INCREASING SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN BY MAKING HANDMADE PAPER

RIMA ASKIN

SPRING 2018 DEMONSTRATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE PRATT INSTITUTE – SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF GRADUATE CENTER FOR PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT

JAIME STEIN IRA STERN TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...... 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... 5

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Description of the Problem...... 6 1. 2. Client Information...... 7 1. 3. Client’s Neighborhood...... 8 1. 4. The Project of Making Handmade Paper...... 10 1. 4. 1. Research question...... 10 1. 4. 2. General goal and the objectives...... 10 1. 4. 3. Working with the clients...... 10 1. 4. 4. Building community partnership...... 11 1. 5. About Turkey ...... 11 1. 5. 1. Waste Management...... 11 1. 5. 2.Sustainable Development Goals...... 14 1. 5. 3. Women Workforce Participation...... 16 1. 5. 4. NGOs in Turkey...... 18 1. 5. 5. Silivri Municipality...... 20

VISION WITHOUT ACTION IS A DAYDREAM CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES 2. 1. Recycling Packaging Waste...... 23 2. 1.1. Paper Making Pollution...... 25 ACTION WITHOUT VISION IS A NIGHTMARE 2. 2. The importance of handmade paper...... 27 2. 2. 1. Making handmade paper...... 28 Case study 2. 2. 2. Handmade paper- sustainable model...... 30 Case studies 2. 2. 3. Handmade paper in Turkey...... 32 2. 2. 4. Handmade paper in Art...... 34 Case study 2. 3. Building “Community Partnership”...... 36 2. 3. 1. Lessons from Geese...... 37 - JAPANESE PROVERB 2. 3. 2. The Barriers to Coalition Success...... 38 2. 3. 3. Community Outreach Techniques ...... 39

CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3. 1. Stakeholder Map and Inventory...... 41 3. 2. Community Outreach Plan...... 45 3. 3. Time Frame...... 47

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1. SWOT Analysis...... 48 4. 2. Recommendartions...... 49

REFERENCES...... 50 LIST OF ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS

Paper-based packaging consumption increased, and its’ waste has negative impact on the en- AFPAI: Alangan Farmers and Producers Association Inc. vironment. Although recycling them has many benefits, paper production and transport sys- tem for recycling cause pollution. Making handmade paper, that is free from chemicals is en- CDHP: Community Development through the production of Handmade Paper. vironmentally friendly. It also creates jobs especially for women in some countries such as India. Creating jobs for women and pulling attention to recycling are important in Turkey. This proj- EPA: Environmental Protection Agency ect aims to offer women living in the neighborhood of Ekol Ofset in “Yenimahalle”, -(a neighbor hood in Silivri, Istanbul) to make handmade paper from Ekol’s paper packaging waste to re- ESMEK: Eskişehir Municipality Arts and Vocational Training Courses duce employment problems of the women and to have positive impact on the environment. (Eskişehir Belediyesi Sanat ve Meslek Edindirme Kursları)

First Chapter is introduction. It describes the problem, the client and this proj- Silivri KAGIDER: Silivri The Women Entrepreneurs Association (Silivri Kadın Girişimciler ect’s objectives. It analysis waste management, women employment rates and Derneği) NGOs in Turkey and in Silivri Municipality to understand if it is suitable to build com- munity partnership for making handmade paper and products in “Yenimahalle”. KEDV: The foundation for the support of women’s work (Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi)

Second Chapter includes literature review and case studies. It analysis benefits of - re NGO: Non-Government Organization cycling, paper making pollution, handmade paper in general in Turkey and in Istan- bul-Silivri. This chapter also analysis the importance of community partnership, the SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals barriers to coalition success and community out-reach plan. Case studies show hand- made paper can be used for uplifting the socio-economic condition of the families. TEMA: Turkey Combating Soil Erosion - Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats Foundation (Türkiye Erozyonla Mücadele Ağaçlandırma ve Doğal Varlıkları Koruma Third Chapter describes the project and it tries to build coalition through stake- Vakfı) holder analysis and engagement. First, the stakeholders are identified, then their- in terests are explored. Identifying stake holders help to develop community out- UNDP: The United Nations Development Program reach strategies. The barriers to coalition success and the six R’s are kept in mind. WWC: Women and Children Centers Fourth Chapter includes findings and recommendations. There is very little information andex- perience about handmade paper in Turkey. There are a few handmade paper workshops. Re- search on NGOs shows people voluntarily gather to protect the environment, to protect the women’s rights and women enjoy involving in social activities such as doing handcrafts and sell- ing them to increase their income. Offering to make handmade paper and products towom- en living in Yenimahalle neighborhood seems beneficial and “fun” for them. Finally, improving community outreach and advanced market research on handmade paper are recommended.

4 5 1.2. CLIENT INFORMATION

CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I:

CLIENT 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION EKOL OFSET

Ekol Ofset founded in 1978, prints and fabri- tection, because they see it as part of their social cates food packaging boxes. It is in Yeni Ma- responsibility. Ekol Ofset is working to reduce nat- halle (neighborhood), Silivri (district), Istan- ural resource consumption. A reduction of 60% bul, Turkey. The amount of waste generated in the consumption of natural gas is achieved by in 2016 was 4,867,540 kg. They produce haz- using hot water generated by the cooling of the ardous waste such as paint or varnish remov- compressors; the amount of water consumed 1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM er wastes and, non-hazardous waste such as is saved by 85% by using pressurized washing packaging waste. Expenditures related to re- gun, the roof design allows to benefit from solar cycling, disposal, collection and relocation of energy. Organic wastes such as food waste from Food packaging is part of human history and ger human health by emitting toxic pollutants.3 waste was 111.245 Turkish Lira (27,066USD) cafeteria activities are used as food for animals. the development of food packaging has evolved and their scrap revenue was 2.095.734,55 Turk- The vegetable waste oils are sent to the licensed as man’s lifestyle has changed. The Industri- In some countries such as India, Nepal and Phil- ish Lira. (509,910.949 USD). The cost of recy- firms concerned. For recycling, Ekol Ofset sends al Revolution brought the development of new ippines, making handmade paper, that is free cling does not affect their business model. 6 paper waste to “Lider Kağıtçılık” licensed by manufacturing processes and new materials. from chemicals, can be a part of solution to solve Ekol Ofset is sensitive about environmental pro- the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.7 Today, paper-based packaging is an essential the environmental related problems. Making component of modern life. On the other hand, handmade paper also creates jobs especially for the increasing amount of paper-based pack- women and increase the income of the families. aging waste is an environmental problem. For example, cardboard consumption increased by In Turkey, creating jobs for women and pulling 250% in the last 50 years and this has led to the attention to recycling are important, because ac- intensive exploitation of forests. It is estimated cording to the Turkish Statistical Institute, in 2015 that about 25% of the cut trees all over the plan- the employment rate was 65.1 % for males and et are used to produce paper and cardboard.1 28 % for females.4 World Bank Report shows that more women should be employed in Turkey and All over the planet, it was estimated that a ton be motivated to work and new strategies should of recycled cardboard can save 3200 liters of be found to improve Turkish women’s situation.5 water, 380 kWh electric energy, 22 trees old- er than 20 years, and avoids the release in In addition to employment problems of wom- the atmosphere of almost 850 grams of car- en, strengthening waste management has a bon dioxide.2 On the other hand, there are de- vital importance in Turkey. Rapid urbanization bates on the costs and benefits of recycling. and population growth increased the pressure Some people think costs of recycling is more of human activities on environment. Wastes than its benefits. For example, according to produced due to increasing trend of con- D. Ettehadieh, recycling facilities damage the sumption have reached to threatening levels. environment by generating waste and endan-

1 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98. 2 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. 8 International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98. Exterior, Interior and package example of Ekol Ofset. 3 Ettehadieh D.. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling in the United States: Is Recycling Worth It?”. 2011. http://www.english. umd.edu/interpolations/2601. Accessed in 7 October 2017 6 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 2017. 4 “Women in Statistics”. Turkish Statistical Institute, 2017, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr 7 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 2017. 5 World Bank Report, https://www.researchgate.net/ 8 Ekol Ofset www.ekolofset.com.tr 6 7 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION “Lider Kağıtçılık” receives paper waste from his customers and transports to the pa- per mills; he contributes 7000 tons recycling per month. The distance between “Lid- er Kağıtçılık” and Ekol Ofset is approximately 45 km. “Lider’s” vehicle takes waste from “Ekol Ofset” 35 times a month on average; no transportation fees are paid by Ekol Ofset.

CLIENT 2 SILIVRI KAGIDER Silivri KAGIDER is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization. They support women- en trepreneurs and strengthen women’s position within Silivri. It founded in 2010 and it has no con- nection with “Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey (KAGİDER, established in 2002). Examples of their activities: They issue statements such as “International Struggle and Soli- Yeni Mahalle, Silivri11 darity Day-Violence Against Women”. They make meetings on subjects such as “Role of Wom- en in Sustainable Development Targets”. They supported “Spinal Cord Injury Association of Tur- DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SILIVRI (2012) key’s Plastic Cover Campaign”. They planted seedlings in the area allocated to them by the Silivri Municipality with the cooperation of Tema Foundation Silivri branch. (The TEMA Foun- INHABITANTS (N.) 150,183 dation is for combating soil erosion, for reforestation and the protection of natural habitats) FAMILIES (N.) 41,900

MALES (%) 54.5 1.3. CLIENTS’ NEIGHBORHOOD FEMALES (%) 45.5 ISTANBUL The general population of “Yenimahalle” neigh- FOREIGNERS (%) 0.0 borhood in Silivri district is about 32000 (40% ANKARA AVERAGE AGE (YEARS) female, 60% male). Most of them are middle in- 33.1 come families. They are usually factory workers. AVERAGE ANNUAL VARIATION (0/0) +0.00

Demographic Data, Silivri (2012)12 Silivri district surface is 855.19 Km2, it has nat- ural harbor and it is close to Istanbul metropole. INCOME LEVEL OF ISTANBUL DISTRICTS According to JLL’s Cities Research output, in 12,000 general income of Silivri district is below the av- erage of Istanbul districts.9 We can say that the 10,000 life styles of families living in Silivri are not very 8,000 different from the general Turkish families.- Ac SILIVRI 6,000

cording to family structure survey, 2016 results; it 4,000 was observed that while females did continuous housework like cooking, dishwashing, laundering, 2,000 cleaning the house and ironing, males did works 0 SILE SISLI EYUP FATIH TUZLA SILIVRI PENDIK which had definite beginning and ending like re- KARTAL ADALAR BEYKOZ AVCILAR SARIYER CATALCA KADIKOY MALTEPE ESENLER ATASEHIR BESIKTAS BEYOGLU USKUDAR BAGCILAR BAKIRKOY UMRANIYE 10 ESENYURT CEKMEKOY KAGITHANE GUNGOREN SULTANGAZI BEYLIKDUZU pairing, painting the house, paying the bills. BASAKSEHIR SULTANBEYLI BAYRAMPASA ARNAVUTKOY ZEYTINBURNU BAHCELIEVLER BUYUKCEKMECE KUCUKCEKMECE 9 Middle Income Group: Security to Potential Risks GAZIOSMANPASA in Residential Market”, 2017, http://www.jll.com.tr/turkey/ Income Of Istanbul Districtrs13 ` en-gb/news/148/middle-income-group-security-to-poten- YENI MAHALLE tial-risks-in-residential-market 11 Yenimahalle-Silivri, 2018, Photograph taken by Aşkın Rima 10 Women in Statistics”. Turkish Statistical Institute, 2017, 12 Demographic Data, Silivri 2012, http://ugeo.urbistat.com http://www.turkstat.gov.tr 13 Income of Istanbul districts.2017. http://www.jll.com.tr/turkey 8 9 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:

