Baker CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY Barbara A. Moss BEAUTY STANDARDS BOLI´VAR, SIMO´ N Priyanka Chaurasia Jesse Hingson CHRISTIAN IDENTITY BELGIAN CONGO Richard J. Abanes BOLLYWOOD Guy Vanthemsche Sudhanva Deshpande CHRISTIANS AND CHRISTIANITY BELL CURVE THE Jeremy Rehwaldt , BORDERS Joseph L. Graves Jr. Jennifer L. Shoaff CITIZENSHIP BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884–1885 Vinay Harpalani BRACEROS, REPATRIATION, AND Kathryn A. Kuhlenberg Stephen G. Hall SEASONAL WORKERS BIGOTRY Oscar J. Martı´nez CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS D. Marvin Jones Andrew Markus BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION BIKO, STEPHEN BANTU Timothy M. Diette CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Dawson Barrett Xolela Mangcu BROWN, JOHN Robert Samuel Smith BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM David S. Reynolds CIVIL WAR POLITICS Joseph L. Graves Jr. BUDDHISTS AND BUDDHISM Joseph L. Graves Jr. BIRACIALISM Bhoomi K. Thakore Vinay Harpalani BUFFALO SOLDIERS CLARKSON, THOMAS Miche`le Mun˜oz-Miller Novotny Lawrence Lawrence T. McDonnell Angeline M. Thomas BUNCHE, RALPH COLORISM BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF CULTURAL Beth T. Bates Arthur H. Goldsmith STUDIES Darrick Hamilton Janice Peck BURAKUMIN Shavonn Pearce-Doughlin Leslie D. Alldritt BIRTH OF A NATION, THE CONDORCET, MARQUIS DE Donald Roe C Jeremy Popkin BLACK ARTS MOVEMENT CALHOUN, JOHN C. CONFUCIANISM M. Shelly Conner Lawrence T. McDonnell Hemant Kumar Adlakha

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CONTACT HYPOTHESIS DEMOGRAPHICS (RACIAL) IN THE ESSENTIALISM H. D. Forbes WESTERN HEMISPHERE Paul G. Bain Mariana P. Candido COON CARNIVAL Paul E. Lovejoy ETHIOPIA, INVASION OF Jane Battersby Stephen G. Hall DEMOGRAPHICS (US) COX, OLIVER C. Matthew Snipp ETHNICITY Christopher McAuley Shonda Buchanan DESEGREGATION (US) CREATION NARRATIVES Paul Finkelman ETHNOCENTRISM Gary Bailey John H. Moore DISCORDANCE, PRINCIPLE OF CREOLE LANGUAGES Alan Goodman ETHNOLOGICAL EXHIBITIONS Nicole A. Scott Joseph Jones Sadiah Qureshi

CRIME AND AMERICAN INDIANS DISCRIMINATION, MEASUREMENT OF EUGENICS James V. Fenelon Judith Rich Diane B. Paul

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (US) DISCRIMINATION: CONSTITUTIONAL EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES Todd Clear PROVISIONS, LEGISLATION, AND Ronald W. Bailey CRIMINALITY AND SOCIAL FACTORS JURISPRUDENCE EXOTIC LADY CONTINENTS (US) Tanya Katerı´ Herna´ndez Maryanne Cline Horowitz Cassia Spohn DISEASES EXPLOITATION CRITICAL RACE THEORY Anne Buchanan Alice Littlefield Gerald Torres Kenneth M. Weiss EYSENCK, HANS JURGEN CRUSADES DOLL STUDIES Joseph L. Graves Jr. Sarah C. Davis-Secord Vinay Harpalani Ahmad Khalid Qadafi CUFFE, PAUL Margaret Beale Spencer F Amos J. Beyan FAMILIES DOUGLASS, FREDERICK Tamika Corinne Odum CULTURAL DEFICIENCY Thomas J. Davis Edward Fergus FANON, FRANTZ DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD Mamadou Badiane CULTURAL DETERMINISM Paul Finkelman Daniella Ann Cook FASCISM Danielle Parker Robinson DU BOIS, W. E. B. Tracey A. Pepper Leland Ware CULTURAL RESISTANCE FEDERAL RECOGNITION: WHAT IS AN James Ogude E INDIAN? John H. Moore CULTURE ECONOMIC GROWTH Henry Krusiewicz Dania V. Francis FELONY DISENFRANCHISEMENT Robin K. Magee EDUCATION, DISCRIMINATION IN VOLUME 2 HIGHER FEMINISM Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy Leah L. Strobel D Angelina E. Castagno DALITS Kristi Ryujin FIRMIN, ANTE´ NOR Sukhadeo Thorat Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban EDUCATION, DIVERSITY IN HIGHER DANCE Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe FISK JUBILEE SINGERS Celia Weiss Bambara Omari H. Swinton Phyllis M. Belt-Beyan

DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY James R. Moore Tanya Golash-Boza Kenneth A. R. Kennedy

DAVIS, ANGELA EL MESTIZAJE FORTEN, JAMES Bettina Aptheker Norman E. Whitten Jr. Julie Winch

DAWES ACT EL PLAN DE SANTA BARBARA FOURTH WORLD Steven Newcomb F. Arturo Rosales Nergis Canefe

DAY LABORERS, LATINO EMANCIPATION FREEDMEN’SBUREAU Abel Valenzuela Jr. Mark Elliott Mary Farmer-Kaiser

DEME ENLIGHTENMENT FRELIMO Michael Alan Park Mark G. Spencer Jason Sumich

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G GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT I GALTON, FRANCIS Shirley Ann Rainey IMMIGRATION REFORM (US) Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban GREAT CHAIN OF BEING Ngozi Caleb Kamalu Jonathan Marks GANDHI, MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND IMMIGRATION REGULATION Odinakachi Anyanwu Rajmohan Gandhi GUEVARA, CHE David William Foster Luisa Blanco GARNET, HENRY HIGHLAND Julius Amin IMPERIALISM: OVERVIEW H Ray Herna´ndez-Dura´n GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD HAITIAN REVOLUTION IMPERIALISM: AFRICA Anthony A. Iaccarino Lesley S. Curtis Stephen Bishop Deborah Jenson GARVEY, MARCUS IMPERIALISM: ASIA Tony Martin HAMER, FANNIE LOU Wellington K. K. Chan Mamie E. Locke GENOCIDE: OVERVIEW IMPERIALISM: MIDDLE EAST Daniel Rothenberg HATE CRIMES Tom Lansford Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION OVERVIEW HATE SPEECH (US) Troy R. Johnson Colin Clark Rod Dixon INDIAN SLAVERY GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HEALTH CARE GAP Denise Ileana Bossy HUMANITY: ARMENIA Joia S. Mukherjee INDIANS, AMERICAN AND ASIAN Rouben Paul Adalian Lanny Smith Desiree Barron Aisha Khan GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HEALTH DISPARITIES HUMANITY: ASSYRIAN MASSACRE Shelley White-Means INDIGENOUS David Gaunt HERITABILITY J. Ke¯haulani Kauanui R. C. Lewontin GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST INEQUALITY: OVERVIEW Kobi Abayomi HUMANITY: BALKANS HINDUS AND HINDUISM Kurt W. Jefferson Klaus K. Klostermaier INEQUALITY: BRAZIL Veronica Toste Daflon GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HIP-HOP CULTURE AND RAP MUSIC HUMANITY: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Gary W. Pritchard INEQUALITY: CHINA Sharon Mills Delia Davin HISTORICAL TRAUMA GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST Leonardo Fernandes Nascimento INEQUALITY: INDIA Deepti Goel HUMANITY: CAMBODIA HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND David Chandler UNIVERSITIES INEQUALITY: JAPAN Tin Tin Htun GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe HUMANITY: HAITIAN MASSACRE OF HITLER, ADOLF INEQUALITY: MEXICO 1937 Waitman W. Beorn Joshua K. Salyers Evelyn Cartright HIV AND AIDS INFANT MORTALITY AND BIRTH WEIGHT GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST Dorie J. Gilbert Yasmiyn Irizarry HUMANITY: JAPANESE OCCUPATION Pamela Braboy Jackson Joseph L. Graves Jr. HOLLYWOOD, RACIAL DEPICTIONS IN John R. Terry INTEGRATION Bill Reck GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HOLOCAUST HUMANITY: MAYAN GENOCIDE IN Stephen C. Feinstein INTELLIGENCE PROJECT GUATEMALA Heidi L. Beirich Samuel Totten HOLOCAUST DENIAL Mark Potok Waitman W. Beorn GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST INTERNAL COLONY HUMANITY: RWANDA HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION Roderick D. Bush Todd R. Disotell Samuel Totten INTERSECTIONALITY Rafiki Ubaldo HUMAN EVOLUTION AND GENETICS Colin Clark John Hawks GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST IQ AND TESTING: CRITIQUES HUMANITY: SUDAN HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Susan M. Barnett Samuel Totten Ricki Lewis Wendy M. Williams

