Reprocessing Is When Waste from a Commercial Nuclear Reactor Is Put Through a Process That Recovers Around 30% of the Spent Nuclear Fuel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Reprocessing Is When Waste from a Commercial Nuclear Reactor Is Put Through a Process That Recovers Around 30% of the Spent Nuclear Fuel Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Reprocessing is when waste from a commercial nuclear reactor is put through a process that recovers around 30% of the spent nuclear fuel. This allows a reduction in waste and a reduc- tion of uranium mining. Economics ITEM: COST: Nuclear Reactor $3 to $5 Billion (upwards of $9 Billion) Reprocessing Reactor $16 Billion1 AP1000 Advanced Pressure Water Reactor (expected) $1400 USD per kW2 Average Nuclear Reactor $2555 USD per kW3 Reprocessing Fast Reactor $3828 USD per kW4 Nuclear reprocessing is not necessary 1 Storing Uranium $520 per kg for sustainability of resources, nor is 1,5 Storing Reprocessed Uranium $630-$1255 per kg it economically beneficial in either re- 2 Uranium Prices $45 per lb ducing the cost of nuclear power or Cost to use reprocessed Uranium $454 per lb5 the cost of nuclear waste storage. Re- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————- 1Boston Consulting Group *2007+, 2Energy Information Administration *2009+,3 The World Nuclear Association *2007+, processing is however, viable for re- 4Grupert *2009+, 5Zwaan, Holdren, Fetter, & Bunn *2003+ ducing or lessening the effects of nu- Quick Summary of Information: The main benefits of re- clear waste storage on the environ- ment. If reprocessing is further de- Total amount of uranium available: 3,910,000,000 metric tons processing include the Amount currently used per year: 66815 metric tons veloped, it would enable nuclear reduction in nuclear If the usage does not change reserves will last: 58,500 years power to become a major source of If usage of nuclear power is increased by a factor greater than waste that must be energy in the United States, without 4 world wide, uranium reserves will last 14,200 years. stored and increase the the presence of consequence of large amount of fuel available. amounts of nuclear waste. By: Salim Raal, Kevin Burns, Jillian Chalke, Joseph Brown, and Adam Jardim .
Recommended publications
  • 小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category
    小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category Airborne contamination sensor Title Depth Evaluation of Entrained Products (DEEP) Proposed by Create Technologies Ltd & Costain Group PLC 1.DEEP is a sensor analysis software for analysing contamination. DEEP can distinguish between surface contamination and internal / absorbed contamination. The software measures contamination depth by analysing distortions in the gamma spectrum. The method can be applied to data gathered using any spectrometer. Because DEEP provides a means of discriminating surface contamination from other radiation sources, DEEP can be used to provide an estimate of surface contamination without physical sampling. DEEP is a real-time method which enables the user to generate a large number of rapid contamination assessments- this data is complementary to physical samples, providing a sound basis for extrapolation from point samples. It also helps identify anomalies enabling targeted sampling startegies. DEEP is compatible with small airborne spectrometer/ processor combinations, such as that proposed by the ARM-U project – please refer to the ARM-U proposal for more details of the air vehicle. Figure 1: DEEP system core components are small, light, low power and can be integrated via USB, serial or Ethernet interfaces. 小型飛翔体/海外 Figure 2: DEEP prototype software 2.Past experience (plants in Japan, overseas plant, applications in other industries, etc) Create technologies is a specialist R&D firm with a focus on imaging and sensing in the nuclear industry. Createc has developed and delivered several novel nuclear technologies, including the N-Visage gamma camera system. Costainis a leading UK construction and civil engineering firm with almost 150 years of history.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends Towards Sustainability in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
