1 Inoculating the Public Against Misinformation About Climate Change
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Political Entertainment Media and the Elaboration Likelihood Model
Political Entertainment Media and the Elaboration Likelihood Model: A Focus on the Roles of Motivation and Ability Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Heather Lyn LaMarre, MPA, MA Graduate Program in Communication The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: R. Lance Holbert, Advisor David Ewoldsen Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick Michael McCluskey Copyright by Heather Lyn LaMarre 2009 Abstract This dissertation extends the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to the study of political communication. In particular, the project focuses on the role of ability and motivation, relative to contact with a variety of political entertainment media messages, on cognitive elaborations. Two studies were conducted to examine these political entertainment processes and effects. The first study was a 2 (ability: low, high) x 2 (media stimuli: The Daily Show, Anderson Cooper 360o) between-subjects design that examined individual-level cognitive elaboration and attitudes about the AIG executive bonus scandal involving government bailout funds. The second study was a 2 (motivation: high, low) x 2 (media stimuli: Sicko, Sicko and An American Carol) between-subjects design that examined individual-level cognitive elaboration and attitudes concerning nationalized healthcare. Results replicated traditional ELM findings. Ability and motivation had direct effects on individual-level elaboration. The main effects of ability and motivation were also found for issue-relevant and positively valenced thoughts. Message directly influenced individual-level elaborations, including total and issue-relevant thoughts. Additionally, interactions between message and ability were found for source credibility, counter-arguments, and media engagement. -
Climate Change: Examining the Processes Used to Create Science and Policy, Hearing
CLIMATE CHANGE: EXAMINING THE PROCESSES USED TO CREATE SCIENCE AND POLICY HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2011 Serial No. 112–09 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 65–306PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. RALPH M. HALL, Texas, Chair F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland DAVID WU, Oregon FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma BRAD MILLER, North Carolina JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois W. TODD AKIN, Missouri GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico SANDY ADAMS, Florida PAUL D. TONKO, New York BENJAMIN QUAYLE, Arizona JERRY MCNERNEY, California CHARLES J. ‘‘CHUCK’’ FLEISCHMANN, JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland Tennessee TERRI A. SEWELL, Alabama E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia FREDERICA S. WILSON, Florida STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan MO BROOKS, Alabama ANDY HARRIS, Maryland RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana DAN BENISHEK, Michigan VACANCY (II) C O N T E N T S Thursday, March 31, 2011 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................ -
Using Video for Consumer Attitude Inoculation About Beef Animal Slaughter: a Quasi-Experimental Study
USING VIDEO FOR CONSUMER ATTITUDE INOCULATION ABOUT BEEF ANIMAL SLAUGHTER: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY By KATHERINE ELIZABETH POWERS Bachelor of Science in Animal Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2012 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2014 USING VIDEO FOR CONSUMER ATTITUDE INOCULATION ABOUT BEEF ANIMAL SLAUGHTER: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Thesis Approved: Dr. Traci L. Naile Thesis Adviser Dr. Robert Terry, Jr. Dr. Gretchen Mafi ii Name: KATHERINE ELIZABETH POWERS Date of Degree: JULY, 2014 Title of Study: USING VIDEO FOR CONSUMER ATTITUDE INOCULATION ABOUT BEEF ANIMAL SLAUGHTER: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Major Field: AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS Abstract: Consumers are demanding transparency of agricultural practices. Americans lack agricultural literacy and they need accurate information sources they can trust. Therefore, an effective communication method is needed to make the agricultural industry more transparent. With the increased consumer concern for animal welfare, the industry needs to be more transparent about humane beef cattle slaughter. Few studies exist determining consumer attitudes about beef animal slaughter and how it affects his or her attitudes, especially using the inoculation theory framework. Studies show individuals learn faster with visual media platforms. The purpose of this study was to determine the success of using video mass media communication for consumer attitude inoculation about beef animal slaughter. This study was a quasi-experimental online questionnaire of semantic differential scales, with a control and treatment group. The treatment group was exposed to a video of the beef animal slaughter process, produced by the American Meat Institute for the Glass Walls Project and guided by Temple Grandin. -
Behavioral Inoculation