GILROY, PAUL HUMAN TRAFFICKING ISLAMOPHOBIA Joseph Jordan Ngozi Caleb Kamalu J. Mark Halstead

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VOLUME 3 LINGUISTICS MULTICULTURALISM Handel Kashope Wright J J. Michael Terry JANVIER, LOUIS-JOSEPH LINKED FATE MULTIDIMENSIONAL INVENTORY OF Watson R. Denis Gladys Mitchell-Walthour BLACK IDENTITY (MIBI) Tiffany M. Griffin JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT LUMUMBA, PATRICE MUSLIMS AND ISLAM AND RELOCATION Leo Zeilig Roy L. Brooks Patrice C. Brodeur M JENSEN, ARTHUR N James R. Flynn MACHISMO Avelardo Valdez NAACP JEWISH DEFENSE LEAGUE Mamie E. Locke Alexander M. Feldman MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION POLICY NAACP: LEGAL ACTIONS, 1935–1955 JEWS AND JUDAISM Philip N. Jefferson Rod Dixon Avi Beker Mark Kuperberg NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED JIM CROW MALARIA, GENETIC ADAPTATION TO WOMEN’SCLUBS(NACWC) Ngozi Caleb Kamalu Joseph L. Graves Jr. Lillian Serece Williams

MALCOLM X NATIONAL NEGRO CONVENTION K MichaelJ.O’Neal MOVEMENT KAHANE, MEIR Beverly C. Tomek Yoram Peri MANDELA, NELSON John D. Brewer NATIONAL SOCIALISM KENNEWICK MAN Richard J. Evans James C. Chatters MAOISM Manoranjan Mohanty NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE (US) KING, MARTIN LUTHER JR. MichaelJ.O’Neal Hanes Walton Jr. MARDI GRAS INDIANS Jeffrey David Ehrenreich NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: KU KLUX KLAN OVERVIEW J. Keith Akins MARKET COMPETITION Kris Sealey James H. Peoples NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: L MARSHALL, THURGOOD DEFINITION AND HISTORY LA MALINCHE Deseriee A. Kennedy Julie Thorpe Adelaida R. Del Castillo MARXISM NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: LA RAZA Mike Cole CULTURAL NATIONALISM Natasha B. Barnes Jose´ Angel Gutie´rrez MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION Elizabeth Bishop LABOR MARKET Andrew Goliszek NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: Daniel Kuehn MENTAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Margaret C. Simms Courtney D. Cogburn AFRICA Chima J. Korieh LANGUAGE Tiffany M. Griffin Shelley Arlen James S. Jackson NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: ASIA Delia Davin Olga A. Va´squez MEXICANS Ray Herna´ndez-Dura´n NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY LATINA GENDER AND REPRODUCTION : EUROPE Leo Chavez MIDDLE EAST: MINORITIES Thomas Hylland Eriksen Hannah Muller-Sommerfeld¨ LATINO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: Ralph Armbruster-Sandoval MISSIONARIES Waibinte E. Wariboko LATIN AMERICA LATINOS Alexandra Puerto Jorge Chapa MODEL MINORITIES NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: Ann V. Millard Tamara K. Nopper MIDDLE EAST LEAGUE OF REVOLUTIONARY BLACK MORMONISM Ronald Bruce St John WORKERS Tona J. Hangen John R. Terry NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: MOTHERHOOD NORTH AMERICA LEWIS, W. ARTHUR Mary Alice Long Susan-Mary Grant Terry-Ann L. Craigie MULATTO ESCAPE HATCH NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: LIFE EXPECTANCY G. Reginald Daniel PAN-ARABISM Clarence C. Gravlee Alyssa Newman Ronald Bruce St John