1.4. THE PROJECT OF MAKING HANDMADE PAPER CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1. 4. 1. Research Question 1. 4. 4. BuildingCommunity Partnership • Establish ongoing dialog

Research question of this study is “How can we For this project, different groups need to work • Keep in mind Gillian Kaye’s “The 6 R’s and create a system with this project’s client where together. Because, the latest women unemploy- Thomas Wolff’s “Barriers” both the client and the women living in the neigh- ment figures show that the women’s jobless rate borhood of the client can benefit and achieve a is high; income of families in Yenimahalle Silivri sustainable community by recycling client’s pa- is below the average; there is a need to pull at- 1.5. ABOUT TURKEY per residue?” tention to the importance of recycling. Turkey, official name “Republic of Turkey”, is lo- 1. 4. 2. General Goal To create community partnership, we need to cated between Asia and Europe. “Ankara” is the know the background of the community and capital. Turkey has a border with Georgia, Ar- This project aims to offer women living in the the problems. Therefore, for this project, Silivri menia, Azerbaijan, and Iran in the east, Iraq and neighborhood of the client to make handmade Municipality’s activities and NGOs are analyzed Syria in the south, and Greece and Bulgaria in paper from the client’s paper packaging waste to understand how community respond and in- the west. It is surrounded by Mediterranean Sea to reduce employment problems of the women, volve them. This will help to show way for offer- in the south, Aegean Sea in the east, and Black to involve women in social activities and to have ing women residents to make handmade paper. Sea in the north. It stretches 1,500 km from east positive impact on the environment. This project tries to build coalition through stake- to west, 550 km from south to north, and the holder engagement. After identifying stakehold- area is 783,562.38 square kilometers (302,535 Objectives of the Project: Offering women liv- ers, their interests will be explored. Identifying square miles); population is about 80 million. Is- ing in “Yenimahalle-Silivri” in making handmade stakeholders also helps to develop community tanbul, the largest city in Turkey, is built on land paper; establishing handmade paper facility: outreach strategies. This project will follow the in the Bosporus seaway. increasing sustainability by pulling attention to steps below: recycling, helping to solve women’s employ- 1.5.1. Waste Management ment problems and adding social activities such • Create a team from the women living in “Yeni- as sharing and exhibiting handmade products, mahalle” (Local residents). Start with this small The amount of wastes in the urban areas of Tur- meetings. group of volunteers who want to do something key continue to increase due to rapid econom- about their community. ic and population growth. Turkey has stipulated 1. 4. 3. Working with the clients regulations on waste treatment based on the • Use stakeholder analysis to build an under- Environmental Law No: 2872 stipulated in 1983 As this project’s first client Ekol Ofset sees en- standing of the project and the individual needs. and laws in line with the European Union Waste vironmental protection as part of their social re- Framework Directive stipulated after 2007. Mu- sponsibility, they want to do something for the • Create collaborative work between women of nicipalities have become the responsible organi- environment in their neighborhood. Therefore, Yenimahalle, non-profits-clients and zation to conduct waste management from col- they are interested in this project. This project’s municipality lection to disposal based on the “Metropolitan second client Silivri KAGIDER aims to strengthen Municipality Law” and “Municipality Law” 15 women’s position within Silivri and they have the • Find ways to involve people face-to-face (p. 14). capacity to create jobs for the women. There- fore, they accept to take part in this project. For • Provide communication plans Law on Environment No. 2872: This law stipu- this project, they can also help for “coalition lates basic principles related to various environ- building”. • Design a training period for making handmade mental activities. For example, Article 8 prohibits paper discharge and storing of all sorts of waste and Paper Packaging Waste. 14 residue directly or indirectly into the receiving 15 “Data Collection Survey on Solid Waste Management in Turkey -Final Report”. 2015 http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/ 14 Paper Packaging Waste, 2018. Photograph taken by Aşkın Rima pdf/12247094.pdf Accessed 11 March 2018. 10 11 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

environment or engaging in similar activities. and reutilization. MUNICIPAL WASTE INDICATORS 2012 2014 2016 Furthermore, technically waste administration is Municipal Law No. 5393: Total number of municipalities 2.950 1.396 1.397 Article 14 and 15 state substantially left to municipalities though market Number of municipalities receiving waste services 2.894 1.391 1.390

that municipalities are responsible for waste col- launchers are responsible from the financial ad- Rate of population served by municipal waste services in total population 83,4 91,2 92,5 16 (%) lection, transportation, separation, recycling, ministration of packing wastes. Rate of population served by municipal waste services in municipal disposal, and storage. Law on Metropolitan Mu- population (%) 99.0 97,7 98,6 nicipality No. 5216 Article 7 of this law states TURKISH PAPER AND BOARD MARKET Amount of municipal waste collected (thousand tonnes) 25.845 28.011 31.584 Average amount of municipal waste per capita (kg/capita-day) 1,12 1,08 1,17

that metropolitan municipalities are in charge of Disposal/recovery methods and amount of waste (thousand tonnes) Delivery to municipal dumping sites 9.771 9.936 9.095 development and implementation of their Solid Delivery to controlled landfill sites 15.484 17.807 19.338 Burning in an open area 105 4 10 Dumping into/onto lake/river/land 135 32 42 Waste Management Plans which do not include Burrying/using as filling material 156 67 7 waste collection and transportation to transfer Delivery to recovery facilities 193 164 3.092

station (p. 3, 8). Figures in table may not add up to totals due to rounding

EU Directive on the Control of Packing Wastes C 19 Waste Indicators Transporting waste from Ekol Ofset to Lider Kagitcilik 23 “As a result of the necessity of harmonization of Writing C According to Turkish National Legislation, It is “Lider Kağıtçılık” receives paper waste from his EU’s acquis with legal acquis within the context aimed that %60 of marketed products packag- Turkey P&B customers such as Ekol Ofset and transports to of Turkey’s member state status, Directive on Consumption ing waste are obliged to collect and recover to million reaches to 5,8 the paper mills; he contributes 7000 tons recy- the Control of Packing Wastes was adapted as million tons 20 2020. The Municipal Waste Statistics Survey cling per month. The distance between “Lider Regulation on Packing and Control of Packing shows, municipalities collected 31.584 million Kağıtçılık” and Ekol Ofset is approximately 45 Waste on 2004 and published on the National image source: Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/ tons of waste in 2016. As mentioned before, km. “Lider’s” vehicle takes waste from “Ekol Of- Gazette on 30 July 2004. The directive entered 17 Turkish paper-board market Ekol Ofset’s monthly paper waste output is in set” 35 times a month on average; no transpor- into force on January 1, 2004. Parallel to the the range of 350-400 tons. Ekol Ofset is in Is- tation fees are paid by Ekol Ofset. amendments made to the UN Directive, the Di- In Turkey, the overall consumption of paper and tanbul where waste collected per capita per day rective has taken its current form by undergoing board products has been rising significantly was 1,30 kg in 2016. This is above the average Official data shows that the number of licensed changes first on 2007 and then on 2011, taking since 2005, when it was 3,8 million tons rough- amount of 1. 17 kg. facilities has increased from 2012 to 2016. the necessities of the sector into account”. ly. In 2014, the figure was as high as 5,8 million tons and corrugating materials gained the larg- Out of the 31.584 million tons of waste collect- Directive determines the technical and adminis- est market share (41%) followed by printing and ed, 61.2% was transferred to controlled landfill trative standards regarding production of pack- writing paper (21%) and carton board (17%). sites, 28.8% to municipal dumping sites, 9.8% ing that possess certain qualities, prevention of The segments of tissue, newsprint, wrapping to waste recovery facilities and 0.2% was dis- formation of packing wastes, reutilization of the paper and craft paper only managed to achieve posed of by other methods such as burning in amount of dismissible packing waste, reduction 8%, 7%, 4% and 2% share respectively.18 an open area, burying, and dumping into river/ of packing wastes by recycling, separate collec- onto land.21 tion at the source, carrying and decomposition. The amount of waste generated by Ekol Ofset in Businesses are liable to inform the kind and 2016 was about 5000 tons. Ekol Ofset’s packag- Ekol Ofset Ekol Ofset sends paper waste to re- amount of packing they put on market through ing wastes are paper and cardboard packaging covery facilities by the help of “Lider Kağıtçılık” Packing Information. System and ensure that and plastic packaging. licensed by the Ministry of Environment and Ur- 22 these packing are collected for recycle and re- banization. Facilities24 utilization. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the 19 Municipal Waste Indicators, 2012-2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24876 businesses to absorb the expenses of recycling 20 Öztürk, Mustafa. “Waste Management in Turkey, Sustainable Resource Management” 2014, http://www.stoffstrom.org. 16 Control Of Packing Wastes In Turkey And The General Framework Of ...www.mondaq.com/turkey/.../Waste.../Con- 21 Municipal Waste Indicators, 2012-2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24876 trol+Of+Packing+. 22 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 2017 17 Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/ 23 Transporting waste from Ekol Ofset to Lider .www.ekolofset.com.tr 18 Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/ 24 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177. 12 13 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

According to survey results, it is determined that The SDGs were born at the United Nations Con- within UNDP Turkey’s key documents. The UN Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey and a total of 672 facilities, 83 of which were waste ference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Development Cooperation Strategy (UNDCS) Ukraine, signed “Bucharest Convention” on disposal facilities and 589 of which were recov- Janeiro in 2012. The SDGs replace the Millenni- 2016-2020 has two dedicated Outcomes focus- 21 April 1992 and “Black Sea Strategic Action ery facilities were in operation in 2012. In 2012, um Development Goals (MDGs), which started ing on gender equality and women’s empower- Plan” on 31 October 1996. They aim to protect amount of waste recovered in recovery facilities a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of ment: the Black Sea against pollution. Every year since was 10 million tons.25 poverty.28 The Sustainable Development Goals 1996, October 31 has been celebrated as the are a universal call to action. The SDGs came i-Outcome 3.1. “Improved legislation, International Black Sea Action Day by the Black into effect in January 2016, and they will con- policies, implementation and accountability Sea countries.33 The Black Sea Commission is tinue to guide the United Nations Development mechanisms to enable equal and effective so- the regional body designed to implement the Programme (UNDP) policy and funding un- cial, economic and political participation of Bucharest Convention. 29 til 2030. Each goal has specific targets to be women and girls by 2020.” achieved over the next 15 years. For the goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part: ii-Outcome 3.2. “Improved legislation, governments, the private sector, civil society policies, implementation and accountability and people. mechanisms (on prevention and protection) to promote gender equality and reduce all forms of UNDP’s project-based support to the Turkish Sexual and Gender Based Violence by 2020”.31 26 Government particularly aims at increasing the Facilities competitive strength of disadvantaged regions The Water Framework Directive (WFD1) is the Amount of waste recovered in recovery facilities including Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. most comprehensive instrument of EU water pol- was 33 million tons in 2016. Such strength is attained by providing technical icy. Its main objective is to protect and enhance On the other hand, further developments are re- support in selected sectors such as organic ag- freshwater resources with the aim of achieving quired to solve problems such as disposing sol- riculture, tourism and renewable energies. good status of EU waters by 2015. The main id waste to the sea. tools to implement the Directive are the River The Black Sea34 Goal 5 of the SDGs is about “gender equality”. Basin Management Plans (RBMP) and the Pro- 1. 5. 2. Sustainable Development Goals All 17 SDGs are connected to UNDP. Turkey is grammes of Measures which are made in 6 year determinedly working for gender equality and cycles. The Commission is currently assessing Conserving and sustainably using the women’s empowerment. UNDP Turkey CO team the second River Basin Management Plans and collectively developed UNDP Turkey Gender oceans, seas and marine resources is one of the 30 the first Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMP), 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Goal Equality Strategy for the period of 2017-2020. covering the period 2009-2015 and will publish 14 is about life below water. Gender equality is an essential part of human its implementation report in the first semester of rights, which is one of the main pillars of the 2018.32 United Nations (UN) System, in addition to hu- man security and sustainable development. Bucharest Convention