BEHAVIORAL INOCULATION An effective communication strategy to induce resistance towardsAn effective negative communicat internet messagesion strategy about to the induce HPV resistance-vaccination? towards negative internet messages about the HPV-vaccination? Written by: Marloes Beerling (890725-044-040) Supervisors: Dr. L. Mollema Dr. E.W.M.L. de Vet MSc programme: Applied Communication Science Specialization: Strategic Communication in Innovation Wageningen University Department of Social Sciences MSc Thesis Chair Group: Knowledge, Information and Technology 0 Abstract Background In 2009, the vaccination against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that can cause cervical cancer, was included in the National Immunization Programme for 12 and 13 year old girls. The uptake of the HPV- vaccination was lower than expected (50%). It is believed that one of the main reasons for the low vaccination rate was the negative and incorrect media coverage about the vaccination, specifically on the internet. Therefore, communication tools are needed to make parents of 12 and 13 year old girls more resilient towards these media messages. The inoculation strategy (McGuire, 1961) is such a communication tool and posits that individuals can be made resistant to persuasive attacks by exposing them to weak arguments against their current attitude, including a refutation of these arguments (McGuire, 1961). The purpose of this study is to assess whether McGuire’s inoculation theory is an effective strategy to strengthen the attitudes of parents towards the HPV-vaccination. Methods An online two-phase experiment with three conditions was carried out among 390 parents and guardians of 12 and 13 year old girls. Phase 1 consisted of a baseline measurement. -
By Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change and Countering Misinformation
Closing the “consensus gap” by communicating the scientific consensus on climate change and countering misinformation John Cook Bachelor of Science (Honours in Physics) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Psychology 2016 CLOSING THE CONSENSUS GAP Abstract There is a consensus among climate scientists that humans are causing global warming. However, the general public think there is significant scientific disagreement about human-caused global warming. This misconception, and in particular the difference between expert and public opinion—the “consensus gap”—has societal consequences, as perceived consensus is a gateway belief influencing a range of climate attitudes including policy support. One contributor to the consensus gap is misinformation, which is designed to manufacture doubt about the level of scientific agreement on anthropogenic global warming (AGW). This multi-paper thesis explores the psychology of consensus, testing experimentally the effect of consensus information and conversely, the influence of misinformation designed to cast doubt on the consensus. I found that overall, consensus information is effective in increasing acceptance of AGW. However, among a small proportion of the public with strong conservative beliefs, the provision of consensus information can be counterproductive; this could contribute to the persistence of the rejection of climate science. I also found that an effective approach to neutralising the influence of misinformation is inoculation against misinformation techniques. As well as conduct research into the psychology of consensus, this thesis documents my efforts to summarise and communicate the body of research into misinformation and consensus, encouraging more evidence-based science communication. -
Neutralizing Misinformation Through Inoculation: Exposing Misleading Argumentation Techniques Reduces Their Influence
Cite as: Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. (2017). Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PloS One, 12(5), e0175799. Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence John Cook1,2* Stephan Lewandowsky3,2, Ullrich K. H. Ecker2 1 Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 2 School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia 3 School of Experimental Psychology and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK * Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Running head: NEUTRALIZING MISINFORMATION 2 1 Abstract 2 Misinformation can undermine a well-functioning democracy. For example, public 3 misconceptions about climate change can lead to lowered acceptance of the reality of climate 4 change and lowered support for mitigation policies. This study experimentally explored the 5 impact of misinformation about climate change and tested several pre-emptive interventions 6 designed to reduce the influence of misinformation. We found that false-balance media coverage 7 (giving contrarian views equal voice with climate scientists) lowered perceived consensus 8 overall, although the effect was greater among free-market supporters. Likewise, misinformation 9 that confuses people about the level of scientific agreement regarding anthropogenic global 10 warming (AGW) had a polarizing effect, with free-market supporters reducing their acceptance 11 of AGW and those with low free-market support increasing their acceptance of AGW. However, 12 we found that inoculating messages that (1) explain the flawed argumentation technique used in 13 the misinformation or that (2) highlight the scientific consensus on climate change were effective 14 in neutralizing those adverse effects of misinformation. -