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NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY: PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE RACIAL FORMATIONS: DOMINICAN ZIONISM AND ISRAEL Andrew S. Winston REPUBLIC Paul L. Scham Jennifer L. Shoaff PATHOLOGY, DYSFUNCTION, AND NATIVE AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE INEQUALITY RACIAL FORMATIONS: HAITI Leece M. Lee Sue K. Stockly John D. Garrigus Ejindu Ume NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS FUND RACIAL FORMATIONS: LATIN AMERICA (NARF) PAY EQUITY Norman E. Whitten Jr. Mark C. Tilden Dustin Avent-Holt Michelle J. Budig RACIAL FORMATIONS: SOUTH AFRICA NATIVISM Natascha Mueller-Hirth David H. Bennett PERFORMANCE Delia Steverson RACIAL HIERARCHY NEGRITUDE AND NEGRISMO Peter N. Peregrine Mamadou Badiane PERIYAR, E. V. RAMASAMY NAICKER Bhoomi K. Thakore RACIAL PROFILING AND BIASED NEOLIBERALISM Daya Thakore POLICING Richard H. Robbins Brian N. Williams PHULE, JOTIBA NEW ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT G. P. Deshpande RACIAL PURITY (US), 1900–1910 David A. Canton Tanya A. Faberson PIONEER FUND NEW NEGRO, THE William H. Tucker RACISM: OVERVIEW Glenn Adams Richard A. Long ‘‘PLAYING INDIAN’’ Phia S. Salter NKRUMAH, KWAME David Kamper Olayiwola M. Abegunrin PLESSY V. FERGUSON RACISM: ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSIONS Molly Townes O’Brien Austin W. Ashe NYERERE, JULIUS Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Cassandra R. Veney POLYGENISM Gary Bailey RACISM: AVERSIVE O John F. Dovidio POPULATION GENETICS Samuel L. Gaertner OBAMA, BARACK J. L. Verdolin Kevin Gaines RACISM: COLOR-BLIND PORRES, MARTIN DE, ST. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva OCCUPATIONAL CROWDING John J. Zokovitch III Michelle Christian Darrick Hamilton POST-STRUCTURALISM RACISM: CULTURAL OLYMPIC GAMES Victor Ray Peter Chua Lady Anima Adjepong Carol C. Mukhopadhyay Letisha Brown POVERTY Ananya Roy Ben Carrington RACISM: INSTITUTIONAL PREJUDICE Joe R. Feagin OPERATION GATEKEEPER H. D. Forbes Kristen M. Lavelle Joseph Nevins PRISON-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX RACISM: MEDICAL OPERATION WETBACK Alberto Gutierrez Janis Faye Hutchinson Juan R. Garcı´a PUERTO RICANS, RACIAL IDENTITY RACISM: SCIENTIFIC ORGANISATION ARME´ SECRE` (SECRET AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF Jonathan Marks ARMY ORGANIZATION) Jorge Duany John Ruedy RACISM: SYMBOLIC AND MODERN P. J. Henry ORIENTALISM R David O. Sears Heather A. Diamond RACE RIOTS Bill Reck RAMABAI, PANDITA ‘‘OUT OF AFRICA’’ HYPOTHESIS Urmila Bhirdikar Rachel Caspari RACIAL FORMATIONS: BRAZIL Bernd Reiter RAPE Beth D. Robinson P RACIAL FORMATIONS: CANADA PALESTINIAN NAKBA Debra Thompson RASSENHYGIENE Philip J. Mattar Gretchen E. Schafft RACIAL FORMATIONS: CENTRAL PAN-AFRICANISM AMERICA RASTAFARIANISM Diane Brook Napier Mark Anderson Stephen Glazier

PASSING RACIAL FORMATIONS: CUBA RECONSTRUCTION Paola Boi Elisa Facio Bertis D. English