35 In line with the SDG’s, UNDP in Turkey works The Black Sea is one of several seas in a seri- The commission of the Black Sea in Istanbul for, gender equality and women’s empowerment ous state of decline because of coastal develop- prioritizing gender equality within all its interven- ment, overfishing and pollution from agriculture. The 33rd Regular Meeting of the Commission on tions. This commitment has been well reflected SDGs27 the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution took place in Istanbul -Turkey in 2017. 25 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177. The Black Sea countries, Bulgaria, Georgia, 26 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177. 31 UNDP Turkey, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/ourwork/gender-equality2.html 27 SDGs, https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html 32 WFD 1, ec.europa.eu/info/law/better.../090166e5b5df31e7_en 28 “Background on the goals”, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/background.html 33 The International Black Sea Action Day, 2018, http://epl.org.ua/en/events/mizhnarodnyj-den-chornogo-morya-2018-10-31/ 29 SDGs, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html 34 The Black Sea, Done by Askin, Rima 30 SDGs , 2015, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/gender-equality.html 35 The commission of the Black Sea in Istanbul, http://www.blacksea-commission.org/BSDay2017gallery.asp 14 15 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project36

Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project funded by European Union addresses a common problem-pol- lution of Black Sea and rivers. This project uses the NGOs partnership as the main instrument. Participants in the project are six non-governmental organizations from Romania, Mol- LAbor force participation rate, 2008-201240 dova, Bulgaria, Georgia and Turkey. Participants from Turkey are “The Society of Natural and Wildlife 37 World Bank report, Gender at Work, emphasizes the need for multidimensional assessments of gender Conservation” (in Samsun, Turkey) and “The Specialized Administration of the province of Rize”. equality in the world of work. The graph illustrates 10 largest developing countries represent one-third of the world’s population. In all countries given, women are less likely to be in the labor force. In Tur- 1. .5. 3. Women Workforce Participation key, gender wage gaps appear to be relatively small, but there are large disparities in participation and employment in wage jobs.41 Following the World Development Report 2013, “jobs” are broadly defined to include various forms of wage and non-wage work, formal and informal. Trends suggest that women’s labor force participation Woman Statistics “for ages 15–64” worldwide over the last two decades declined from 57 to 55 percent globally (p. 1, In Turkey, according to women statics, female employment rate was less than half of male’s employ- 2)38 Social norms affect women’s work by dictating the way they spend their time and undervaluing ment rate. According to the household labor force survey results; in Turkey the employment rate of their potential. Housework, child-rearing, and elderly care are often considered primarily women’s re- population aged 15 and over was 46.3%, this rate was 65.1% for males and 28% for females in 2016. sponsibility. Further, nearly four in 10 people globally (close to one-half in developing countries) agree When labor force participation rate by education status was investigated, it was seen that the higher that, when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to jobs than women (p. 2)39 education status of females, females participated more to labor force42 36 Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project, http://www.cceg.ro/clean-rivers-clean-sea/en/ 37 “Clean Rivers — Clean Sea” 2007-2013. http://www.riversea.bsnn.org/ 40 Labor force participation rate. 2008-2012. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/participation-opportunity-wom- 38 Gender at Work, A Companıon to the World Development Reports on Jobs, 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/ ens-work-what-data-tell-us Worldbank/document/Gender/GenderAtWork_web.pdf 41 Labor force participation rate. 2008-2012. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/participation-opportunity-wom- 39 Gender at Work, A Companıon to the World Development Reports on Jobs, 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/ ens-work-what-data-tell-us Worldbank/document/Gender/GenderAtWork_web.pdf 42 women statistics. 2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594 16 17 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

combatting soil erosion, reforestation and the tivities such as gender inequality; unequal rep- (KAGIDER) is a non-governmental organization protection of natural habitats. The Foundation resentation and they want to improve the quality aimed at strengthening women entrepreneurs. has many rural development projects. For exam- of life and economic situation of women. Some Their goal is to strengthen women economical- ple, “81 Provinces 81 Forests” project aims to NGOs such as KEDV choose to work with poor ly, socially and politically. KAGIDER has made increase forest assets, to bring children in con- women, some NGOs such as KAGIDER of Tur- its mission to support women entrepreneurship tact with soil and to strengthen their love of for- key work with women entrepreneurs. because it believes that women entrepreneurs ests.45 TEMA also has advocacy efforts towards have a strong impact on reversing the trends eliminating activities that threaten Turkey’s nat- of gender inequality and women’s econom- Women Statistics 43 ural assets.46 ic exclusion. This project’s second client Silivri This project of making handmade paper is im- KAGIDER’s mission is like KAGIDER Turkey but portant because it will help women living in Yeni- Volunteers of TEMA shows, people give impor- works only in Silivri. mahalle Silivri to participate in labor force and it tance to the environment and they support envi- will help to create jobs. ronmentally friendly projects. In Turkey, “Women and Children Centers (WCC)” Women’s Handicraft48 are community centers that are owned and TURMEPA 1. 5. 4. NGOs in Turkey run by grassroots women. The first WCC was Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi “KEDV” opened in 1987 in a working-class neighborhood Many Turkish NGOs are active in environmental Turkish Marine Environment Protection Asso- (translated as “the foundation for the support of in Istanbul. The WCC concept was developed issues and dealing with women’s issues Most of ciation which aims to prevent Turkish seas and women’s work”) in Turkey, is a nonprofit organi- by KEDV to support grassroots women devel- them are dedicated to a particular purpose. Ex- coasts from pollution zation founded in the 1980s. KEDV grew out of op their leadership, and to create opportunities amples of NGOs: the 1980s feminist movement in Turkey, when, for them take on public roles in improving their TURCEK for the first time, several new groups emerged communities.50 TEMA Foundation that were independent of political parties or la- Turkish Institution of Environment Protection bor unions. The 1980s in Turkey was also a peri- and Greening founded to establish the National od of structural adjustment policies under a mil- Environment Protecting Confederation, support itary regime, during which income polarization new local entrepreneurs and to sustainable use reached unprecedented levels, and more wom- of natural areas. en entered the labor force under increasingly in- secure and marginal conditions, without benefits There are also some international NGOs which or support services. are active in Turkey, for example Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have offices According to Ayşe Yönder, KEDV was unique Founders of TEMA: Hayrettin Karaca and A. N. Gökyiğit44 in Istanbul. Environmental NGOs and other pres- among the feminist groups in its choice to work sure groups usually act through the courts47 with poor women in settlement-based centers

TEMA Foundation is Turkey’s largest and lead- on their social, economic, and community de- 51 49 Game groups in WWC. ing NGO, serving with over 500,000 volunteers. Turkey has a rapid expansion of NGOs dealing velopment concerns. When this project begins, TEMA has representatives in 80 provinces, 272 with women’s issues over the last decade such KEDV can also support women’s handmade pa- The centers offer affordable childcare and edu- district volunteer organizers and young groups as “the Women and Democracy Association per products. cation for young children on flexible schedule, in 112 universities. TEMA founded in 1992 by (KADEM)”; “Women’s Solidarity Foundation” a much-needed service for working mothers in Hayrettin Karaca and A. Nihat Gökyiğit, aims (KADAV); Foundation for the Support of Wom- The Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey poor neighborhoods. According to Ayşe Yönder, en’s Work (KEDV) .Female NGOs engage in ac- 48 Women’s handcraft. http://www.kedv.org.tr/06 43 women statistics. 2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594 49 Yönder, Ayşe et. al., “ Women’s Participation in Disaster Relief and Recovery”. 2005. http://disasterwatch.net/brief/seeds- 44 Founders of TEMA: Karaca and Gökyiğit. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966-2_2/neuralnetwork.aspx?type=21 2005final.pdf 45 TEMA Foundation. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966- 50 Yönder, Ayşe, Marnie Tamaki. ” Turkey Women and Children Centers”, Our Apaces-Grassroots Women Formalize Their Lead- 46 TEMA Foundation. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966- ership, Access to Essential Services. Huairou Commission, USA. 2010. pp.39-49. 47 Mavioğlu, Orhan Y. et al., “Environmental law and practice in Turkey”: https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/ 51 Game groups in WWC. http://www.kedv.org.tr/oyun-odalari-oyun-gruplari/?lang=en 18 19 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