The Role of Risk Perception, Efficacy and Inoculating Risk Communication
Public Preparedness and Response: The Role of Risk Perception, Efficacy and Inoculating Risk Communication William J. Burns OHSU/PSU Fall Symposium November 30 2018 “This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Grant Award 2017-ST-061-QA0001. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representinG the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” Events Carry a Risk Signature and Invite Threat Appraisal • What does this event portend for the future? • Risk Signal • How will we cope with this type of event? • Efficacy Boston Marathon (2013) University of Iowa 3:40pm November 1 1991 Las Vegas (2017) Indian Ocean (2004) Japan (2011) Hurricane Sandy: NYC-FDR (2012) “Camp Fire” Northern California (2018) How Quickly Do We Recover? The Economic Impacts of a Terrorist Attack on the U.S. Commercial Aviation System1 Peter Gordon, James E. Moore, II, Ji Young Park and Harry W. Richardson (2007) 70,000,000 Half-life ~ 90 days Predictions an 9/11 60,000,000 approximation of authors’ forecasts Passenger 50,000,000 Miles (domestic) 40,000,000 Actual 30,000,000 Predicted 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 Jul Jul Jan Jan Jun Jun Oct Apr Apr Feb Sep Feb Sep Dec AuG AuG Nov Mar Mar May May 1Graph based on excerpt from authors’ data 2001 2002 London Train Bombings: Predicted vs. Actual Passengers (Prager, Asay, Lee & von Winterfeldt, 2011) 22000 Half-life 45 days 20000 18000 Predicted 16000 First Bombing Actual 14000 Passengers (000s) Passengers Second Bombing 12000 Attempts Full Service Restored 10000 Jan April July Oct Dec 2005 Japanese Triple Crisis: Emotional Response in the U.S. -
Merchants-Of-Doubt-Assignments.Pdf
Discussion Guide: https://urbauerlab.uga.edu/fyo/pdfs/merchants-of-doubt-discussion-guide.pdf Background reading: -Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement -New York Times review of “Merchants of Doubt” https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/movies/review-merchants-of-doubt- separating-science-from-spin.html? -Think Progress interview with Robert Kenner https://thinkprogress.org/professional-deceivers-people-who-can-convince-you-a- garbage-man-knows-more-science-than-a-nasa-phd-33a6fece3825/ 2017 Report on Climate Change: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/07/government-document-directly-contradicts- trump-on-climate-change-report-says.html https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09082017/climate-change-science-report- leaked-truth https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/07/climate/document-Draft-of- the-Climate-Science-Special-Report.html? https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/climate/climate-change-drastic-warming- trump.html? https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3920195/Final-Draft-of-the- Climate-Science-Special-Report.pdf A bit (a few sentences) of background, how this person/entity fit into the movie, and then how this person/entity contributed to (or battled against) a “war on science” Explain how/why each of the following people/entities constitute or contribute in some way to a “war on science” 1. The Oregon Petition () https://www.desmogblog.com/oregon-petition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Petition https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Oregon_Petition http://www.snopes.com/30000-scientists-reject-climate-change/ -
Climate Skepticism
CLIMATE CHANGE DENIAL AND THE CULTURE OF SCIENTIFIC SKEPTICISM The Nation NASA USDoS Kira Clingen Harvard Energy Journal Club October 6, 2017 PRESENTATION STRUCTURE 1. Terminology 2. James Hansen, Congress, and the American public 3. Types of Deniers 4. Types of Denial Arguments 5. Postmodernism, Public Opinion and Perception 6. Scientific Skepticism SKEPTICISM OR DENIAL – OR BULVERISM? MisterDavidC: Flickr Creative Commons SKEPTICISM • Skepticism: seeking truth within the realization that the world is a complex place • Apply critical faculties to both sides of an argument • Admit uncertainties • Risk management may require appropriate responses regardless of uncertainties (skepticism) Team Kweeper via Flickr Creative Commons Adapted from Pittock, A.B. (2009) Climate Change: The Science, Impacts and solutions, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia DENIAL • Denial: Refusal to believe something no matter the evidence • Demonstrate ‘willful ignorance’ and use logical fallacies to maintain unshakeable beliefs Marc via Flickr Creative Commons Adapted from Washington, H. and J. Cook. (2011) Climate Change Denial – Heads in the Sand. Routeledge, New York, New York. BULVERISM • Bulverism: avoids need to prove that someone is wrong by first assuming they are wrong, then explaining why they hold their (wrong) view Hamilton, C. (2010) Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, Australia JAMES HANSEN AND THE AMERICAN PUBLIC • Testified to Congress in 1988 • First time lead scientist shared connection between human activities, atmospheric pollutants and warming climate • Brought anthropogenic climate change from a purely scientific realm to public sphere • 1998 79% of American public believed in anthropogenic climate change • Inaccuracy in model touted by climate change deniers Hansen, J. -
