DOCSLIB.ORG

ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Hedychium Coronarium White Ginger to the User

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Hedychium Coronarium White Ginger to the User ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Hedychium coronarium White Ginger To the User: Element Stewardship Abstracts (ESAs) are prepared to provide The Nature Conservancy's Stewardship staff and other land managers with current management-related information on those species and communities that are most important to protect, or most important to control. The abstracts organize and summarize data from numerous sources including literature and researchers and managers actively working with the species or community. We hope, by providing this abstract free of charge, to encourage users to contribute their information to the abstract. This sharing of information will benefit all land managers by ensuring the availability of an abstract that contains up-to-date information on management techniques and knowledgeable contacts. Contributors of information will be acknowledged within the abstract and receive updated editions. To contribute information, contact the editor whose address is listed at the end of the document. For ease of update and retrievability, the abstracts are stored on computer at the national office of The Nature Conservancy. This abstract is a compilation of available information and is not an endorsement of particular practices or products. Please do not remove this cover statement from the attached abstract. Authors of this Abstract: Tim Tunison (PRO) © THE NATURE CONSERVANCY 1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 (703) 841 5300 The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract For Hedychium coronarium I. IDENTIFIERS Common Name: WHITE GINGER Global Rank: G? General Description: Erect, coarse herbaceous perennial, 1-2 m tall. Pest/Weed Considerations: Hedychium coronarium is considered a pest by Smith (1985) only on Maui and Hawaii. II. STEWARDSHIP SUMMARY Hedychium coronarium is capable of forming dense, single species stands by vegetative spread through the expansion of a dense rhizome. The importance of spread from seed may be minimal except at lower elevations. White ginger is one of the most disruptive alien plant species at Kamakou Preserve, particularly in drainages in mesic sites where rare plants tend to be concentrated. Control away from drainages can be carried out by herbicides, Escort being the most likely candidate. Control in the drainages should probably be mechanical/manual unless a non-mobile herbicide can be identified. Recovery in white ginger sites and production of viable seed at Kamakou should be monitored, if time permits. III. NATURAL HISTORY Range: Probably native to the Himalayas and southeastern China, and now naturalized in mesic (Wagner et al. 1990) and wet forest in Hawaii (Smith 1985). It is found on the five largest islands. Habitat: Naturalized in mesic (Wagner et al. 1990) and wet forest in Hawaii (Smith 1985). Ecology: The ecology of Hedychium coronarium has been little studied. It appears to be relatively shade tolerant, as indicated by its growth in partial shade at Kamakou Preserve. It is capable of growing in exposed sites. Seed is produced at lower elevations in Hawaii, but have lower dispersal potential because seeds are not displayed for avian vectors (Smith pers. comm. 1985). Seed is not produced on Hawaii Island at 1,200 m elevation (Cuddihy pers. comm., Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 1991). White ginger does not produce seeds at Kalopa State Park at 600 m (Tomich pers. comm., State of Hawaii, 1991 ). Exact elevation limits to seed production are not known. White ginger distribution at Kamakou Preserve can be explained by dispersal of rhizome fragments by water or road maintenance machinery. Dense colonies arise vegetatively by spread of the rhizomes. Impacts: Smith (1985) ranks Hedychium coronarium as one of the 86 most disruptive alien plants in Hawaii because of its capacity to form extensive single species stands. It is considered a pest by Smith (1985) only on Maui and Hawaii. However, white ginger is also disruptively invasive on Molokai at Kamakou Preserve. It is not found at Waikamoi Preserve. IV. CONDITION V. MANAGEMENT/MONITORING Management Requirements: Hedychium coronarium should be controlled at Kamakou, especially in drainages because of a threat to rare mesic shrubland flora in these sites. Kamakou staff has effectively controlled some Hedychium coronarium populations by a combination of manual and mechanical means. These labor-intensive methods are effective on invasive ginger species in Hawaii. Often considerable follow-up is needed because of the difficulty of locating and removing all rhizome fragments, which are capable of resprouting. A mechanical method that has been effective on kahili ginger and would probably work on white ginger is repreated mowings. The shoots are cut off with a weed eater. Resprouting shoots are cut when they reach 12 inches. Ninety percent control is achieved with kahili ginger in approximately one year, although complete control may require several years (Markowitz pers. comm.). Escort, at a concentration of 4.5 g/l of water, without a surfactant, is highly effective on kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Cuddihy pers. comm.