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The African Networks of Centres of Excellence on Water Sciences Phase II (ACE WATER 2) The African Networks of Centres of Excellence on Water Sciences Phase II (ACE WATER 2) Status of Geothermal Industry in East African Countries Battistelli, A. Crestaz, E. Carmona-Moreno C. LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 2020 EUR xxxxx xx This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Ezio Crestaz Address: Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, T.P. 440, I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Email: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 789152 JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC121200 Ispra: European Commission, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union, 2020, unless otherwise specified How to cite this report: Battistelli A., Crestaz E., Carmona-Moreno C., 2020, The African Networks of Centres of Excellence on Water Sciences Phase II (ACE WATER 2): Status of Geothermal Industry in East African Countries, JRC121200 Cover image: Well testing at Menengai geothermal field, Rift Valley, Kenya (photo by Alfredo Battistelli) Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... iii Executive summary .............................................................................................. iv Foreword ........................................................................................................... xiii Subject ......................................................................................................... xiii 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geothermal energy: a low environmental impact renewable energy ................... 3 1.2 Overview of geothermal resources in East African Countries ............................ 14 1.3 Phases of geothermal resources development ............................................... 18 1.4 Geothermal projects development in East Africa ............................................ 23 1.5 Recognized obstacles to the development of geothermal resources utilization in East Africa ...................................................................................................... 24 2 International stakeholders ................................................................................ 33 2.1 United Nations (UN) ................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Geothermal Training Program (GTP) ..................................................... 35 2.1.2 African Rift Geothermal Facility (ARGeo) ............................................... 37 2.2 European Union (EU) .................................................................................. 44 2.2.1 European Investment Bank (EIB) ......................................................... 47 2.2.2 European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) ........................................ 48 2.3 African Union (AU) ..................................................................................... 48 2.3.1 GRMF (Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility) ........................................... 49 2.4 Nordic Development Fund (NDF) .................................................................. 51 2.5 Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) .................................................... 53 2.6 Agence Française de Développement (AFD) .................................................. 54 2.7 African Development Bank (AfDB) ............................................................... 58 2.8 World Bank (WB) ....................................................................................... 60 2.9 New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade (NZ MFAT) ............................ 63 2.9.1 Geothermal Institute of Auckland University (New Zealand) .................... 63 2.10 International Geothermal Association (IGA) ............................................ 63 2.11 Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) ..................................................... 65 2.12 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ..................................... 66 2.12.1 Global Geothermal Alliance (GGA) ........................................................ 69 2.13 International Energy Agency (IEA) ......................................................... 70 2.14 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) ....................................... 74 2.15 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) ................. 76 2.16 KfW ................................................................................................... 77 2.17 US Agency for International Development (USAID) .................................. 78 2.18 US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) .......................................... 80 i 3 COUNTRIES STATUS ........................................................................................ 82 3.1 Eritrea ...................................................................................................... 85 3.2 Djibouti .................................................................................................... 90 3.3 Ethiopia .................................................................................................... 98 3.4 Kenya .................................................................................................... 118 3.5 Tanzania ................................................................................................. 131 3.6 Comoros ................................................................................................. 138 3.7 Uganda .................................................................................................. 143 3.8 Rwanda .................................................................................................. 151 3.9 Burundi .................................................................................................. 157 3.10 Malawi .............................................................................................. 161 3.11 Zambia ............................................................................................. 167 4 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 173 References ....................................................................................................... 177 List of abbreviations and definitions ..................................................................... 187 List of figures .................................................................................................... 192 List of tables ..................................................................................................... 196 ii Acknowledgements This work was supported by the European Union through the DG Joint Research Centre, Directorate D – Sustainable Resources, Unit D.02 Water and Marine Resources, under the contract “H2020 Assessment of geothermal resource development and potentials along the Eastern Africa Rift Valley, as a support to the energy component of the WEFE (Water- Energy-Food-Ecosystem) nexus analysis in the region”, Contract Number - CT- EX2019D367036-101. The work has been performed within the project “The African Networks of Centers of Excellence on Water Sciences PHASE II (ACE WATER 2)”, that aims at fostering sustainable capacity development at scientific, technical and institutional level in the water sector, being implemented in partnership between UNESCO and the JRC. The authors wish to acknowledge F. Farinosi at JRC for the outstanding exchange of ideas relevant to the competing renewable energy sources and particulalry hydropower in East Africa. iii Executive summary The present activity has been performed within the project “The African Networks of Centres of Excellence on Water Sciences PHASE II (ACE WATER 2)”, that aims at fostering sustainable capacity development at scientific, technical and institutional level in the water sector, being implemented in partnership between UNESCO and the JRC. In this
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