Satirical Comedy Corrects Climate Change Disinformation
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2020 “YOU DON’T NEED PEOPLE’S OPINIONS ON A FACT!”: SATIRICAL COMEDY CORRECTS CLIMATE CHANGE DISINFORMATION Shelly A. Galliah Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2020 Shelly A. Galliah Recommended Citation Galliah, Shelly A., "“YOU DON’T NEED PEOPLE’S OPINIONS ON A FACT!”: SATIRICAL COMEDY CORRECTS CLIMATE CHANGE DISINFORMATION", Open Access Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2020. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1022 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, Digital Humanities Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, and the Television Commons “YOU DON’T NEED PEOPLE’S OPINIONS ON A FACT!”: SATIRICAL COMEDY CORRECTS CLIMATE CHANGE DISINFORMATION By Shelly A. Galliah A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Rhetoric, Theory and Culture MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Shelly A. Galliah This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Rhetoric, Theory and Culture. Department of Humanities Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Sue Collins Committee Member: Dr. Andrew Fiss Committee Member: Dr. Patricia Sotirin Committee Member: Dr. Joseph Reagle Department Chair: Dr. Patricia Sotirin Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... -
South-Coast Report Happs Comments
A RESPONSE TO THE DRAFT DOCUMENT “South Coast Regional Sea-level Rise Planning and Policy Response Framework by Whitehead and Associates, July 2014” Prepared for the Eurobodalla Shire Council and Shoalhaven City Council. Primary council contacts: Norm Lenehan (ESC); and Isabelle Ghetti (SCC) I have read the above draft document and, whilst there are too many points of contention to be addressed here, I would like to focus on issues of concern regarding some questionable assumptions made and highly questionable sources of authority. It is perhaps appropriate that Whitehead and Associates state: “Limits to understanding climate change science, predicting future emissions and projecting future sea-level rise, mean that there is significant uncertainty and absolute predictions cannot be reliably made.” And: “However, there is presently no means to place robust numerical likelihoods on the rates of future sea-level rise.” I would firstly like to reflect on the following questionable statement from the draft document: “We note that there is genuine scepticism relating to the reality of climate change, but among scientists that have an established track record in climate science and directly related fields, this point of view is apparently only held by a small minority of suitably qualified professionals.” To say: “.. there is genuine scepticism relating to the reality of climate change,..” is a fatuous comment and I would challenge Whitehead and Associates to point out just one scientist who claims that the climate is not changing. Climate has always changed, sometimes slowly and sometimes rapidly. It is changing as you read this and will continue to change irrespective of what we do. -
The Debunking Handbook 2020 2 for More Information on the Debunking Handbook 2020 Including the Consensus Process by Which It Was Developed, See
e Debunking Handbook 2020 Authors Stephan Lewandowsky David N. Rapp University of Bristol and School of Education and Social Policy & Department University of Western Australia of Psychology, Northwestern University cogsciwa.com rapplab.sesp.northwestern.edu John Cook Jason Reifler George Mason University University of Exeter climatechangecommunication.org jasonreifler.com Jon Roozenbeek Ullrich Ecker University of Cambridge University of Western Australia chu.cam.ac.uk/people/view/jon-roozenbeek emc-lab.org Philipp Schmid Dolores Albarracín Department of Psychology, University of Erfurt University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign philippschmid.org psychology.illinois.edu/people/dalbarra Colleen M. Seifert Michelle A. Amazeen University of Michigan Boston University lsa.umich.edu/psych bu.edu/com/profile/michelle-amazeen/ Gale M. Sinatra Panayiota Kendeou Rossier School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Southern California University of Minnesota motivatedchangelab.com/ cehd.umn.edu/edpsych/people/kend0040/ Briony Swire-Thompson Doug Lombardi Network Science Institute, Northeastern University University of Maryland Institute of Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, sciencelearning.net brionyswire.com Eryn J. Newman Sander van der Linden Research School of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge The Australian National University psychol.cam.ac.uk/people/sander-van-der-linden erynjnewman.com Emily K. Vraga Gordon Pennycook Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Hill Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina Communication, University of Minnesota gordonpennycook.net emilyk.vraga.org Ethan Porter Thomas J. Wood School of Media and Public Affairs; Institute for Data, Department of Political Science, Ohio State University Democracy and Politics; Department of Political polisci.osu.edu/people/wood.1080 Science (courtesy), George Washington University Maria S.