    Nuclear Development 2011 Trends towards Sustainability in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Executive Summary NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY Nuclear Development Trends towards Sustainability in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Executive Summary Full publication available at: www.oecdbookshop.org © OECD 2011 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Executive summary Over the last decade, there has been increased recognition of the role that civil nuclear power could play in terms of energy security and greenhouse gas reductions, especially if viewed over the long time frames of the expected lifetimes of current reactor technology. Nuclear energy presents a number of attractive features: it generates essentially no greenhouse gas emissions during production (limiting climate change) and no air pollution (avoiding very detrimental health effects); it is largely immune to the intermittency and unpredictability exhibited by wind and solar energy; it uses fuels with very high energy density (easing the establishment of significant strategic stockpiles) with resources and fabrication facilities distributed in diverse and (mostly) geopolitically stable countries. It therefore contributes to security of supply and offers a reliable energy source for countries where demand for electricity is growing rapidly. Such countries, including China and India, have thus been pursuing rapid deployment of nuclear energy and related fuel cycle elements, including reprocessing and recycling. Nuclear energy can be economically competitive, especially if carbon pricing is considered and financing costs are controlled. Certainly the sector still faces a number of challenges: first and foremost the requirement for continuous enhancement of safety and safety culture (reinforced in particular by the accidents of Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and the more recent accident at Fukushima Daiichi), the need to control the spread of technologies and materials that may be used for non-peaceful purposes and to implement final solutions for radioactive waste disposal and management.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Technology Reivew for 2002
    GC GC(46)/INF/5 16 July 2002 International Atomic Energy Agency GENERAL Distr. GENERAL CONFERENCE Original: ENGLISH Forty-sixth regular session Item 15 of the provisional agenda (GC(46)/1) NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2002 1. In response to requests by Member States, the Secretariat produces a comprehensive Nuclear Technology Review every two years, with a shorter supplement in the intervening years. The present report is the second comprehensive compilation giving a global perspective on nuclear technologies for both power and non-power applications. 2. The NTR-2002 contains an Executive Summary and then reviews the following areas: Fundamentals of Nuclear Development; Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Waste Management; Applications for Food, Water and Health; and Applications for Environment and Sustainable Industrial Processes. 3. The document has been modified to take account, to the extent possible, of specific comments by the Board and other comments received from Member States. For reasons of economy, this document has been printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies of documents to meetings. GC(46)/INF/5 Page 2 NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2002 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 PART I. FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT 7 I-1. NUCLEAR, ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA 7 I-2. RESEARCH REACTORS, ACCELERATORS AND RADIOISOTOPES 9 I-2.1. Research Reactors 9 I-2.2. Accelerators 11 I-2.3. Radioisotopes 13 I-3. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION 14 I-4. NUCLEAR FUSION 15 PART II. NUCLEAR POWER, FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 17 II-1. THE GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER PICTURE 17 II-1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation: Alternative Approaches and Their Implications for the Federal Budget
    BACKGROUND PAPER Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation: Alternative Approaches and their Implications for the Federal Budget May 1977 Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office Washington, D.C. NUCLEAR REPROCESSING AND PROLIFERATION: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FEDERAL BUDGET The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfBce Washington, D.C. 20402 NOTE The Congressional Budget Office has prepared seven other studies on topics related to energy. Copies of these reports can be obtained through CBO's Office of Intergovernmental Relations or, through the U.S. Government Printing Office. Their titles are as follows: Commercialization of Synthetic Fuels: Alternative Loan Guarantee and Price Support Programs Background Paper No. 3 Uranimum Enrichment; Alternatives for Meeting the Nation's Needs and Their Implications for the Federal Budget Background Paper No. 7 GPO Stock No. 052-070-03367-3 Energy Research: Alternative Strategies for Development of New Federal Energy Technologies and Their Implications for the Federal Budget Background Paper No. 10 GPO Stock No. 052-070-03510-2 Financing Energy Development Background Paper No. 12 GPO Stock No. 052-070-03542-1 Petroleum Storage; Alternative Programs and Their Implications for the Federal Budget Background Paper No. 14 GPO Stock No. 052-070-03718-1 Energy Research. Development, Demonstration, and Commercialization Budget Issue Paper GPO Stock No. 052-070-03890-0 Energy Policy Alternatives Budget Issue Paper GPO Stock No. 052-070-03912-4 PREFACE Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation analyses and provides background information on the relationship between reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid K-Edge Densitometry As a Method for Materials Accountancy Measurements in Pyrochemical Reprocessing