(b)). This was also relatively effective on an unreplicated trial on white ginger at Hawaii Volcanoes. Tomich (pers. comm.) found that undiluted Roundup was effective on white ginger when applied to the above ground roots emerging from the rhizomes, after the shoots were removed. However, local State Department of Agriculture officials should be consulted before using this method, which may be interpreted as a foliar application rather than a cut-surface application. Management Programs: Hedychium coronarium has been controlled at Kalopa State Park (Tomich pers. comm.). Kamakou has successfully controlled some white ginger colonies. Monitoring Requirements: Recovery of sites where Hedychium coronarium has been removed by manual/mechanical or herbicidal means should be monitored at Kamakou Preserve. The production of viable seed or presence of seedling recruitment should also be monitored at Kamakou. Standard plot counts and cover changes; observation of seed production and germination tests. VI. RESEARCH Management Research Programs: Arakaki is studying the effectiveness of Escort in Hedychium coronarium control at Kamakou Preserve (Misaki pers. comm.) Management Research Needs: Identification of an effective non-mobile herbicide would be useful in control of Hedychium coronarium at Kamakou. Detailed studies of life-history and ecology, useful for state-wide control of widespread species such as clidemia (Clidemia hirta) are not needed for a localized threat such as white ginger. VII. ADDITIONAL TOPICS VIII. INFORMATION SOURCES IX. DOCUMENT PREPARATION & MAINTENANCE Edition Date: 91-08-12 Contributing Author(s): TIM TUNISON Tim Tunison.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • – the 2020 Horticulture Guide –
    – THE 2020 HORTICULTURE GUIDE – THE 2020 BULB & PLANT MART IS BEING HELD ONLINE ONLY AT WWW.GCHOUSTON.ORG THE DEADLINE FOR ORDERING YOUR FAVORITE BULBS AND SELECTED PLANTS IS OCTOBER 5, 2020 PICK UP YOUR ORDER OCTOBER 16-17 AT SILVER STREET STUDIOS AT SAWYER YARDS, 2000 EDWARDS STREET FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2020 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2020 9:00am - 5:00pm 9:00am - 2:00pm The 2020 Horticulture Guide was generously underwritten by DEAR FELLOW GARDENERS, I am excited to welcome you to The Garden Club of Houston’s 78th Annual Bulb and Plant Mart. Although this year has thrown many obstacles our way, we feel that the “show must go on.” In response to the COVID-19 situation, this year will look a little different. For the safety of our members and our customers, this year will be an online pre-order only sale. Our mission stays the same: to support our community’s green spaces, and to educate our community in the areas of gardening, horticulture, conservation, and related topics. GCH members serve as volunteers, and our profits from the Bulb Mart are given back to WELCOME the community in support of our mission. In the last fifteen years, we have given back over $3.5 million in grants to the community! The Garden Club of Houston’s first Plant Sale was held in 1942, on the steps of The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, with plants dug from members’ gardens. Plants propagated from our own members’ yards will be available again this year as well as plants and bulbs sourced from near and far that are unique, interesting, and well suited for area gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Hedychium Spicatum
    Hedychium spicatum Family: Zingiberaceae Local/common names: Van-Haldi, Sati, Kapoor kachri, Karchura (Sanskrit) Trade name: Kapoor kachri Profile: Hedychium spicatum belongs to the same family as ginger and turmeric and has been extensively used in traditional medicine systems for the treatment of diseases ranging from asthma to indigestion. The entire genus is native to the tropical belt in Asia and the Himalayas. Across its range (from Nepal to the Kumaon hills), Hedychium spicatum differs across its range with variations found in the colour of the flowers from white to pale yellow. Although the specie sis fairly commonly found, it is now being collected for its fragrant roots and seeds from the wild, putting pressure on the wild populations. Habitat and ecology: This plant grows in moist soil and shaded areas in mixed forests. It occurs as a perennial herb in the Himalayas at an altitude of 800-3000 m. It is found in parts of the Western Himalayas, Nepal, Kumaon, Dehradun, Tehri and Terai regions of Darjeeling and Sikkim. Morphology: Hedychium spicatum is a perennial rhizomatous herb measuring up to 1 m in height. The leaves are oblong and up to 30 cm long and 4-12 cm broad. The rhizome is quite thick, up to 7.5 cm in diameter, aromatic, knotty, spreading horizontally under the soil surface, grayish brown in colour with long, thick fibrous roots. The leaves are 30 cm or more in length while the inflorescence is spiked. The flowers are fragrant, white with an orange- red base and born in a dense terminal spike 15-25 cm on a robust leafy stem of 90-150 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Review on Hedychium Coronarium Koen. : the White Ginger Lily
    ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 831 ___________________________________________________________Review Article Pharmacological Review on Hedychium coronarium Koen. : The White Ginger Lily 1* 1 1 2 Chaithra B , Satish S , Karunakar Hegde , A R Shabaraya 1Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, India. 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, India. ________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Hedychium coronarium K. (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous flowering plant popularly called white ginger lily. It is found to have various ethnomedicinal and ornamental significance. The plant is native to tropical Asia and the Himalayas. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of India.1 Its rhizome is used in the treatment of diabetes. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of tonsillitis, infected nostrils, tumor and fever. It is also used as antirheumatic, excitant, febrifuge and tonic. It has been reported that the essential oil extracted from leaves, flowers and rhizome of the plant have molluscicidal activity, potent inhibitory action, antimicrobial activities, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and analgesic effects. This paper reports on its pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiurolithiatic, antinociceptive, CNS depressant, cancer chemoprevention and anticancer, Antimicrobial, Mosquito Larvicidal, cytotoxicity activity. Keywords: Hedychium coronarium, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiurolithiatic, Mosquito larvicidal. INTRODUCTION India is rich in ethnic diversity and indigenous The medicinal plants are rich in secondary knowledge that has resulted in exhaustive metabolites, which are potential sources of ethnobotanical studies. Plants have been the drugs and essential oils of therapeutic major source of drugs in medicine and other importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Hedychium Muluense R.M. Smith Hamidou F
    First Report of Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis from Shoot Apex-Derived Callus of Hedychium muluense R.M. Smith Hamidou F. Sakhanokho Rowena Y. Kelley Kanniah Rajasekaran ABSTRACT. The genus Hedychium consists of about 50 species, with increasing popularity as ornamentals and potential as medicinal crop plants, but there are no reports on somatic embryogenic regeneration of any member of this genus. The objective of this investigation was to establish an in vitro regeneration system based on somatic embryogenesis for Hedychium muluense R.M. Smith using shoot apex-derived callus. Callus was induced and proliferated on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (CIPM) supplemented with 9.05 j.tM 2-4, D, and 4.6 p.M kinetin. Hamidou F. Sakhanokho is affiliated with the USDA-ARS, Thad Cchran Southern Horticultural Laboratory, P.O. Box 287, 810 Hwy 26 West, Poplarville, MS39470.r . • Rowena Y. Kelley is affiliated with the USDA-ARS-C.HPRRU,81O Hwy12 E, Mississippi State, MS 39762.. Kanniah Rajasekaran is affiliated with the USDAARS-SRRC, 110) Robert E. Lee Bld.Nev Orleans, LA70124. The authors thank Mr. Kermis Myrick, Ms. Lindsey Tanguis,and Ms. Alexandria Goins for technical assistance. ri Mention of trade names of commercial products in the publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommenda- tion or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. - Address correspondence to: Hamidou F. Sakhanokho at the abo"e address (E-mail: Journal of Cop Improvement, Vol. 21(2) (#42) 2008 - Available online at http://jcrip.hworthpreSs.corn • © 2008 by The Haworth Press, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Thai Zingiberaceae : Species Diversity and Their Uses
    URL: http://www.iupac.org/symposia/proceedings/phuket97/sirirugsa.html © 1999 IUPAC Thai Zingiberaceae : Species Diversity And Their Uses Puangpen Sirirugsa Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand Abstract: Zingiberaceae is one of the largest families of the plant kingdom. It is important natural resources that provide many useful products for food, spices, medicines, dyes, perfume and aesthetics to man. Zingiber officinale, for example, has been used for many years as spices and in traditional forms of medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Recently, scientific study has sought to reveal the bioactive compounds of the rhizome. It has been found to be effective in the treatment of thrombosis, sea sickness, migraine and rheumatism. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE Perennial rhizomatous herbs. Leaves simple, distichous. Inflorescence terminal on the leafy shoot or on the lateral shoot. Flower delicate, ephemeral and highly modified. All parts of the plant aromatic. Fruit a capsule. HABITATS Species of the Zingiberaceae are the ground plants of the tropical forests. They mostly grow in damp and humid shady places. They are also found infrequently in secondary forest. Some species can fully expose to the sun, and grow on high elevation. DISTRIBUTION Zingiberaceae are distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. The center of distribution is in SE Asia. The greatest concentration of genera and species is in the Malesian region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea) *Invited lecture presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity and Bioresources: Conservation and Utilization, 23–27 November 1997, Phuket, Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Regeneration of Hedychium Coronarium Through Protocorm-Like Bodies
    agronomy Article Efficient Regeneration of Hedychium coronarium through Protocorm-Like Bodies Xiu Hu 1, Jiachuan Tan 1, Jianjun Chen 2,* , Yongquan Li 1,* and Jiaqi Huang 1 1 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (J.H.) 2 Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA * Correspondence: jjchen@ufl.edu (J.C.); [email protected] (Y.L.) Received: 1 July 2020; Accepted: 22 July 2020; Published: 24 July 2020 Abstract: Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig is a multipurpose plant with significant economic value, but it has been overexploited and listed as a vulnerable, near threatened or endangered species. In vitro culture methods have been used for propagating disease-free propagules for its conservation and production. However, explant contamination has been a bottleneck in in vitro propagation due to the use of rhizomes as the explant source. Plants in the family Zingiberaceae have pseudostems that support inflorescences, while rhizomes are considered true stems. The present study, for the first time, reported that the pseudostem bears nodes and vegetative buds and could actually be true stems. The evaluation of different sources of explants showed that mature node explants derived from the stem were the most suitable ones for in vitro culture because of the lowest contamination and the highest bud break rates. Culture of mature node explants on MS medium supplemented with 13.32, 17.76, and 22.20 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), each in combination with 9.08 µM thidiazurin (TDZ) and 0.05 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced the conversion of buds to micro-rhizomes in six weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Literature