childcare services also provide a socially legiti- On average, 150 women use “Ìlk Adim- Wom- and gives importance to recycling. This project’s mate reason for women to come out of the isola- en’s Environment, Culture, and Enterprise Co- stakeholders and Silivri Municipality can work tion of their homes, meet other women, and par- operative” annually. (In Turkish “İlk Adım” means together, because this project’s objectives and ticipate in a range of capacity building programs “first step”). Since the local municipality provid- some of the Silivri Municipality’s objectives are offered through the center.52 ed the building, the cooperative does not have similar. For example, the Silivri Municipality Cul- to pay for rent or utilities (water, electricity) or tural Center can be interested in making hand- According to Yönder and Tamaki, with some for the physical maintenance of the building, made paper because it provides free courses on technical support and greater participation in de- such as painting or small repairs. KEDV pro- culture and art for adult and children. 58 cision-making, grassroots women can strength- vided the furnishings and appliances through “health issue”. its second-hand store. The cooperative covers Women with mayor Özcan Işıklar, in front of the Neighborhood en their contributions to the society. Women House.59 have always found ways to get together to share its own programmatic expenses such as the their work, exchange information, support each wages of the licensed teachers and the kitch- other, manage the social and economic relations en expenses of the childcare center. These fees in their communities and shape their environ- are supplemented by income from the group’s ments.53 For example, “Women’s Environment, second-hand store; the rest of the activities are Culture, and Enterprise Cooperative” (Ìlk Adim conducted on a volunteer basis by cooperative members. Nine women share the responsibili- Kadin Çevre Kultur ve Ìsletme Kooperatifi) was ty of running the activities at the center. All are formally established in 2004 by a small group of grassroots women, between the ages 25–50, grassroots women in Nurtepe, Kagithane, one of Silivri Municipality Cultural Center56 who live in the neighborhood. The cooperative the lowest income subdistricts of Istanbul. The holds monthly executive board meetings. Mem- mission of this cooperative is to empower wom- The free courses are for adults; Turkish Folk bers of the cooperative meet every two weeks. Women’s Exhibition60 en, to enable them to stand on their own feet. Both of these meetings are open to everyone in Music Choir, Argentine Tango, Salsa, Jewelry Examples of the group’s primary activities are: the community.55 Design, Rhythm, Piano, Ud, Law, Soap, Ebru, Silivri Municipality Cultural Center and Neigh- “early childcare and education for children ages Violin, Baglama, Guitar, Clarinet, Theater and borhood House trainees exhibit their handmade 3–6”; “capacity-building activities such as finan- “Ilk Adım” is a good example that shows the Painting. Turkish Art Music Choir (ages 7-15), products such as necklaces etc. and sell. For cial literacy, computer training, women’s rights, power of grassroots women and shows way of Painting (ages 4-14), Theater (ages 12-15), Cre- example, they had a mixed exhibition on March and domestic violence”; “community building working women with the municipality. ative Drama (6-7), Pilates- Step- Aerobics- Zum- 8, World Labor Day for Women in 2018. and local governance”; “livelihood support and ba, Wood Engraving, Stained Glass Mosaic, income generation (savings groups, second 1.5.5. Silivri Municipality 11-15), Ceramics (7-15), Ballet (4-15), Children hand store, recycling program)”. Choir (7-15), Violin (8-15), Piano (8-15), Baglama Silivri Municipality is in Silivri district of Istanbul (9-15), Guitar (10- 15), and Pilates-Gymnastics 57 along the Sea of Marmara in Turkey, and it has (5-14). been engaged in many projects and activities. Silivri Municipality Cultural Center and Neigh- Neighborhood Houses contribute to the family borhood Houses bring the people living in Silivri budgets and social life of Silivri women by im- together for many activities. proving their handicrafts. The other examples of training activities are “first aid”, “firefighting”, The support of Silivri Municipality is important for “human rights”, “psychological counseling” and Recycled material clothes61 Ìlk Adim Cooperative54 this project because it encourages people to in- 56 Silivri Municipality Cultural Center https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/kultur_merkezi_yeni_donem_kayitlari_basladi/3865 crease their income by using their potential, skills 57 Silivri Municipality. https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/kultur_merkezi_yeni_donem_kayitlari_basladi/3865 52 Yönder, Ayşe, Marnie Tamaki. ” Turkey Women and Children Centers”, Our Apaces-Grassroots Women Formalize Their Lead- 58 Silivri Municipality .http://www.sha.com.tr/gundem/mahalle-evinden-kadinlar-gunu-surprizi-h3656.html ership, Access to Essential Services. Huairou Commission, USA. 2010. pp.39-49. 59 Women with mayor Özcan Işıklar, in front of the Neighborhood House, 2012. http://www.sha.com.tr/gundem/mahalle-evin- 53 Yönder, Ayşe. M. Tamaki. Our Spaces. “Introduction” Huairou Comission, USA, 2010, pp.1-6. den-kadinlar-gunu-surprizi-h3656.html 54 Ìlk Adim .https://ro-ro.facebook.com/ilkadimkadin1/ 60 Women’s exhibition https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/3936 55 Yönder, Ayşe. Our Spaces. “Women and Children Centers and KEDV” Huairou Comission, USA, 2010, pp.39-49. 61 Recycled material clothes.https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/3936 20 21 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEWS & CASE STUDIES In this exhibition, the Marmara University Fashion Design Department exhibited “recycled material design clothes” prepared by university students to create awareness in recycling. Silivri Mayor gave a speech at the opening of the exhibition and said, “We are showing the most beautiful example of living together, owing to all the values of the republic.”62

demand drivers for containerboards and corrugated board packaging

2.1. RECYCLING PACKAGING WASTE

Recycling containers in Silivri63 Packaging in Paper Market65

Containerboard is one of the fastest expanding segments of the global paper industry and it accounts already for nearly 40 per cent of the global paper and board market and over 30 per cent that of Eu- rope. When combined with carton boards and sack Kraft packaging is already half of the global paper and board market as shown above.66 As consumption increase, paper packaging waste increase. Recycling is the preferred method for waste disposal, as shown in the waste management hierarchy.67

Training on waste at school64

Silivri Municipality has set recycling containers to many places throughout the district for the regu- Solid Waste Management Hierarchy68 lar collection of wastes. Primary and secondary schools, which are located in Silivri have training on 65 Packaging in paper market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/what-is-the-role-of-fibre-based-packaging/ packaging waste and recycling in class. 66 Packaging in paper market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/what-is-the-role-of-fibre-based-packaging In general, the growth of the world economy, industrial production and merchandise trade are the main 67 WPI Students. Increasing Paper and Cardboard Collection for Recycling in Denmark. 2015. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-proj- 62 Silivri Municipality. https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/3936 ect/Available/E-project-050115-164437 63 Recycling containers in Silivri .https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/geri_donusume_destek_verin/3698 68 WPI Students. Increasing Paper and Cardboard Collection for Recycling in Denmark. 2015. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-proj- 64 Training on waste at school .https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/geri_donusume_destek_verin/3698 ect/Available/E-project-050115-164437 22 23 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

Almost any kind of paper can be recycled, in- • The study of E. Diana Comăniță et. al. • The study of S. Ferreira et al., showed, cluding newspapers, cardboard, packaging, showed nearly similar results as shown above. recycling is less costly for the environment than stationery, direct mail, magazines, catalogues, According to their study, all over the planet, it the other disposal operations in Portugal, Bel- greeting cards and wrapping paper but it is im- was estimated that a ton of recycled cardboard gium and Italy.76 portant that these papers are kept separate from can save 3200 liters of water, 380 kWh electric other waste. energy, 22 trees older than 20 years, and avoids 2. 1. 1. Paper Making Pollution the release in the atmosphere of almost 850 71 Recycling is not a new technology. It has be- grams of carbon dioxide. Although recycling paper waste has many ben- come a commercial proposition since Matthias efits, it also has impacts on the environment. Koops established the Neckinger mill, in 1826. • In the USA, recycling and composting Pulp and paper production ranks among the

prevented the release of approximately 186 mil- 78 In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, recycling is- most resource-intensive and highly polluting of Paper Pulp sues have emerged stronger than before due to lion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2013, ac- all manufacturing industries; papermaking is a cording to the U.S. Environmental Protection the higher cost of landfills in developed coun- very chemically intensive process. “Pulping” is the process of making pulp. Paper 69 Agency, comparable to taking over 39 million tries and an evolution in human awareness. is made from the cellulose fibres that are present cars off the road for a year.72 The costs of land- in hardwood and softwood trees. Whether using fill are saved when the materials are recycled. wood or recovered paper, the first step is to dis- Recycling produces less carbon emissions and solve the material into pulp. There are different protects trees as a natural resource. The Danish methods for pulping such as chemical or me- Ministry of the Environment estimates that ap- chanical pulping. Examples of raw materials for proximately 1500 kg of carbon dioxide is saved pulping are bamboo, cotton stalk, waste paper, per ton of recycled cardboard produced.73 waste carton box, wood chips, virgin wood • Protection of the environment is not the 77 only factor that encourages collection and re- Flowchart Environmental Benefits Obtained by Recycling of 1 Tons of Pa- cycling of paper. Recycling paper also offers an 70 per Waste. economic incentive for paper mills, paper trad- Paper production typically involves the following ers, municipalities. 74 • If we make 1-ton virgin paper, we use 24 steps: trees, 9671 kwh energy, 86.508 litre water. On the • Recycling and reuse activities in the Unit- 1. Wood preparation (Producing and acquir- other hand, if we recycle1 ton paper, we save 24 ed States accounted for 757,000 jobs, $36.6 bil- ing fiber (for example, from trees, used paper or trees, 6448 kwh energy, 1603-ton greenhouse lion in wages and $6.7 billion in tax revenues. agricultural residues) gases release, 44043 ton water and 0.5 ton solid This equates to 1.57 jobs for every 1,000 tons of waste. 75 2. Pulping materials recycled. 79 3. Bleaching Pulp Types 4. Chemical recovery 69 Cabalova, Iveta, et al., “The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact”. Environmental Management in Prac- 5. Paper making (Converting the paper into The objective of pulp bleaching is to produce tice, chapter 17, open access 2011, DOI: 10.5772/23110. 70 Environmental Benefits Obtained by Recycling of 1 Tons of Paper Waste (Kinsella 2012) https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/ products such as boxes, office paper or white pulp for manufacturing white paper. resources/contribution-to-sustainability-and-the-national-economy-through-recycling-waste-paper-from-istanbuls-hotels-in-turkey/ paper towels). Bleaching is the treatment of cellulosic fiber with 71 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. chemicals to increase brightness and to improve International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98. 72 Earth Talk. “Is Recycling Worth It?”. Scientific American. November 5, 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-re- absorption capacity. The principal pulp bleach- cycling-worth-it/. Accessed October 2017. 73 Covec. Final Report, Recycling: Cost-Benefit Analysis. 2007. https: //www.mfe.govt.nz /sites/default/files/recycling-cost-ben- 76 Ferreira, S. et al., “The Costs and Benefits of Packaging Waste Management Systems in Europe: The Perspective of Local efit-analysis-apr07.pdf. Accessed October 2017. Authorities”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management., 60 (5), 2016, pp. 773-791. 74 Covec. Final Report, Recycling: Cost-Benefit Analysis. 2007. https: //www.mfe.govt.nz /sites/default/files/recycling-cost-ben- 77 Flowchart. .http://www.cliquesolar.com/PaperSolution.aspx, Accessed 6 March 2018. efit-analysis-apr07.pdf. Accessed October 2017. 78 Paper pulp. http://www.galaxysivtek.com/industries/paper-pulp/ 75 The 2016 REI Report. https://www.epa.gov/smm/recycling-economic-information-rei-report 79 Pulp types. http://www.pulppapermill.com/what-is-bleaching-of-pulp/ 24 25 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