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2015 Hybrid K-edge Densitometry as a Method for Materials Accountancy Measurements in Pyrochemical Reprocessing Matthew Tyler Cook University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cook, Matthew Tyler, "Hybrid K-edge Densitometry as a Method for Materials Accountancy Measurements in Pyrochemical Reprocessing. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3329 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Matthew Tyler Cook entitled "Hybrid K-edge Densitometry as a Method for Materials Accountancy Measurements in Pyrochemical Reprocessing." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Steven E. Skutnik, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Howard L. Hall, Joseph R. Stainback, Lawrence Heilbronn, James Ostrowski Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Hybrid K-edge Densitometry as a Method for Materials Accountancy Measurements in Pyrochemical Reprocessing A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Matthew Tyler Cook May 2015 c by Matthew Tyler Cook, 2015 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutonium and China's Future Nuclear Fuel Cycle Jasper Pandza, International Institute for Strategic Studies [email protected]
    1 Plutonium and China’s Future Nuclear Fuel Cycle Jasper Pandza, International Institute for Strategic Studies [email protected] 13th PIIC Beijing Seminar on International Security: Building a World of Sustainable Peace and Stability Beijing, China October 31 - 3 November, 2012 Introduction Following the March 2011 Fukushima accident, the State Council, China’s highest policy- making body, suspended approvals for new nuclear plants and initiated a range of other measures aimed at improving the country’s nuclear safety provisions. The suspension of new construction approvals is expected to be lifted within the coming months,1 after being in place for longer than initially expected. The State Council’s actions demonstrated a new resolve among China’s leadership to give nuclear safety considerations greater priority compared to the economic benefits of nuclear power. The Fukushima accident apparently gave policy makers a reason to fear that a similar accident in China would put the government-run nuclear programme at serious risk. Throughout the past year, China has not moved away from its long-standing commitment to a closed, plutonium-based nuclear fuel cycle with spent fuel reprocessing and fast-neutron reactors. However, China’s response to Fukushima appears to have delayed progress in that direction. The construction of conventional light water reactors (LWR) will soon gather greater pace, but further delays in China’s fuel-cycle plans can be expected, as resources may need to be diverted towards improving the safety of current and future LWRs and to accelerating the shift from generation II to generation III LWR technology. This cautious approach should be welcomed, because it provides China with further opportunity to reconsider the economic rationale and the security risks associated with reprocessing and fast-reactor technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear High-Level Waste Tank Explosions: Potential Causes and Impacts of a Hypothetical Accident at India's Kalpakkam Repro
    SCIENCE & GLOBAL SECURITY ,VOL.,NO.,– http://dx.doi.org/./.. Nuclear High-level Waste Tank Explosions: Potential Causes and Impacts of a Hypothetical Accident at India’s Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant M. V. Ramana, A. H. Nayyar, and Michael Schoeppner Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Tanks holding liquid high level waste from reprocessing spent Received July fuel have large inventories of highly radioactive materials. These Accepted July tanks could potentially be damaged by a variety of chemical explosions, leading to the dispersion of a significant fraction of their radioactive contents. This article describes some of the dif- ferent chemical explosions that could occur and examines how such explosions could occur at the Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant in India, which likely stores a large volume of high level liq- uid waste because vitrification of that waste did not begin until more than 15 years after the plant began operating in 1998. The atmospheric dispersion of the hypothetical radioactive release is modeled using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model developed by the Air Research Laboratory of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The results suggest that the modeled accident scenario would lead to nearly 97,000 cancers, with roughly 47,000 of these being fatal. Larger radioactive releases are possible and would lead to propor- tionately higher incidence of cancer and cancer-caused mortality. Introduction Reprocessing
