GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND fORESTS (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS & WILDLIFE)
REPO T o INVENTORY OF FORESTS OF SHIMOGA DISTRICT (KARNATAKA)
FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA SOUTHERN ZONE BANGALORE 1987 GOVERNMENT m::·INOrA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONME:NT AND FORESTS (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS & WILDLIFE)
REPORT ON INVENTORY OF FORESTS OF SHIMOGA DISTRICT
(KARNATAKA)
FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA SOUTHERN ZONE BANGALORE 1987 PREFACE
The Southern - Zone of the Forest Survey of India was set up in June 1931 and started active functioning in 5eptelT'.ber 1982, by way of taking up the inventory work. Shi moga Distr ict was one of the first to be taken up. The inventory work was completed by May 1984.
The report comes out with details regardin8 the area inventoried, the methodology adopted, processing of the results and 'the findings with regard to the forest resources. The survey reveals that 21.3% d the land area is under fGrests and about 9.6% of the actual tree ccvered forest area is made up of plantation. '!lith an average of 196 ste_ms per hectare the tDtal number of stems in the forest area of the district comes to 8~25,53,367. The volumetric growing stock in the inventoried area is 3.16~27 .611 M 3 per hectare. About 75% of the tree forest area is devoid of established regeneration which may be due to var ious biotic pressure~. The extent cf forest
area containing bamboos is 1,93,57l~.4 ha with a stock of 7,16,103tonnes of green bambJo. An average of 3.699 tonnes of green bamboo per hectare is the stock positicn.
A sizeable port ion of bamboo stock of about 37% consists of dry and da maged cuI ms, stressing the n~cd for more intensive managoment of thg. bamboo growing stock.
Shri N.V. Ramachandra Chetty, the then Joint Director initiated the field work and the work was completed under the guidance and supervision of Sri Erappa and Sri C4S, Vedant. The data were processed at Data ProceSSing Unit, Dchradun.
The cooperation extQnd~d by the Karnataka Forest Dopartmoot at various lovels is thankfull y acknowlodgod. Ths combined offorts of thQ staff of SouthQrn ZonG whoso collective contr ibution has played thQ main rolo in successful complQtion of this rGport is highly apprQciable.
J.B. La!, DirG:ctor 9 For~st SurvQY of India. CONTENTS
Page No. , Summary '(1)
CHAPTER-I BACKGROUND "'INFORMATION ', __, ' " -1 1.1 'G enera 1 Features of the: ~ur::vey 2'" 1. 1; 1 Location of -the Distr;ict ~[1q\its ', 2 subd iv isions. 1.1.2 Physical Features.' ',r, 1.1.3 Forests 2 1'.1.4 Cli mate and Rainfa 11 4 .~ 1.1.5 Area and Popu! ation' ,", ,4 . 1.1.6 Land Use Pattern 5 1.1.7 Other Socio-economic Indicators 6
CHAPTER-2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY 7 2.1 I Forest Area I defined. 8 2.2 Sampling Design 8 2.3 Methodology 9 2.4 Intensi ty of 'the Survey 12
CHAPTER-3 DATA PROCESSING 14- 3.0 Preparation of Data for Processing on 14- Electronic Computer. 3.1 ' Area Computation 14- 3.2 Volume Estimation 14- 3.3 Enumerated Tree Volume and Plot Volume 16 3.4 Stand TabJes 16 3.5 Stock Tables 16 3.6 Sampling ErrOr 16 3.7 Bamboo 18 3.7.1 Area 18 3.7.2 Clu mps per Hectare , 18 3.7.3 Culms per <::lurrp 18 3.7.4 Cui ms per Hectare i " 18 3.7.5 Total Number of Culms 19 3.7.6 Bamboo Stock -' 19 3.7.7 Dry Weight Equivalent 'of -Bamboo Stock 19 ';" :, CHAPTER-4 ,RESULTS OF THE SURVEY 20 " 4.1 Topography of the Forest Area 20 L1.2 Land Use Pattern in Forest Area 20 4.3 State of Health of FOrest Soils 22 L1.3.1 Depth of Soil s 22 9-.3.2 Soil Consj~tency ,"r-. 23- 4.3.3 Erosion Status , ' ! 23 4.3,.4- Densi ty of Vegetation <;:pver 24 4.4 Tree C lad Forest Areas:,Jn' the Forests 25 4.4.1 Origin of Sta'nd in the _Tree Forest 25 4.4.2 Co mposi -fion of the:' Tree Forest 25 4.4.3 Ti,nber Utili ty Classes 26 4.4.4 Intensi ty of Regeneration in the~ Tree Forest 27 Ar,l!a ,.; I ,' 4.4.5 F"re tncidence in the Tree Forest Area 28 4.5 G ;(, wing Stock of Ti mbet- (Stahd Tables) 29 4.6 Gxwing Stock of Timber (Stock Tables) 29 4.7 Gre wing Stoc k of Bamboos )0 4.8 Sanpling Error 33