    Pharmacogn J. 2019; 11(6)Suppl:1511-1525 A Multifaceted Journal in the field of Natural Products and Pharmacognosy Original Article www.phcogj.com Phytochemical and Pharmacological Support for the Traditional Uses of Zingiberacea Species in Suriname - A Review of the Literature Dennis RA Mans*, Meryll Djotaroeno, Priscilla Friperson, Jennifer Pawirodihardjo ABSTRACT The Zingiberacea or ginger family is a family of flowering plants comprising roughly 1,600 species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes divided into about 50 genera. The Zingiberaceae are distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many members are economically important as spices, ornamentals, cosmetics, Dennis RA Mans*, Meryll traditional medicines, and/or ingredients of religious rituals. One of the most prominent Djotaroeno, Priscilla Friperson, characteristics of this plant family is the presence of essential oils in particularly the rhizomes Jennifer Pawirodihardjo but in some cases also the leaves and other parts of the plant. The essential oils are in general Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of made up of a variety of, among others, terpenoid and phenolic compounds with important Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of biological activities. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is well-known for its ethnic and Suriname, Paramaribo, SURINAME. cultural diversity as well as its extensive ethnopharmacological knowledge and unique plant Correspondence biodiversity. This paper first presents some general information on the Zingiberacea family, subsequently provides some background about Suriname and the Zingiberacea species in the Dennis RA Mans country, then extensively addresses the traditional uses of one representative of the seven Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom genera in the country and provides the phytochemical and pharmacological support for these University of Suriname, Kernkampweg 6, uses, and concludes with a critical appraisal of the medicinal values of these plants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential for the Biological Control of Hedychium Gardnerianum
    The potential for the biological control of Hedychium gardnerianum Annual report 2012 www.cabi.org KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE A report of the 4th Phase Research on the Biological Control of Hedychium gardnerianum Produced for Landcare Research, New Zealand and The Nature Conservancy, Hawai’i DH Djeddour, C Pratt, RH Shaw CABI Europe - UK Bakeham Lane Egham Surrey TW20 9TY UK CABI Reference: VM10089a www.cabi.org KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE In collaboration with The National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources and The Indian Council for Agricultural Research Table of Contents 1. Executive summary .................................................................................................. 1 2. Recommendations ................................................................................................... 3 3. Acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................................... 4 4. Phase 4 detail .......................................................................................................... 5 4.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 5 4.2 Aims and Milestones ...................................................................................... 5 4.3 Administration .................................................................................................. 7 4.4 Outputs .......................................................................................................... 13 5. Surveys .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 49 2006 The volutE ionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales W. John Kress Smithsonian Institution Chelsea D. Specht Smithsonian Institution; University of California, Berkeley Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Kress, W. John and Specht, Chelsea D. (2006) "The vE olutionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 49. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/49 Zingiberales MONOCOTS Comparative Biology and Evolution Excluding Poales Aliso 22, pp. 621-632 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden THE EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE TROPICAL MONOCOT ORDER ZINGIBERALES W. JOHN KRESS 1 AND CHELSEA D. SPECHT2 Department of Botany, MRC-166, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA 1Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Zingiberales are a primarily tropical lineage of monocots. The current pantropical distribution of the order suggests an historical Gondwanan distribution, however the evolutionary history of the group has never been analyzed in a temporal context to test if the order is old enough to attribute its current distribution to vicariance mediated by the break-up of the supercontinent. Based on a phylogeny derived from morphological and molecular characters, we develop a hypothesis for the spatial and temporal evolution of Zingiberales using Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis (DIVA) combined with a local molecular clock technique that enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple gene loci with multiple calibration points.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Landscape Surveillance for New Weed Threats Project 2018-2019