    [Show full text]
  • Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel
    Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen independent consultant member of the Nuclear Consulting Group November 2019 [email protected] Note In this document the references are coded by Q-numbers (e.g. Q6). Each reference has a unique number in this coding system, which is consistently used throughout all publications by the author. In the list at the back of the document the references are sorted by Q-number. The resulting sequence is not necessarily the same order in which the references appear in the text. reprocessing20191107 1 Contents Roots of reprocessing Once-through and closed-cycle systems Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel Reprocessing and the Second Law Separation Purification Reprocessed uranium Plutonium Neptunium-237 Americium MOX fuel in LWRs Destruction of HEU and Pu: burning the Cold War legacy Uranium-plutonium breeder systems Reprocessing of FBR fuel Thorium for fission power Uranium-233 Molten-salt reactor Partitioning and transmutation Nuclear terrorism Vitrification Discharges Entropy generation by reprocessing Concluding notes References TABLES Table 1 Reprocessing plants world-wide Table 2 Discharges of radionuclides in the liquid and gaseous effluents of a reprocessing plant Table 3 Discharge limits of reprocessing plants to the sea Table 4 Discharge limits of reprocessing plants at La Hague FIGURES Figure 1 Mass composition of fresh and spent nuclear fuel Figure 2 Mass flows of reprocessing Figure 3 Outline of plutonium recycling in LWRs Figure 4 Outline of uranium-plutonium breeder cycle Figure 5 Principle of a partitioning and transmutation system Figure 6 Redistribution of the radioactive contents of spent fuel by reprocessing Figure 7 Symbolic representation of the entropy production by reprocessing reprocessing20191107 2 Roots of reprocessing Reprocessing technology has been developed during the late 1940s and during the Cold War to recover plutonium from spent fuel from special military reactors for the production of nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Nuclear Power
    After a flying start in the 1950s, nuclear power generation faltered in the two decades before 2000, though it did not go away completely. Now the industry is gearing up to offer its servic- es to a world faced with the twin challenges of global warming and energy shortages. How viable is the nuclear option, and what are the lessons of history? James Chater investigates. A history of nuclear power By James Chater “Think of me ten per cent,” says the about global warming and a possible taining uranium, he found the plates nuclear plant engineer to the journal- energy crunch, nuclear is back on the had been exposed by invisible ema- ist in “The China Syndrome”, the agenda. How viable is the nuclear nations from the uranium. 1979 film starring Jack Lemmon and option? What mistakes were made, Becquerel’s accidental discovery was Jane Fonda. This referred to the per- and what lessons have we learnt? By termed “radioactivity” by his succes- centage of energy derived from examining the past and projecting sor, Marie Sklodowska Curie, who nuclear power in the USA at the time into the future, we may hope to together with her husband Pierre the film was released; now it is more attempt some answers. Curie investigated the properties of like 20 per cent. In the rest of world, uranium and discovered other too, reliance on nuclear power has Hidden powers radioactive substances such as polo- been increasing. Several industrial The first nuclear accident was the dis- nium and radium. Marie hypothe- countries have come to depend on it covery of radioactivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Or Fiction – Is There a Future for Nuclear?«
