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The 2013 "Research on Drug Evidence"

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The 2013 The 2013 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report [From the 17th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium] Robert F. X. Klein U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Special Testing and Research Laboratory 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles, VA 20166 [[email protected]] ABSTRACT: A reprint of the 2013 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report (a review) is provided. KEYWORDS: INTERPOL, Illicit Drugs, Controlled Substances, Forensic Chemistry. Important Information: Distributed at the 17th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium, Lyon, France, October 8 - 10, 2013.* Authorized Reprint. Copyright INTERPOL. All rights reserved. May not be reprinted without express permission from INTERPOL. For pertinent background, see: Klein RFX. ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposia, 1995 - 2016. “Research on Drug Evidence”. Prefacing Remarks (and a Request for Information). Microgram Journal 2016;13(1-4):1-3. Citations in this report from the Journal of the Clandestine Laboratory Investigating Chemists Association were (and remain) Law Enforcement Restricted. The "General Overview" (Talking Paper) was removed from this reprint (Editor's discretion). This reprint is derived from the original electronic document, and is not an image of the best available hard copy (as was utilized for the 1995 and 1998 reports). For this reason, the pagination in the Proceedings is not retained in this reprint, some minor reformatting was done to eliminate deadspace, and all widow and orphan lines were left as is. [* Due to travel restrictions in effect in late 2013, this report and the associated "General Overview" (Talking Paper) was not actually presented, but rather the report was only distributed to the attendees.] Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 511 Research on Drug Evidence January 1, 2010 - June 30, 2013 Presented by: Jeffrey H. Comparin Prepared by: Robert F.X. Klein U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Forensic Sciences 8701 Morrissette Drive Springfield, VA 22152 USA (Coordinating Office) and Special Testing and Research Laboratory 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles, VA 20166 USA (Coordinating Laboratory) Seventeenth ICPO - INTERPOL Forensic Sciences Symposium October 2013 Lyon, France 512 Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 Table of Contents General Overview (Talking Paper) - [Removed at the Editor’s Discretion] 1. Routine and Improved Analyses of Abused Substances 1.A - General Reviews and Overviews 1.B - Specific (Named) Compounds or Substances 1.C - Common Groups or Classes of Compounds or Substances 1.D - Polydrug A: Mixed or Unrelated Named Compounds or Substances 2. Instrument Focus 2.A - Polydrug B: Mixed or Unrelated Groups of Compounds or Substances 2.B - New and/or Improved Instrumental Techniques 3. Miscellaneous Topics Preface Notes: 1. With the exception of synthetic cannabinoids and cannabimimetics, all references are subdivided by individual drug, drug group or class, or general topic, then chronologically, and finally alphabetically within each year (first author's last name). Individual synthetic cannabinoids and cannabimimetics are included in that drug group (i.e., not as individual drugs). In addition, and in contrast to past reports from this laboratory, references are organized as much as is practical by specific drug or drug group/class. This change is necessary because of the large numbers of similar types of "designer drugs," most notably the synthetic cannabinoids and cannabimimetics, the cathinones and related amphetamine-type-stimulants, and the methylenedioxyphenethylamines and related hallucinogens. 2. References from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2010 are included because many were either not cited in the last review (because they had not yet been abstracted or printed), or were cited as "Ahead of Print" (i.e., without volume, issue, or page numbers). Some of the references from January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2013 in this report are similarly cited as "Ahead of Print;" all such references were still in "Ahead of Print" status as of June 30, 2013. Readers should be aware that the year listed with "Ahead of Print" may not reflect the eventual year of publication; however, the article's author(s), article title, and journal should remain the same regardless of the actual year of publication, allowing the full citation to be easily found by Internet searching. 