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Bolivia Case Study Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Vol Electronic Journal of Biotechnology E-ISSN: 0717-3458 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile Avila, Teresa; Izquierdo, Juan Management of the appropriate agricultural biotechnology for small producers: Bolivia case study Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 9, núm. 1, enero, 2006, pp. 1-7 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173314716002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.9 No.1, Issue of January 15, 2006 © 2006 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received July 7, 2004 / Accepted July 19, 2005 DOI: 10.2225/vol9-issue1-fulltext-4 BIOTECHNOLOGY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Management of the appropriate agricultural biotechnology for small producers: Bolivia case study Teresa Avila* Pairumani’s Phytoecogenetics Research Center P.O. Box 128 Cochabamba, Bolivia Tel: 591 4 4260083 Fax: 591 4 4263329 E-mail: [email protected] Juan Izquierdo Senior Plant Production Officer REDBIO/FAO Network Technical Secretary FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean P.O. Box 10095, Santiago, Chile Tel: 56 2 3372100 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.redbio.org Keywords: Andean crops, appropriate biotechnology, biotechnology administration, Bolivia, genetic resources, policy, REDBIO/FAO, regulations, technical cooperation network on plant biotechnology. Abbreviations: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Intellectual property rights (IPR) World Trade Organization (WTO) Pairumani Phytogenetic Research Center (CIFP) National System of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SINARGEAA) Potato Seed Production Unit (SEPA) Foundation for the Promotion and Research of Andean Products (PROINPA) Ministry of Farmer and Agricultural Affairs (MACA) Bolivian System of Agricultural Technology (SIBTA) Gabriel Rene Moreno Autonomous University (UAGRM) Mayor de San Simon University (UMSS) Mayor de San Andres University (UMSA) Oruro Technical University (UTO) Juan Misael Saracho Autonomous University (UAJMS) Mayor de San Francisco Xavier University (UMSFX) Bolivian Forum for the Environment and Development (FOBOMADE) Productivity Biosphere and Environment (PROBIOMA) The Bolivia study is part of an ongoing multiple case Over the past ten years, the public research and study organized by the FAO’s Regional Office for Latin academic institutions have allocated resources to America and the Caribbean as part of the activities of implement laboratories and others have widened and the Technical Cooperation Network on Agricultural updated their facilities. Nonetheless, a different Biotechnology (REDBIO/FAO). The basic information situation is observed in the private sector where some was obtained through a survey and/or direct interview laboratories have been forced to close down and to to a significant number of experts from Bolivian reduce production due to the economic crisis of the institutions involving management, regulation, research, country. In view of the country’s specific needs and innovation, application and education of agricultural opportunities regarding conservation and utilization of biotechnology. At national level, the most relevant genetic resources, biotechnology can constitute a applied agri-biotechnologies are presently in vitro plant valuable tool for the sustainable development of the culture, genomics, molecular genetics, assisted country. reproduction techniques in animals, and techniques supporting plant and animal disease diagnosis. They The great challenge of science nowadays, particularly for have been developed and appropriated to support the agriculture and its role in food security, is to have an impact agricultural sector including genetically modified crops. on the sectors with fewer resources. One of the ways to *Corresponding author This paper is available on line at http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol9/issue1/full/4/ Avila, T. and Izquierdo, J. ensure successful research planning is to prove an Community on the Common Access to the Genetic overview of the technological demand in the different steps Resources, approved in July 1996, as the legal basis for of the production chains. In order for biotechnology to matters on this issue. contribute to development, multiple aspects should be taken into account; including its rational harmonious use with Bolivia is a remarkably rich country in biodiversity, but environment and natural resources. It should be oriented in nevertheless, it is a country with high levels of poverty and a responsible and viable manner towards the real needs of food insecurity. It has an agricultural sector facing the the country, emphasized within an appropriate impact of low export crop productivity due to multiple biotechnological concept (Wendt and Izquierdo, 2003). constraints; ranging from extensive agricultural land degradation, irrigation water distribution shortages, lack of The most used biotechnological techniques which support technology, high incidence of acid tropical soils and land the agricultural sector at a global level have been; in vitro contamination due to mining and oil exploitation (Ibisch plant culture, the use of molecular markers, and more and Merida, 2003). recently, genetic engineering. These techniques have proven to be powerful tools to support crop genetic Within this context, the appropriate development of improvement, obtain and rapidly multiply new varieties, biotechnology as a complementary tool to genetic diagnose diseases and characterize genetic resources. In improvement of crops and crop production, can constitute a 2005, the REDBIO/FAO network in Latin America valuable tool for the sustainable development of the involved more than 750 laboratories dedicated mainly to in country, since it has the potential to help improve vitro culture in practically all countries for dozens of food productivity, food security and the conservation of genetic crops, fruits, vegetables and forest species. Likewise, resources. In spite of this, plant biotechnology applications molecular techniques are being implemented in most of the must respond to increasing demands in terms of: food countries of the region. Nevertheless, recombinant DNA security, socioeconomic development, promotion of technology is limited to technologically more advanced conservation, diversification and sustainable use of plant countries like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Cuba (Wendt genetic resources as basic inputs for future agriculture. and Izquierdo, 2003). Advanced biotechnologies, such as cell and tissue culture, molecular genome analysis, plant genetic transformation, The biotechnological industry’s best sold products in Latin molecular plant disease diagnosis and germplasm cryo- America are the transgenic seeds that have been conservation, can be successfully used to cope with; genetic commercialized since 1996 in Argentina and most recently erosion, to reinforce ex situ collections and in situ in various countries of Latin America (ISAAA, 2004). The conservation, to upgrade the supply of improved and second most commercialized products are the plantlets and healthy seeds and planting materials to farmers, and to selected cultured seeds and virus-free crops obtained by integrate a new approach into the development programs tissue culture techniques and in some cases molecular for food production and feeding security in mountain lands. markers (CamBioTec, 2003). Objective The biotechnology management, at a macro-level, falls within a number of international agreements that are The objective of this case study was to identify the transformed into laws and domestic policies. biotechnological techniques that are being used in Bolivia within the agricultural sector, describe the institutional Biotechnology use was first discussed and taken to a scenario in which these activities are conducted, analyze worldwide level at the United Nations Conference on the legal and institutional framework for the management Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in of biotechnology, situate the analysis within a regional and 1992, it was included in the 21st Agenda and in the international context, and propose activities promoting the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Cartagena use and application of biotechnology. Protocol on Biosecurity, in the frame of the CBD, was adopted on September 11, 2002. To date (June 25, 2005) it MATERIALS AND METHODS has been ratified by 123 countries. The Bolivia case study is part of an ongoing multiple study Intellectual property rights (IPR) are acquiring more organized by FAO’s regional office for Latin America and importance in biotechnology management. Member the Caribbean under REDBIO/FAO’s network for Ecuador countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) consider (Wendt and Izquierdo, 2003); Argentina (unpublished), the agreement on IPR related to commerce as the basis for Peru1, Colombia2, Chile3, Uruguay and Venezuela (planned their domestic legislation on this issue. The CBD has for 2006). played an important role in the acknowledgement of ownership rights related to genetic resources, since it was The Bolivia study is based on information obtained through legally recognized that the “States
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