    Science or Fiction © Kenn Kiser, 2005 © Manuere (Morguefile), 2007 © Ökostrom Is there a Future for Nuclear? Content 04 Introduction 04 Do we need nuclear power to meet the challenge of climate change? 06 The Programme »Generation IV« 07 Generation IV and what the nuclear industry tells us about it 09 Generation IV and what the nuclear industry would rather not tell us 16 Fusion 16 Fusion Basics 21 Uncertainties & Risks 24 Conclusions & Outlook 24 Generation IV 25 Fusion 26 Recommendations 28 Technical Specifications 32 References 34 Glossar 35 Abbreviations imprint Publisher: Austrian Institute of Ecology, Seidengasse 13, A-1070 Wien, Web: www.ecology.at, Mail: [email protected], Phone: 0043-1-523 61 05, Fax: 0043-1-523-5843; Editorial Staff: Ingin. Antonia Wenisch, Mag. Richard Kromp, Mag. David Reinberger; Layout, Graphik Design, Production: Ulli Weber; Print: gugler crossmedia; Vienna, November 2007 Sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management and the Viennese Ombudsoffice for Environmental Protection Preface This booklet served as preparation for both participants and speakers at the conference »Science or Fiction – Is there a Future for Nuclear?«. This international conference on fusion energy and new nuclear reactor models was organized by Global 2000/Friends of the Earth Austria and took place 8 November 2007 in Vienna. This booklet contains our contribution to the ongoing discussion about future energy securi- ty and what paths we should take. We focus on the possible future scenarios for nuclear power. The nuclear industry is trying to secure its own future by reintroducing old concepts like nuclear fusion and updating old fission reactors in so-called Generation IV systems.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WORLD NUCLEAR WASTE REPORT 2019 Focus Europe. PARTNERS & SPONSORS
    THE WORLD NUCLEAR WASTE REPORT 2019 Focus Europe. PARTNERS & SPONSORS Bürgerinitiative Umweltschutz Lüchow-Dannenberg This report would have not been possible without the generous support of a diverse group of friends and partners, in particular – listed in alphabetical order – the Altner-Combecher Stiftung, Bäuerliche Notgemeinschaft Trebel, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz (BUND), Bürgerinitiative Umweltschutz Lüchow-Dannenberg e.V., Climate Core and Green/EFA MEPs Group in the European Parliament, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (HBS) and its offices in Berlin, Brussels, Paris, Prague, and Washington DC, KLAR! Schweiz, Annette und Wolf Römmig, and the Swiss Energy Foundation. Thank you all for making this possible! THE WORLD NUCLEAR WASTE REPORT — 2019 3 FOREWORD More than 40 years ago in my home region, the forest near the village of Gorleben was chosen as the location for the German National Nuclear Waste Disposal Center. The site, which is now at the country’s center but at the time was located directly on the border between East and West Germany, was meant to host all facilities for reprocessing, treatment, storage, and a deep geological repository. The company responsible (which has long since closed) intended to open the repository for spent fuel in the salt dome named Gorleben-Rambow in 1999. After Fukushima, the German government decided to phase out nuclear energy for the second time. The experience of the nuclear catastrophe in Japan in 2011 also set in motion the review of the plans for the repository at Gorleben. After around 40 years of debating and fighting over Gorleben, the German government and parliament decided in favor of a new participatory site selection process for the repos- itory for high-level nuclear waste.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
    Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Daniel Bolgren Jeff Menees Monday, April 30, 2007 CHE 4253 Miguel Bagajewicz Executive Summary A nuclear reprocessing facility takes the spent fuel from nuclear power sources and regenerates the fuel into a usable form once again. There is not a nuclear reprocessing facility currently operating in the United States. However, countries such as France and Japan are developing more and more dependence on reprocessing cycles. With foreseeable increases in the nuclear power market over the next few decades, it will become imperative that the United States develop a spent fuel reprocessing infrastructure. Most reprocessing today uses the PUREX process. This process can be inefficient at times. Another drawback is that it produces high levels of potential weapons grade material. Because of this, it is proposed that a new and more efficient process can be developed for nuclear reprocessing cycles. In order to facilitate the need for a new reprocessing technique, crown ethers were evaluated for their economic feasibility as well as their overall nuclear fuel reprocessing capabilities. Through the use of experimental data, it was determined that crown ethers were indeed capable of extracting uranium out of the spent nuclear fuel. An analysis was done using various crown ethers while varying the hydrobromic acid concentration. Once this data had been evaluated, it was determined that the Dibenzo-24- Crown-8 crown ether with a hydrobromic acid concentration of 7.5M was optimal for the extraction of uranium from the spent fuel. Once the organic phase containing the uranium had been separated from the rest of the fission products, it is shown that using a hydrobromic acid concentration of .45M is optimal for stripping the uranium away from the crown ether.
    [Show full text]