3. Note that the following reference is law enforcement restricted, and is not available to the Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 513 general public: Journal of the Clandestine Laboratory Investigating Chemists Association (all years). All other references cited in this report were acquired from the "Forensic Chemistry" sections of Chemical Abstracts, and to the author's knowledge are non-restricted. [Please also note that the second quarterly issue of the 2013 Journal of the Clandestine Laboratory Investigating Chemists Association (i.e., 2013; 23(2)) had not been published by the reference cutoff date, June 30, 2013.] 514 Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 1. Routine and Improved Analyses of Abused Substances Improved methods of analysis, i.e., faster, more discriminatory, more sensitive, less costly, etc., are needed for all abused substances. Additionally, standard analytical data are required for previously unknown or rarely encountered substances and/or new "designer drugs." Drug seizures and clandestine laboratory operations are continuously monitored to provide a comprehensive overview of new developments. Ongoing research in the forensic community, as well as in the general fields of analytical chemistry and toxicology, provide new and/or improved methods of analysis for abused substances. Reports providing standard analytical data for new drugs of abuse and/or improved analytical protocols for known drugs of abuse are generated for the forensic and enforcement communities. 1.A - General Reviews and Overviews 1.B - Individual Compounds or Substances 1.C - Common Groups or Classes of Compounds or Substances 1.D - Polydrug A: Mixed or Unrelated Named Compounds or Substances ---------- 1.A - General Reviews and Overviews 2010 INTERPOL Triennial Report on forensic science (1); brief overview (2); 2011 Analytical Chemistry biannual review of forensic science (3); brief, conversational overview (4). ---------- 1.B - Individual Compounds or Substances (except individual synthetic cannabinoids and cannabimimetics) Alprazolam: 2011 analysis by DART-TOF-MS (5); Amphetamine: 2010 2H and 13C isotope ratios in amphetamine synthesized from benzaldehyde and nitroethane (6); impurity profiling (7); 2011 by Raman and SERS, with spectral analyses by ab initio calculations (8); 1-Benzyl-4-methylpiperazine: 2012 identification by MS, after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and by NMR (9); Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 515 Buphedrone (2-(methylamino)-1-phenylbutan-1-one): 2013 characterization with GC/MS, HPLC-DAD, and LC-MS/MS (10); Buprenorphine: 2011 by GC/MS (11); 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe): 2013 characterization by GC-EI-MS (with and without derivatization with TFAA), LC-ESI-QTOF-MS, FTIR, and NMR (12); meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP): 2011 characterization by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization, XRF, IMS, and NMR (13); Citalopram: 2012 determination by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods (14); Cocaine: 2010 detection on clothing using Raman (15); transacetylation of benzocaine by acetylsalicylic acid to create N-acetylbenzocaine in cocaine (16); comparison of corona discharge ionization-IMS versus AP-CI-MS for detection of cocaine (17); a 20 year survey of cocaine seized in France (year range not specified in the abstract) (18); detailed evaluation of the mass spectrum of cocaine (19); 2011 detection of cocaine solutions in sealed bottles of (nominal) alcoholic beverages by Raman (20); determination on banknotes using an aptamer-based electrochemiluminescence biosensor (21); detection of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene as an adulterant in cocaine by GC/MS (22); detection of cocaine solutions in wine bottles by 1H-NMR (23); detection by TLC and cobalt thiocyanate (24); detection based on strand-displacement polymerization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (25); analysis and classification using GC/IRMS to determine d13C values (26); use of the gold chloride microcrystalline test to identify cocaine and certain adulterants (27); temperature-dependent elimination of benzoic acid during pyrolysis of cocaine (28); analysis by TLC coupled to easy ambient sonic-spray ionization MS (29); use of metastable state nanoparticle-enhanced Raman for highly sensitive detection of cocaine (30); 2012 determination of phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole enantiomers (present in cocaine) by chiral GC (31); detection by structure-switch aptamer-based CZE (32); determination of the time lag between coca leaf harvest and the seizure and analysis of illicit cocaine (33); analysis using differential mobility spectrometry-MS (34); by electrochemical detection (35); detection using a specialized fluorescence sensor (36); analysis of cocaine smuggled by dissolution in polyvinyl alcohol in a dance pad (37); quantification of binary mixtures of cocaine and adulterants using dispersive Raman, FTIR, and Principal Component Regression (38); analysis of Brazilian "oxi" cocaine (analytical methods not specified in the abstract) (39); 2013 by electrochemical determination (40); by GC/FID (41); detection of hygrine
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