    State Herbarium of South Australia Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium Economic & Sustainable Development Group Department for Environment and Water Milestone Report Regional Landscape Surveillance for New Weed Threats Project 2018-2019 Milestone: Annual report on new plant naturalisations in South Australia Chris J. Brodie, Peter J. Lang & Michelle Waycott June 2019 Contents Summary............................................................................................................................... 3 1. Activities and outcomes for 2017/2018 financial year........................................................ 3 Funding ............................................................................................................................. 3 Activities ........................................................................................................................... 4 Outcomes and progress of weeds monitoring ..................................................................... 6 2. New naturalised or questionably naturalised records of plants in South Australia. ............. 7 3. Descriptions of newly recognised weeds in South Australia .............................................. 9 4. Updates to weed distributions in South Australia, weed status and name changes ............ 29 References .......................................................................................................................... 33 Appendix 1: Activities of the Weeds Botanist ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Zingiberaceae): an Endemic and Threatened Species in the Philippines
    Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, July 2019. Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 88-92 AJCB: SC0034 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP 2019 Taxonomy, Recollection and Conservation of newly discovered populations of Hedychium philippinense (Zingiberaceae): an endemic and threatened species in the Philippines Tobias Adriane B.1*, Malabrigo, Pastor JR. L.1, Umali Arthur Glenn A.1, eduarte gerald T.1, Mohagan Alma B.2,3 & Mendez Noe P.2,3 1Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031, Laguna, Philippines 2Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and 3Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Min- danao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, 8710 Bukidnon, Philippines (Received: June 11, 2019; Revised: June 25, 2019; Accepted: July 11, 2019) ABSTRACT Recent explorations in the Philippines resulted in the recollection of Hedychium philippinense, an imperfectly known Philippine endemic and threatened Zingiberaceae species which was first collected and described over a century. Unlike H. coronarium, a widely cultivated and extensively studied species, there is little informa- tion about H. philippinense. It was in 1925 when the identity and taxonomy of the species was resolved by Merrill. This present paper reports the extended distribution of H. philippinense from Kasibu, province of Nueva Vizcaya in northern Luzon and Mt. Malambo, Marilog District, Davao City in southern Mindanao. Detailed taxonomic description, updated distribution and supplementary information such as local names, phenology, habitat and ecology, conservation status, medicinal value, and propagation are provided in this paper. Since the Philippine Zingiberaceae are poorly known, it is important to note the characteristics of H.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Assessment
    Final Environmental Assessment Kohala Mountain Watershed Management Project Districts of Hāmākua, North Kohala, and South Kohala County of Hawai‘i Island of Hawai‘i In accordance with Chapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes Proposed by: Kohala Watershed Partnership P.O. Box 437182 Kamuela, HI 96743 October 15, 2008 Table of Contents I. Summary................................................................................................................ .... 3 II. Overall Project Description ................................................................................... .... 6 III. Description of Actions............................................................................................ .. 10 IV. Description of Affected Environments .................................................................. .. 18 V. Summary of Major Impacts and Mitigation Measures........................................... .. 28 VI. Alternatives Considered......................................................................................... .. 35 VII. Anticipated Determination, Reasons Supporting the Anticipated Determination.. .. 36 VIII. List of Permits Required for Project...................................................................... .. 39 IX. Environmental Assessment Preparation Information ............................................ .. 40 X. References ............................................................................................................. .. 40 XI. Appendices ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]