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RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS SOCIAL CLASS AND MORTALITY STRATIFICATION ECONOMICS Vinay Harpalani Dean E. Robinson Sue K. Stockly Ryan Mitchell SOCIAL DEMOCRACY STUDENT NONVIOLENT REFORMATION AND RENAISSANCE Arjumand Siddiqi COORDINATING COMMITTEE Matthieu Chapman SNCC SOCIAL JUSTICE ( ) Adrienne L. Lucas REPARATIONS Bruce K. Friesen SUBSPECIES Roy L. Brooks SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF RACISM Jonathan Marks REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS Samuel L. Gaertner Mamie E. Locke James M. Jones SWEATSHOPS Eric W. Mania Jayati Lal RESERVATION SYSTEM Raymond J. Campbell SOCIAL WELFARE STATES Diana DiNitto T RODNEY, WALTER David H. Johnson TAY-SACHS DISEASE Rupert Charles Lewis SOCIALIZATION Shelley Z. Reuter ROMA Ashly L. Gaskin TELEVISION Colin Clark Shawn C. T. Jones Tina M. Harris Daniel B. Lee Trevy McDonald Enrique W. Neblett Jr. VOLUME 4 TEXAS RANGERS SOLDIERS OF COLOR Andrew R. Graybill S Stewart Royce King THEORIES OF ATHLETIC SCHLCHER, VICTOR SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Nelly Schmidt PERFORMANCE: OVERVIEW Heidi L. Beirich Joseph L. Graves Jr. Mark Potok SCHOLARSHIP: SOCIAL SCIENCES THEORIES OF ATHLETIC Sheena K. Gardner SOVEREIGNTY AND AMERICAN INDIAN Matthew W. Hughey PERFORMANCE: BASEBALL COMMUNITIES Stanton W. Green Lloyd L. Lee SCOTTSBORO BOYS THEORIES OF ATHLETIC Margaret Burnham SPORTS: OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE: BOXING Joseph L. Graves Jr. SECESSION Joseph L. Graves Jr. MichaelJ.Kelly SPORTS: ASIAN MARTIAL ARTS ‘‘THIRD WORLD,’’ TRANSNATIONAL, Tobias T. Gibson SEGREGATION, INDEX OF AND GLOBAL FEMINISMS DISSIMILARITY SPORTS: BASKETBALL Ranjoo S. Herr Joseph L. Graves Jr. Ashley Brown Burns TILLMAN, BENJAMIN ‘‘PITCHFORK’’ SEGREGATION, RESIDENTIAL SPORTS: CRICKET Stephen Kantrowitz Daryl Adair Mark Gross TOKENISM Kris Marsh SPORTS: FOOTBALL (INTERNATIONAL) Norma M. Riccucci Kevin Hylton SEX WORK TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE Melissa D. Hargrove SPORTS: FOOTBALL (US) Philippe R. Girard Charles K. Ross SEXUALITY, BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TRUTH, SOJOURNER Joseph L. Graves Jr. SPORTS: TRACK AND FIELD Rosetta E. Ross J. L. Verdolin Joseph L. Graves Jr. TURNER, HENRY MCNEAL SEXUALITY, RACIALIZED STANDARDIZED TESTS Morris G. Henderson Beth D. Robinson Bruce Webb TURNER, NAT SICKLE CELL ANEMIA STEREOTYPE Peter H. Wood Mark Nathan Cohen John F. Dovidio Melissa-Sue John SKIN COLOR U Nina G. Jablonski STEREOTYPE THREAT UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS Janeria Dunlap Marı´a Teresa Guevara Beltra´n SLAVE LABOR IN THE AMERICAS Ruth Trinidad Galva´n Ronald W. Bailey STIGMA Caroline Howarth UNEMPLOYMENT AND SLAVERY Cathryn Nicholson UNDEREMPLOYMENT Paul Finkelman Teresa Whitney Mathew Forstater

SMITH, JAMES MCCUNE STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER UNESCO STATEMENTS ON RACE Patrick Rael Ellen J. Goldner Elazar Barkan

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UNITED FARM WORKERS UNION W WHITENESS AND WHITE PRIVILEGE Zachary Casey Gilbert Felipe Mireles Jr. WALKER, DAVID Timothy Lensmire Patrick Rael UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION Brian Lozenski Donald E. Lively WASHINGTON, BOOKER T. Shannon K. McManimon W. Fitzhugh Brundage WILLIAMS, ERIC V Patricia Mohammed WEALTH VESEY DENMARK , Ngina Chiteji WILLIE LYNCH LETTER Douglas R. Egerton Darrick Hamilton William Jelani Cobb

VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS WEATHERING HYPOTHESIS WINFREY, OPRAH PEOPLE, LATIN AMERICA Tiffany L. GreenWELLS-BARNETT, Aneeka A. Henderson Walter M. Delrio IDA B. WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST Diana I. Lenton Paula J. Giddings RACISM Sukhadeo Thorat VIOLENCE, RACIAL WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY Joseph L. Graves Jr. Mark M. Leach Z VISUAL ARTS WHITE SETTLER SOCIETIES ZAPATISTA REBELLION David C. Hart Anthony Moran Carlos Salvador Ordo´n˜ez

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 (US) WHITE SUPREMACY ZOOT SUIT RIOTS John O. Calmore Claudette L. Tolson Catherine S. Ramı´rez

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