ing agents are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hypo- Recycling is a costly method of waste man- in India offers considerable potential to meet chlorite, peroxide, chlorite, oxygen and ozone. agement as it forces recycling centers to add the increasing demand for paper products in an specialized trucks and additional employees environmentally way. In India handmade paper The environmental impact of pulp and paper to collect, transport, and separate recyclable industry produces paper such as drawing paper manufacture results mainly from wood pulping materials. Therefore, there are debates on the for artists, document paper, dark colored card and pulp bleaching processes. The pollutants costs and benefits of recycling. According to D. sheets, exclusive greetings, varieties of decora- are sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides. They Ettehadieh recycling trucks are constantly on tive wraps, carry bags, water mark paper certif- are emitted to the air. By bleaching chlorinated the road and these additional trucks not only icates, filter papers and pads besides other cul- and organic compounds and nutrients are dis- pollute the atmosphere but also, they increase tural grades like covers, duplicating paper and charged to the wastewaters. Wastewaters are noise pollution. He thinks recycling facilities tissue paper. Different varieties of handmade discharged at a rate of 20–100 cubic meters per damage the environment by generating waste paper can be used for interior decoration, cor- ton of product, and these are high in biochemi- and endanger human health by emitting toxic porate gifts, and office purpose.88 cal oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended sol- ``Hierarchy tree for environmental impact assessment of pa- pollutants. He says, instead of spending a large 82 ids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen per-making industry. sum of money on recycling programs, we should and phosphorus.80 use this money for higher priority programs such Paper’s impact on the environment continues as healthcare, education, and cost-effective en- even after it has been thrown away. In the land- vironmental initiatives. 86 fill, paper decomposes and produces methane, a greenhouse gas with 23 times the heat-trap- 2. 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF HANDMADE ping power of carbon dioxide. According to the PAPER EPA, the decomposition of paper is among the An artisan in Rajasthan, India89 Handmade paper gift bags90 most significant sources of landfill methane.83 The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans Transportation throughout the recycling system used a different kind of paper called `papyrus’. In India, 100% recycled cotton paper is made also has environmental impacts. Transportation Today’s handmade paper dates to 105 A.D, with by artisans. Some artisans belong to a minority consumes energy and results in greenhouse gas its origin in China, in the Imperial Chinese court group called Kagzis, who are part of a long tradi- emissions (p.3, 4).84 called Cai Lun (Tshai Lun or T’sai Lun), during tion of handmade paper-making. First, discard- the Han Dynasty. Then, it spread to the Islamic ed cotton scraps are collected from the textile world in the 8th century. From the Islamic World, industry. Cotton is broken down into fibers using 81 Pollutants from paper making papermaking was diffused further to Europe.87 a traditional wheel press and then soaked over- night. Next, the pulp is strained, pressed into The pulp and paper industry’s impacts on the- Handmade paper making in India begin in 3rd pages and hung to dry. After ironing, crisp pear menvironment are damage to forests, pollution Century B.C. This paper making has been a goes either into journals or into the hands of ar- of air and water and emissions of greenhouse tisans for screen-printing, embroidery or patch- Truck for transporting packaging waste85 traditional art which has been passed through gases. These impacts occur at all phases of the generation by craftsmen known as `Kagzis’. work. The entire process is tree-free, non-toxic, paper lifecycle. The name being derived from the world `Kagaz’ and conserves and filters water for reuse in irri- 91 meaning paper. The handmade paper industry gation. 80 Gavrilescu Dan. et. al., “Environmental Impact of Pulp and Paper Mills”, 2012. https://www.researchgate .net/publica- tion/281761323_Environmental_impact_of_pulp_and_paper_mills 86 Ettehadieh D.. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling in the United States: Is Recycling Worth It?”. 2011. http://www.english. 81 P. Meenalokshini, “Pollutants from paper making”. https://www.slideshare.net/PMeenalokshini/bioconversion-of-pa- umd.edu/interpolations/2601. Accessed in 7 October 2017 per-and-tannery-effluents 87 The migration of paper making technology. http://www.absolutechinatours.com/china-travel/paper-making-China-ancient-in- 82 Hierarchy tree, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hierarchy-tree-for-environmental-impact-assessment-of-paper-mak- ventions.html ing-industry_fig4_273225901. Accessed 6 march 2018. 88 National Institude of Rural Development & Panchyatı Raj. Ministry of Rural Development -India. A Detailed Project Report 83 Kinsella, Susan et. al., The State of The Paper Industry, 2007. http://www.greenpressinitiative.org/ documents/ StateOfPaper- On Handmade Paper Manufacturing & Conversion Unit. 2016. http://www.nird.org.in/nird docs/rtpprojectreport 060917 .pdf. Accessed Ind.pdf January 2018. 84 Kinsella, Susan et. al., The State of The Paper Industry, 2007. http://www.greenpressinitiative.org/ documents/ StateOfPaper- 89 An artisan in Rajasthan, India http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/ Ind.pdf 90 Handmade paper gift bags http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/ 85 Truck for transporting packaging waste. http://cevre.besiktas.bel.tr/Menu/SubContent/ambalaj-atiklari 91 Handmade paper making. http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/ 26 27 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

Examples of raw materials used in handmade of making paper in India, very few chemicals According to “Collect Recycle Manufacture Proj- 3. Ripped pieces of used paper (sheet papier paper making are wheat straw, cotton, jute, namely Sodium Hydroxide, Starch, Rosin alum ect”, handmade paper mass making technique mache): rags, fibers, grasses, waste paper etc. - Hand are used. So, it causes very little amounts of is not difficult. Depending on the material prepa- When producing items from ripped pieces of made paper production and enterprise help to pollution and it leads India to an eco-friendly so- ration and processing type, items from hand- used paper, paper has to be ripped into pieces generate employment for the local population ciety.95 made paper mass can be produced from: liquid or strips by hands, otherwise, pieces cut with especially for women and they contribute to the paper mass; hard paper mass; ripped pieces.98 scissors will not adhere to each other properly. development of the countries.92 The countries Hand ripped pieces adhere better and they can like Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines have 1. Liquid paper mass: To prepare liquid paper be of any size, shape or color. The best choice already emerged as “handmade paper giants”. mass, we need paper, glue, and electric food is to at least two different types of paper pieces According to the report of the Ministry of Ru- mixer, a bowl for mixing and a little bit of water. (ex. Wrapping paper and newspapers); the result ral Development-India, there has been growth For this mass we can use magazines, office pa- will be more even and firmer. Prepared pieces of in the export market for Indian handmade paper per, notebooks, newspapers and other types of used paper are soaked in a bowl with adhesive and its products especially in developed coun- used paper such as toilet paper or paper towel. (ex. white glue diluted with water) until it softens tries like the USA, Europe, Australia etc.93 After paper is ripped into pieces and left for some and absorbs enough water. Then, the pieces are time to soak in water, it can be mashed with the glued onto a chosen form. 100 2. 2. 1. Making Handmade Paper electric mixer. Depending on the type of paper, mass can be boiled for 0,5-1,5 hour until paper Making handmade paper is one of the oldest fibre will start to fall apart. Such paper mass is methods of making paper. Generally, it was especially suitable for making handmade paper. made by sifting pulp on to a screen and letting It can be casted into unique paper sheets and each individual sheet of paper dry. reliefs (bas-reliefs, medals, toys, etc.).99

96 Handmade paper project 2. Hard paper mass: After mashed paper mass is drained out, we have to poor in some ad- The European Commission funded “Collect Re- hesive (ex. 1/3 of white glue for the all paper cycle Manufacture Project” in 2014; this project mass amount) to prepare a substance suitable introduced participants handmade paper mak- for shaping. Now we can also add some saw- 101 102 ing techniques including– papier mache. (French Papier mache necklace Papier Mache Cacuts dust, sand, linseed oil, gypsum powder, cement, – papier mâché – chewed paper). It is thought crushed egg shells, chalk, glue, lighteners, etc. that it appeared in ancient China. It is a flexible If the mass is prepared properly, it resembles Case Study material consisting of wet paper pieces or pulp, modelling or simple clay and can be used to bound with an adhesive and other additional form various object. It can be used to produce The basic process of making handmade paper materials (starch, gypsum, sand, etc.). This ma- Paper Making94 dimensional objects. If we are making a sculp- has changed little in 2000 years. On the other terial is used for creating various object such as ture, we can make a supportive carcass from hand, industries around the world are looking decorative pieces, sculptures etc.97 According to Golamari S. Reddy, in the process wire, cardboard, packages, plastic bottles, bal- for alternative technologies that consume fewer loons and other materials. resources and have a less impact on the envi- 92 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_ ronment. For example, Kummarappa National de_dios_Mulato”. 2013. http://www.academia.edu/33046935 93 National Institude of Rural Development & Panchyatı Raj. Ministry of Rural Development -India. A Detailed Project Report On Handmade Paper Institute developed hand- Handmade Paper Manufacturing & Conversion Unit. 2016. http://www.nird.org.in/nird docs/rtpprojectreport 060917 .pdf. Accessed January 2018. 98 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 94 Paper making. http://slideplayer.com/slide/6443838/ 99 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 2014-1-LT01-KA204-000508-948037649, Co-funded by the European Commis- 95 Reddy, S. Golamari. “Eco-Friendly Production of Paper Products”. 2015. International Journal of Chemical Concepts sion.2014. ISSN:2395-4256 www.chemconsai.com Vol.01, No.02, pp 72-80, 2015 100 Collect.Recycle.Manufacture Project 2014- 96 Handmade paper project.https://issuu.com/ecte/docs/crm_methodology_book_all 101 papier mache necklace. http://www.womansweekly.com/craft/how-to-make-papier-mache-jewellery-from-an-egg- 97 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 2014-1-LT01-KA204-000508-948037649, Co-funded by the European Commis- box-24848/ sion.2014. 102 papier mache cactus. https://liagriffith.com/diy-papier-mache-cactus/ 28 29 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

made paper from the bienzymatic pulping of lation especially for women and they contribute authors prepared Rural Development Action paper products offer economic sustainability the shredded currency waste of Reserve Bank to the development of the countries.104 Plan and Project (RDAPP) that will try to explore due to their high-quality market potential. The of India. Through enzymatic route of recycling, alternative livelihood model. Specific objectives study of Biggs and Messerschmidt argues that a great saving of the resources such as water Case Study of this project include: conducting market study the handmade paper industry in Nepal is sus- and energy is possible and the use of chemicals and analysis for handmade paper both local tainable from different perspectives. These are like NaOH are eliminated. Because enzymes are and foreign; training members of AFPAI in the social responsibility perspective and natural re- readily biodegradable and usually lead to re- production and marketing of handmade paper; sources and economic perspectives. UNICEF duced or no toxicity when they reach the envi- coming up with a recommendation to sustain helped to introduce Nepalese handmade paper ronment.103 the handmade paper production as livelihood to the world through the CDHP project. (Com- project. munity Development Through the Production of Enzymes are proteins produced by all living or- Handmade Paper Project).108 ganisms; they act as a catalyst for numerous This project is limited to the members of AFPAI. biochemical reactions. The use of enzymes to Stakeholders involved in this project are the Re- According to Stephen and Messerschmidt, their produce goods for human consumption dates gional Community Based Forest Managment paper/study is new, and asks questions such back at least 20 00 years, when microorganisms Office; the Department of Trade and Industry, as “what has happened in the industry in recent were used in processes such as leavening bread AFPAI, buyers of the handmade paper, the Art years?”; “what the long-term prospects of the and saccharification of rice in koji production. Association of the Philippines institution. The industry are?”; “what the answers to these ques- The mechanism of the enzymes was unknown project plans to establish a handmade paper tions are when viewed from the perspectives of until 1877, when Moritz Traube proposed that facility that will recycle agricultural and forest resource sustainability, social responsible insti- “protein-like materials catalyze fermentation and wastes and it will serve as an alternative liveli- tutions, and economic sustainability?”. The pa- other chemical reactions. The word ‘zymase’ hood to the community. per also discusses the role of the community de- Alangan House105 was coined to describe this cell-free extract. velopment through the production of handmade In 2013, Don Reich S. De Dios; and Rolly DC Case Study paper project (CDHP project). The CDHP project Enzymes are highly specific and they usually act Mulatto prepared a handmade paper production objectives were to provide community develop- under milder reaction conditions than traditional “action plan and project” for Alangan Farmers ment in rural areas and reduce poverty through chemicals. Furthermore, they readily biodegrad- and Producers Association Inc. (AFPAI) located employment opportunities. able and usually lead to reduced or no toxicity at Alangan, Limay. The aim of the project is to when they reach the environment after use in develop, establish and introduce handmade pa- Today, “Get Paper Industries” (GPI), the largest industrial production. According to the authors, per production for uplifting the socio-economic company and the biggest exporter, uses almost these properties allow manufacturers to pro- condition of rural communities. According to the entirely recycled paper. The industry provides duce the same or sometimes even better-quality authors this project can create jobs, increase the employment to 4,155 families, or about 21,000 products with less raw material, chemical, water income of the family and be a family activity in- persons, with women making up 80% of those and energy consumption. volving women and adult children.106 employed. In rural areas, there are private micro enterprise lokta producing units as well as com- 2. 2. 2. Handmade Paper - Sustainable Model According to the authors, the mobilization of lo- munity-based units. However, most of the paper cal communities as “partners “in forest devel- manufacturing companies are private enterpris- Handmade paper production and enterprise opment strategies is an effective strategy. The Making paper from lokta barks107 es (including nongovernmental organizations— help to generate employment for the local popu- NGOs). This points out, there is a high degree of 103 Jegannathan, K. Raman, Per Henning Nielsen. “Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production – a litera- In Nepal, handmade paper is made from the fi- socially responsible business practice. ture review”. Journal of Cleaner Production. Volume 42, March 2013, pp. 228-240. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S095965261200594X bers of “lokta” which grows on Nepal’s Hima- 104 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_ layan forests. Lokta-based handmade craft According to the authors, the most interesting de_dios_Mulato”. 2013. http://www.academia.edu/33046935. 105 Alangan House, photograph, 2008, http://mangyan.org/galleries/images/86 107 Kafle Bishal Making paper from lokta barks, 2013, Photograph, Location http://kaflebishal.blogspot.com 106 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_ 108 Biggs, Stephen, Don Messerschmidt. “Social Responsibility in the Growing Handmade Paper Industry of Nepal”. World De- de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018. velopment Vol. 33, No. 11, Elsevier Ltd., 2005, pp. 1821-1843. 30 31 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

features of their study were the depth and diver- sible institutional behavior in Nepal’s handmade per in the workshop. This workshop is unique art courses of the municipality are called “ES- sity of socially responsible behavior in the hand- paper industry. There is an international demand and non-profit in which 100% cotton fabric is MEK”. Its’ target groups are children, women, made paper industry. This socially responsible for handmade products produced under socially converted into paper. They can produce 100 or men, young people, unemployed, those who behavior comes from five sources described be- responsible conditions. There are Nepalese so- 150 sheets of paper from a pair of jeans. Stu- want to work and want to progress in their pro- low: cial entrepreneurs who encourage this type of dents also visit the workshop and learn to make fession, those who want to gain a new hobby, behavior, which leads to continued growth of the handmade paper. art and skills.112 (1) Traditional commitments to community de- industry. velopment. There is a long history in Nepal of a commitment to socially responsible and volun- 2. 2. 3. Handmade Paper in Turkey tary community development. Kağıthane Municipality (Istanbul) (2) Fair trade codes of conduct. There are fair trade codes of conduct. In Nepal, these tradi- In Istanbul there is only one handmade pa- tions go back a long way. Currently, the largest per workshop established by Oğuzhan Tuğrul handmade paper company, GPI, is a member of (1955- 2014). In 1974 Oğuzhan Tuğrul worked organizations that are monitored under the cer- on glass in an antique window restoration proj- tifying codes. Many of the major NGOs market ect in Canada. After returning to Turkey, he handmade craft products, including paper prod- taught western stained-glass techniques. He ESMEK, Paper Relief Exhibition113 ucts. They are members of FTGN, which has its advanced the technique on flash-glass and ap- Pre school students, making paper110 own monitoring procedures. plied it to his glass work, etching calligraphy. In 1999 he started paper making by hands. He (3) The CSR has social responsibility focus taught how to make papers at various work- Eskişehir Municipality largely on the rights of children, the banning of shops in Turkey and abroad. child labor, and ensuring that children of poor families in their employment have access to ed- ucation and medical attention.

(4) Business service organization, HANDPASS was founded in 1996 and comprises members from handmade paper manufacturers and ex- porters. HANDPASS represents a good example of an effective, influential, and socially responsi- ESMEK Paper relief course114 ble Nepalese ‘‘civil society’’ organization. Eskisehir111 In the upcycling paper courses, women socialize (5) The fifth feature of socially responsible be- Eskişehir is a city in west-central Turkey situat- and provide the recycling of the paper by devel- havior concerns the government laws and reg- ed at elevation 794 meters above sea level and oping and producing handicrafts. In 2017, the ulations that effect handmade paper activities. Oğuzhan Tuğrul workshop109 has a population of 514,869. Eskisehir Metro- women took courses every Monday and they In the case of the handmade paper industry, the politan Municipality gives art training courses stated that they had a lot of fun in the paper legal system is helping to create better levels of He opened the “workshop Kağıthane”, by to women including upcycling waste paper course. Also, Metropolitan authorities provided social behavior. the help of Kagıthane Municipality in 2012. into baskets, jewelry, wall decorations etc. The them the opportunity to exhibit and sell the pa- (Kağıthane is one of the 39 districts in Istan- 110 Pre school students, making paper , Photograph, 2016. http://hamidiyeanaokulu.meb. In conclusion, the authors argue that there is a bul). After the death of Oğuzhan Tuğrul, his wife 111 Map, Done by Askin, Rima 112 ESMEK. http://esmek.eskisehir.bel.tr/sayfalar.php?sayfalar_id=2 broad range of different types of socially respon- Aynur Tuğrul continues to make handmade pa- 113 Esmek, Paper Relief Exhibition.http://esmek.eskisehir.bel.tr/ 109 Oğuzhan Tuğrul workshop. http://www.kagithane.istanbul/ 114 ESMEK Paper relief course. 2017. http://www.eskisehirgundem.com/?sec=1&newscatid=6&newsid=123998 32 33 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

per products they produced.115 called Papier Atelier. The philosophy behind their works is based on hand crafting and slow living as they prefer to work with the naivest materi- al; “paper”.123 Özlem Altınbilek is another artist who works with handmade paper.

S. Barbara Song Sparrow120 Lake Splittail121

116 Recycling: Washi Tales118 Sukurusu-handmade paper course The artist Deborah Baldizar makes paper sculp- Eskişehir- Tepebasi Municipality has a practice We can see recycling and handmade paper in tures as shown below. center unit called “Sukurusu” which works on artworks. For example, Japanese paper artist, Esma Paçal Turam , Paper figures124 creating environmental consciousness. Its’ tar- Kyoko Ibe has performances called “Recycling: get group is especially children. The unit is work- Washi Tales”. This performance is an exhibit ing on collecting waste paper and converting it and play, featuring traditional Japanese music into handmade products and introducing an old and theatre forms, on the history of papermak- craft. ing in Japan. (“Washi” means “handmade pa- per” in Japan). 2. 2. 4. Handmade Paper in Art Washi Tales includes four tales in which paper- 122 maker serves as narrator and guide as she cre- Baldizar Deborah, Paper sculptures ates something new from what she learns of the 125 old. On the stage handmade paper making and In Turkey, sculptures prefer to work with materi- Akmans’ Paper figure handmade paper products can be seen. “Washi als such as clay, wood, stone, metal etc.; there Tales explores the aesthetic and spiritual value are only a few artists working with handmade of recycling. It carries contemporary environ- paper such as Esma Paçal Turam. In 1994, she mental concerns into the realm of history and did her doctoral dissertation on paper art. After imagination”.119 that, she established the paper workshop at the university. But then she left the school and start- The exhibition “The Art of Handmade Paper” in ed working at her workshop. the Sonoma Valley Museum of Art (2012) in Cal- ifornia featured some of the best examples of In Istanbul-Turkey, Deniz Akman and Türker Akman are designing paper sculptures, instal- handmade paper. The exhibition included se- Özlem Altınbilek’s “paper figures”126 lections from North American and Asian artists. lations and window displays under their brand 117 Recycling: Washi Tales 120 S. Barbara Song Sparrow ,”Exhibition: The Art of Handmade paper. 2012, location Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, Media Gallery. 115 Eskişehir Municipality.http://www.eskisehir.bel.tr/icerik_dvm.php?icerik_id=3410&cat_icerik=1&menu_id=24 121 Lake Splittail, Exhibition: The Art of Handmade paper, 2012, location Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, Media Gallery. 116 Sukurusu-handmade paper course https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-sukurusu-uygulama-merkezi-cocuklara-geri-do- 122 Baldizar Deborah. Paper sculpture. 2006-2016, location http://www.deborahbaldizar.com/ nusumu-6110941/ 123 Papier Atelier, 2016. http://www.oapartamento.com/pt/blog/project/papier-atelierartists-in-residence-workshop/ 117 Recycling: Washi Tales. Photograph location, http://www.washitales.com/project.html# 124 Esma Paçal Turam , Paper sculpture. http://www.galleryapel.com 118 Recycling: Washi Tales. Photograph location http://www.washitales.com/project.html# 125 Akman, Paper figüre, 2016. http://www.oapartamento.com/pt/blog/project/papier-atelierartists-in-residence-workshop/ 119 Recycling: Washi Tales. http://www.washitales.com/project.html# 126 Özlem Altınbilek, “paper figures” .http://alsancaksanategitimi.com/egitmenler/ozlem-altinbilek/ 34 35 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

Case Study definitions of coalitions as follows: ing is all about relation building

The handmade paper production “action plan and project” prepared by Don Reich S. De Dios and • Cheri Brown defines a coalition as “an or- • Strength in diversity. A strong coalition Rolly DC Mulatto, plans to establish a handmade paper facility that will recycle agricultural and forest ganization of diverse interest groups that com- represents the breadth of the community in all wastes. After the training on handmade paper, members of AFPAI will be able to produce variety of bine their human and material resources to ef- its unique diversity. handmade paper. The paper will be offered to the potential buyers such as the Art Association of the fect a specific change the members are unable Philippines and the Society of Philippine Sculptors.127 to bring about independently.” • Strength in resources. Individuals and organizations bring tangible resources that will • Ron LaBonte suggests that coalitions are sustain your coalition and its efforts (p. 8).133 “groups of groups with shared goals and some awareness that ‘united we stand, and divided we According to Frances D.Butterfoss, “sustainabil- fall. ‘” ity” is not just about funding. “It’s about build- PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ARTS ing the momentum to maintain community-wide • Feigherty and Rogers differentiate three change by maximizing your community’s assets types of coalitions based on their member- and resources. It is about ensuring that positive ship- grassroots, professional, and community policies and practices become ingrained in the based.131 culture of your community and its organizations. It’s about engaging key stakeholders to nurture Coalitions are made up of “stakeholders” from long term community support for your coalition’s Philippine Indigenous Art128 The Baguio Arts Guild129 throughout the community who come together to supports” (p. 101).134 address a particular issue or begin a collabora- Filipino visual artists buy handmade paper, because most of them are in the “Indigenous Art Move- tive effort to improve the quality of life. Stakehold- ment” in which the artists use indigenous materials, mostly organic materials for making artworks. For ers are those who may be affected by or have an 2. 3. 1. Lessons from Geese example, they use handmade paper as an alternative for the classic use of canvas. Handmade paper effect on an effort (p. 64)132 is also used in making sculptures, art installation and other conceptual works. Building coalition helps to engage in collective Filipino Visual artists who are active in the Indigenous Art Movement are Jun Yee of UPLB, the Baguio action that builds power, to share ideas and strat- Arts Guild (BAG) artists led by the late Santi Bose (1949-2002), Benedicto “BenCab” Cabrera, Leonida egies, to share responsibility and, to improve Dumsang, Virgilio “Pandy” Aviado, and the Pampanga Arts Guild (PAG) artists namely Edille Paras, communication in the community. According to 130 Gelo Espiritu, Conderlos Lingat, Jesus “Jigz” Cayanan and Angelo “Long” Melo (D.R.de Dios,2013). Francess Dunn Butterfoss coalitions work be- cause they provide four main benefits to those communities that choose to build them. 2. 3. BUILDING “COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP” • Strength in numbers. A main advantage Geese135 Community coalitions and partnerships are vehicles for engaging multiple sectors of a community to of working in partnership is having the support, work together to achieve a common goal. Members can represent constituencies, factions, or organi- encouragement, and sheer numbers behind According to Gillian Kaye, human organizations zations within the community. According to Frances D. Butterfoss, a coalition is group of diverse orga- your effort. may have a great deal to learn from geese in at- nizations and constituencies working together toward a common goal; with a comprehensive action tempting to travel to their own goals. Following plan, a coalition can engage people, ideas, and resources across sectors (p.5). Tom Wolff gives several • Strength in relationships. Coalition build- are examples of how geese work together suc- 127 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_ 131 Wolff, Tom. “Coalition Building: Is this Really Empowerment?”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018 Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 13-28 128 Philippine Indigenous Art, 2011, slide location https://www.slideshare.net/babaylan1111/philippine-indigenous-art 132 Wolff Tom. “Building the Coalition”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation. pp. 55-97. 129 The Baguio Arts Guild. 2010, Photograph, location http://www.jloscrib.com/2010/08/botanical-garden.html 133 Butterfoss, D. Frances. Ignite! Getting Your Community Coalition “Fired Up” for Change.2013. AuthorHouse, Bloomington. 130 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_ 134 Butterfoss, D. Frances. Ignite! Getting Your Community Coalition “Fired Up” for Change.2013. AuthorHouse, Bloomington. de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018. 135 Geese photograph, 2016, http://www.ksfy.com 36 37 CHAPTER iI: LR & CS LR & CS CHAPTER II:

cessfully to travel great distances.136 • Fact 5: When a goose gets sick or is shot, its first weeks and months of existence insights before you invite them to participate in two geese drop out of formation and follow it the coalition. Not only will they enlighten you • Fact 1: As each goose flaps its wings, it down to help or protect it. They stay with it until Lack of a common vision: According to Wolff, about community issues and perspectives, but creates an “uplift” for the birds that follow. By fly- it dies or can fly again. Then they start out with there may be disagreement about goals in coali- they’ll tell you about other leaders they know ing in formation, the whole flock adds 71 percent another formation or catch up with the flock. tions. There are a variety of reasons for this. The and spread the word that your coalition is worth greater flying range than if each bird flew alone, Lesson: If we are as loyal as geese we will stand most obvious strategy is to develop a common implemented. investigating. Lesson: People who share a common goal di- by each other in times as well as when we are vision before organizing the coalition. rection and sense of community can get where strong.137 2. Identify those to whom you may not have they are going quicker and easier because they Dominance by professionals: Although key pro- access but who should be involved. Spread are traveling on the trust of one another. 2. 3. 2. The Barriers to Coalition Succes fessionals are often important members of coa- the word to their constituency and disseminate litions and can be especially helpful assets, they your coalition’s information. This may take time • Fact 2: When a goose falls out of forma- We need to keep in mind that there may be chal- can also become barriers when they dominate with volunteer and informal leaders as you build tion it suddenly feels the drag and resistance of lenges to collaboration. Thomas Wolff explains the process. trusting relationships. Many of these leaders flying alone. It quickly moves back into forma- some barriers to coalition success and some may never have been asked to participate in tion to take ad- vantage of the lifting power of strategies that a coalition might develop to Failure to provide and create leadership: Coa- a coalition and may distrust professionals. Go the bird immediately in front to it. Lesson: If we counteract them. Barriers are: turf and compe- litions have two leadership missions. One is to slowly and promise only what you can deliver.140 have as much sense as a goose, we stay in for- tition, bad history, failure to act, dominance by provide competent leadership for the coalition mation with those headed where we want to go. professionals, lack of a common vision, failure to itself. The other is to create new leadership in all Public and house meetings : According to Gil- We are willing to accept their help and give our provide and create leadership, poor links to the sectors of the community. Therefore, coalitions lian Kaye, town meetings are an excellent way to help to others. community.138 must foster the development of leaders from reach out to the organized community. At such their own members and seek out new individ- meetings you can praise and acknowledge lead- • Fact 3: When the lead goose tires, it ro- Turf and competition: competition among co- uals to take leadership roles in the community. ers, get input from community members, and tates back into the formation and another goose alition members is a major barrier to success. discuss strategies and ideas. More- over, your flies to the point position. Lesson: It paysto To overcome, we need to pay attention to the Poor links to the community: Most of the co- coalition will get publicity and exposure (p.127). take turns doing the hard tasks and sharing self-interest of all the parties. alitions have little success in establishing solid leader- ship. As with geese, people are depen- links to the community. Ordinary citizens quick- Door to door: Going door to door is a time-hon- dent on each other’s skills, capabilities, unique Bad history: Most communities have had un- ly understand that this is a world of which they ored community-outreach strategy. It takes time gifts, talents, and resources. successful attempts at building cooperation and are not a part, and they may not return. To over- and bodies, which your coalition may not have, forming coalitions. Therefore, they do not want come, we need to serve as equal partners.139 but it can produce great results. • Fact 4: The geese flying in formation to involve a new coalition. To overcome this bar- honk to encourage those in front to keep up rier, the first strategy is to learn the community’s 2. 3. 3. Community Outreach Techniques Street outreach: If you have decided to reach their speed. Lesson: We need to make sure our history and determine how they succeeded or out to some of the developing sectors of the honking is encouraging. In groups where there failed. Coalitions need to make outreach plans to in- community you will have to go where they are. is encouragement the production is greater. The crease awareness about the project and gain According to Gillian Kaye, this may mean pass- power of encouragement (to stand by one’s Failure to act: Sometimes coalitions have end- support. Working with NGOs can provide bene- ing out fliers at factory gates, going to thelo- heart or core values and encourage the heart less, long-term planning meetings that prevents fits for coalitions. According to Gillian Kaye there cal basketball court, or hanging out on a certain and core of others) is the quality of honking we from actions. This discourages the involvement are two outreach techniques that work: street corner; however, street outreach like this seek. of people. Therefore, according to Wolff, the co- is generally effective only when someone cred- alition must also produce actions and results in 1. Meet face to face with as many community ible from the community joins you or does it on 136 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity, Module 1. The W. K. Kellog leaders as you can to hear their opinions and their own (p. 127). Foundation. pp. 107-138. 137 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity, Module 1. The W. K. Kellog 139 Wolff, Tom. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali- Foundation. pp. 107-138. tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50 138 Wolff, Tom.. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali- 140 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50 Foundation, pp.107-138. 38 39 CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Meet Face to Face141 3. 1. STAKEHOLDER MAP AND INVENTORY

Tabling: Because getting out into the community is really the best way to introduce yourself and your To build community partnership through stakeholder engagement, the first step is identifying the coalition, consider setting up tables in front of busy supermarkets, shops, tram stations, or anywhere stakeholders, then trying to explore and understand their interests. A stakeholder inventory includes else that people pass by. stakeholders’ motivating self-interests, their role on this project, how could they block the project and strategies to overcome the barriers. Identifying stakeholders also helps to develop community Attending community meetings: According to Gillian Kaye, attending community meetings both outreach strategies. Stakeholders of this project are: local women residents, their families (husbands, as an observer and participant sends a signal that you care about what people are saying and doing. children etc.,), Ekol Ofset, Silivri KAGIDER, local authority and Silivri Municipality. When you interview community leaders, always ask when their next meetings are, and whether you can observe or talk about the coalition (p. 128).142

“Community outreach plan” includes “community assessment”. According to Kaye and Chavis “Doing assessments means setting up meetings and planning sessions to be facilitated by community mem- bers”.(p. 155).143

Stages of a Community Assessment

• Organizing the core planning group is the first step. Because it will be responsible for imple- menting the process. The group members can be leaders you know or representatives from the com- munity. Second step is scheduling meetings and issuing invitations. You may ask community leaders and organizations to host community planning meetings via personal contact with the planning group member or through letters and phone calls. The planning group members will also decide on meeting sites, who to invite, and the type of meeting to organize.

• Facilitating and assisting at community meetings. Each meeting should follow an identical for- mat and agenda. Meeting data should be collected. Community meetings are intended to involve and gain advice from participants. Planning group members should assemble and catalog this information for inclusion in reports that will be presented to the community for feedback (p. 157,158).144 141 Meet face to face. http://www.aib.edu.au/blog/communication/face-to-face-communication-in-the-digital-age/ Stakeholder map and inventory, helps to explain why people participate in this coalition; how to keep 142 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog people in this coalition, and how can we engage the self-interests of stakeholders in mutual interest Foundation, pp.107-138. 143 Kaye, Gillian. David M. Chavis, “Community Assessment”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog and mutual goal. Foundation, pp.153-185.

40 41 DESCRIPTION CHAPTER III: CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION

SILIVRI FAMILIES OF LOCAL SILIVRI STAKEHOLDERS LOCAL WOMEN EKOL OFSET KAGIDER THE WOMEN AUTHORITY MUNICIPALITY

SOURCE OF MATERIAL WHAT DO I WANT PROJECT PROJECT COLLABORATIVE WORK INFORMATION PLACE FOR MAKING PAPER IMPLEMENTATION FUNDING IMPLEMENTATION FROM THEM? AND ADOPTION SUPPORT WOMEN’S WORK ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE AND ADOPTION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

USING THEIR POTENTIAL PROFIT SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY GOOD RELATIONS AT HOME SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEIR INTERESTS INCREASING INCOME ADVERTISEMENT DUTY RELATIONSHIP INCREASE INCOME DUTY IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF JOINING SOCIAL ACTIVITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LIFE IN SILIVRI

LACK OF INFORMATION LACK OF INFORMATION WHY THEY CAN LACK OF COMMON VISION LACK OF INFORMATION COSTS ARE MORE THAN LACK OF INFORMATION BLOCK THE UNSUITABLE SCHEDULE OF BENEFITS UNSUITABLE SCHEDULE OF FAILURE TO ACT LACK OF COMMON VISION PROJECT? MEETINGS AND COURSES MEETINGS

COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDANCE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES SETTING APPOINTMENT COMMUNICATION TO OVERCOME SCHEDULE PLANNING IMPROVE PLANNING PRODUCE ACTIONS CORRESPONDANCE SUITABLE TO THEM

42 43 DESCRIPTION CHAPTER III: CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION

Women local residents: As the aim of this proj- the life style of house wives will have effect on 2) Lack of a common vision: To overcome, a • An appointment will be set, and some ect is to offer women residents a work oth- their families. Some of the family members may common vision before organizing the coalition is brochures and posters will be given to the mayor er than housework; women will affect and will oppose, some of them may want to collaborate. needed; of Silivri Municipality. After explaining the goal of be affected by this project more than the oth- If they cannot get enough information about this the project, the mayor will be asked to provide a er stakeholders. Women living in “Yenimahal- project and if they face problems at home be- 3) Failure to provide and create leadership: To place for handmade paper workshop (If he pro- le- Silivri” would want to involve in this project cause of this project, they may block the proj- overcome, the coalition must foster the develop- vides the workshop with low rent, rent will be because of different reasons. Some women may ect. For example, course and making handmade ment of leaders from the members; paid by Ekol Ofset and Silivri KAGIDER). want to explore and to use their potential; some paper hours may not be suitable for the family; women may want to increase their income and because of this project husbands may need to 4)Poor links to the community: To overcome, • The brochures will be distributed door some of them may want to join in a community help housework. Therefore, we need to commu- seeing everybody as equal partner is needed.145 to door in the neighborhood including the local activity. Not sharing information and ideas with nicate, share information and ask their opinion authority by the members of the core planning them and preparing schedules for meetings and before preparing a schedule. group and Ekol Ofset workers. They will also courses unsuitable to them can block this proj- distribute by “street outreach” technique in the ect. Therefore, we need to communicate, share Local authority: He will help to find place to es- 3. 2. COMMUNITY OUTREACH PLAN neighborhood; they will hang them on the walls information and ask their opinion before prepar- tablish the handmade paper workshop. Local of schools, street corners, Silivri cultural center ing a schedule. authority can give information about the neigh- borhood, can help to introduce this project. If and “Silivri neighborhood houses”. Ekol Ofset: They will provide funds and material local authority cannot get enough information • Silivri KAGIDER members in the core for this project. They have high impact on this about the project, he/she may not provide as- planning group will distribute brochures and project. They involve to this project, because sistance. Face to face communication can be a posters to the other KAGIDER members. they want to do something for their community good solution through the project process. and for the environment. (Social responsibility). Silivri Municipality: They will help to find place • The planning group members will decide In addition, as Ekol Ofset is a business, this proj- to establish the handmade paper workshop; to on a wider meeting at Silivri KAGIDER. They will ect can be a good advertising for them. If they introduce the project. Silivri Municipality wants 146 Meeting at Silivri KAGIDER also decide who to invite by phone and by face see costs of this project more than its benefits, to increase the quality of life in Silivri district and they organize many social activities and to face communication. For to outreach, “meet- they may not continue to be in the project. There- This project’s core planning group includes two free courses (as explained in the introduction ing face to face” technique is preferred. Because fore, communication and planning are needed. women volunteers from the neighborhood, one section). If the municipality cannot get enough face-to-face contact breaks down barriers and founder of Silivri KAGIDER, one member of Silivri Silivri KAGIDER: information about the project, and if we cannot works better. They will help for project im- KAGIDER, one representative from Ekol Ofset. plementation and adoption. As they want to build common vision, they may not help. Face • After meetings, meeting data will be col- strengthen women’s position, more members to face communication, sharing information and At the meeting at Silivri KAGIDER, they decided lected; advice from participants will be gained. of KAGIDER can collaborate when they under- giving brochures about the project to them can to do the followings: At these meetings in KAGIDER, members can stand the goal of this project. Also, they give overcome barriers. be recognized and praised, information and importance to the relations in the community, • Preparing brochures and posters about ideas about the project can be shared. because they prepare meetings, seminars etc. if the project is decided. This material will be pub- this project fails to create a common vision and The Barriers lished by Ekol Ofset. • The self-interests of stakeholders will be fails to act, KAGIDER may not want to be in this In this project four barriers can be seen; engaged in mutual interest and mutual goal. project. Therefore, communication and produc- • A webpage will be prepared, and its’ ad- ing actions are needed. dress will be put on the brochures and posters 1) Failure to act: To overcome, the coalition must Families of the women: Husbands, children etc. produce actions; 145 Wolff, Tom. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali- tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50 can be affected from this project. The change in 146 Meeting at Silivri KAGIDER, 2016. http://www.silivrihurhaber.com/kagider-de-genel-kurul-50962.html 44 45 DESCRIPTION CHAPTER III:

3. 3. TIME FRAME CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION

A: MEETING WITH SILIVIRI MUNICIPALITY This community-outreach plan keeps in mind that es for the same role. Groups must find a role for September 2018 O: ESTABLISHING HANDMADE PAPER WORKSHOP A: PREPARING POSTERS AND BROCHURES trust is key for all types of relations and the “Six everyone if they expect to maintain membership. O: TO INTRODUCE THE PROJECT R’s” which are recognition, respect, role, relation- TIP: Grassroots leaders and members have had ship, reward and results. According to Gillian Kaye, the experience of being “tokens” on coalitions.

these reasons explain why people participate in Create roles with real power and substance” (p. A: PREPARING WEBPAGE a coalition. In the book From The Ground Up, A 101). October 2018 O: INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT, SHARING INFO Workbook on Coalition Building and Community Development, she explains them as follows:147 “Relationship. Organizations are organized net- works of relationships. It is often a personal invi- “Recognition. People want to be recognized for tation which convinces us to join an organization. A: ESTABLISHING HANDMADE PAPER WORKSHOP their leadership to serve the members of their People join organizations for personal reasons, November 2018 O: TEACHING HOW TO MAKE HM PAPER communities and organizations. We all want to be to make new friends, and to broaden a base of recognized, initially by the members of our own support and/or influence. Organizations draw us A: MEETINGS AT KAGIDER group and then by members of other groups, for into a wider context of community relationships, O: TO DISCUSS THE PROJECT AND TO SHARE INFORMATION our personal contribution to efforts to build a bet- which encourage accountability, mutual support, ter quality of life. TIP: Recognition can be given and responsibility. TIP: Provide real opportunities December 2018 through awards and dinners, highlighting contribu- for networking with other institutions and leaders” tions and praising and naming at public events” (p. (p. 101). A: TRAINING ON HANDMADE PAPER PRODUCTION 100). O: TEACHING HOW TO MAKE HM PAPER “Reward. Organizations and coalitions attract new “Respect. Everyone wants respect. By joining in members and maintain old members when the January 2019 community activities, we seek the respect of our rewards of membership outweigh the costs. Of peers. People often find their values, culture, or course, not everyone is looking for the same kind traditions are not respected in the workplace or of rewards. Identify the public and private rewards community. People seek recognition and respect which respond to the self-interests of members for themselves and their values by joining com- in order to sustain their role in the coalition. TIP: February 2019 munity organizations and coalitions. TIPS: Don’t Schedule social time and interaction into the agen- schedule all of your planning meetings during reg- da of the coalition where families can participate. A: STREET OUTREACH TECHNIQUE O: INTRODUCING THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY ular working hours--this may exclude many grass- Make sure there is an ongoing way to share re- roots leaders who hold other jobs. Meet in the eve- sources and information, including funding oppor- March 2019 nings and provide dinner and child care, or at least tunities and access to people in power” (p. 101). meet late enough so that those attending can take the time to provide dinner and child care for their “Results. Nothing works like results! An organi- families. Translate materials and meeting agendas zation which cannot “deliver the goods” will not into languages other than English, if necessary, continue to attract people and resources. TIP: April 2019 and provide translators at meetings” (p. 100, 101). To many grassroots leaders and residents, visi- ble projects and activities that directly impact on “Role. We all need to feel needed. It is a cliché, but conditions and issues in their communities are the it’s true. We want to belong to a group which gives results they are looking for in return for their partic- 148 us a prominent role and where our unique contri- ipation” (p. 101, 102). May 2019 bution can be appreciated. Not everyone search- 147 Kaye, Gillian. “Involving and Mobilizing the Grassroots.” From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and Com- munity Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 99-122. 148 Kaye, Gillian. “Involving and Mobilizing the Grassroots.” From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and Com- A = ACTIVITY munity Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 99-122. O = OBJECTIVES 46 47 CHAPTER IV: CHAPTER IV:

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations

The statistics show the consumption of pa- NGOs in Turkey, shows people voluntarily gather • Advanced market research on handmade paper is recommended per-based packaging and its waste increased to protect the environment and to improve the in Turkey and waste management became women’s position. • Improving Community Outreach plan is recommended an important part of life. Converting them into handmade paper seems more environmentally The research shows, Silivri municipality has To inform the community, “tabling” technique is recommended. In front of schools and other NGOs, friendly than the other methods of making paper, many activities to improve life and to improve tables can be set up. Besides creating a webpage, creating a logo for handmade products is recom- because it needs less chemicals and less ener- women’s position in Silivri. It provides many mended. gy such as water and electricity. On the other free courses such as art, dance, handcraft etc. hand, there is very little information and experi- Women enjoy involving in these kinds of social • Improving coalition building is recommended. ence about making handmade paper in Turkey. activities and doing handcrafts together; they Internet research shows only two paper making also exhibit and sell their handmade products Add KEDV as stakeholder and set up meetings with them. Continue face to face relations; Come to- workshops in the two cities of Turkey support- to increase their income. This shows, offering to gether at meetings at KAGIDER; share information and ideas and increase stakeholder awareness. ed by the Istanbul and Eskişehir municipalities. make handmade paper to women living in Yeni- Conducting periodic surveys on the community satisfaction is recommended. Moreover, there are a few artists who make art- mahalle neighborhood in Silivri district seems Think the 6 R’s, how to overcome barriers and how to improve stakeholder inventory continuously. works from handmade paper. But research on beneficial and “fun” for them. • Curriculum development is recommended.

SWOT Analysis This curriculum will include community’s needs and lesson plans. Provide training on handmade paper production and training on different kinds of hand paper products such as decorative objects. Creat- ing new opportunities, such as inviting artists who work with handmade paper is recommended. Handmade paper is environmentally friendly; this project introduces making handmade paper and a collaborative process; it works with non-profits to improve the lives of wom- S en in the neighborhood.

Handmade paper production by hand is slow; handmade paper has high price; W in general, there is lack of experience in making handmade paper

The project can expand; different products can be made from handmade paper; O selling handmade paper products increases income.

T There may be lack of marketing handmade paper

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