(a) LIST OF, T ABLF-S Page No. 1.1.6 Land Use Pattern 5 4.2.1 Land Use Pattern' in Forest Area 20 4.3.1 Area figur~s under.. each cat~gory of Soil Depth 22 4.3.2 Soil Consistency 23 4.3.3 Soil Erosion Status' 23 4~3.4 Densi ty of Vegetat ion 'Cover on the Forest Soil s.· 24 4.4.1 Origin of Stand in the Tree Forest 25 ' 4.4~2 Extent of Forest Areas under var ious Crop Co mposi tion categories .,\ 26 4.4.3 Extent of ForesLAreas under Tree Crop of DiIferent Classes . 27 4.4.4 Intensi ty of Regeneration 28 4.4.5 Fire Incidence in the 'Tree Forest Area 29 4.5.1 ) to ) Stand Tables 35 4.5.9 )
4.6.1 ) to ) Stock Tables 54 4.6.9. )
4.7.1 Distr)bution of Bamboos by Species and Quality Class 30 4.7.2 ) to ) Bamboo STock Tables. 65 4.7 .8 )
4!7.9 Average Height, Green and .Air Dry Weight of Bamboo Culms 32 4.7.10 Bamboo Stock 72 4.7.11 Dry Weight Equivalent, of Bamboo Stock 73 4.80.,1 SE% of Growing Stock of Tree Forest Area Stratified by Legal status 33 4.8.2 SE% of 'Grow ing Stock of Tree. Forest Area Stratified by Forest Qivis!on 33 4.8.3 SE% of Growing Stock of Tree Forest Area t' Stratified by Forest Type ':..; 34 4.8.4 SE% of the Stock of Sa mOOos 34 PART n - APPENDICES
APPENDIX-! Map Sheet Coverage of Shi moga Survey 74 APPENDIX-II Speci mens, of forms used for· inventory :"(1 )""P]ot Approach Forr:n 98 (2) _:{>lot 'Description Form 100 or ,Plot: Enumeration Form 101 (lj) Sample Tree Forf0 102 (5) 5amboo _Enuma-ation Form 103 (6) Bamboo. Enuma-ation Form (nori-clump ~orming). 104 (7) Bamboo' Weight Form 105
(b) LIST OF MAPS
Page. No. Map - 1 Location Map of the Inventoried Distr ict (Scale 1:15,000,000) 106 Map - 2 Map of the Inventor ied Distr ict showing Principal Forest Tracts (Scale 1:5,OOpOOO) 107
FIGURE
Fig.l Layout of Sketch of Sample Plots 108
BI BLI OGRAPHY AND NOTES 109 ... 0)
SUMMARY
This report deals with the inventory of forest resources of Shi moga District carried out by the Forest Survey of India~ Southern Zone, Bangalore in the year 1983-84. The report 1s organised into two parts. The £i rst part deals with the details of the area inventor ied, the methodology of data collection and processing, and the results. The second part consists of appendices relevant to the report. The findings of the survey are summarised below:- 2 (1) The net area under forest in the distr lct is 1j.,395."16 km
(2) Approximately 40,328 hectare comprising about 9.6% of the actual tree covered forest area (1j.,21,427.6 hal is made up of plantations.
(3) The forests in the district predominantly have timbers of mixed size cl asses.
(4) r,,1ore than 75% of the tree forests are devoid of established regenera tion.
(5) The total number of stems in the tree ,forest area of the district is' 8,25,53,367 with an a ve rage of 1'96 stems per hectare. This est i mate has standard error of + 7.696 at 95% probability.
(6) The total volu metr ic growing stock in the tree forests of the 3 3 inventoried area is 3,16,27,611 m with an average of 75 m per hectare. This esti mate has a standard error of + 9.4% at 95% proba bility.
(7) The tota 1 green baml:x>o stock in the distr let is 7,16,103 tonnes. The total extent of forest are a containing bamboos is 1,93,574-.4- hectare. Thus the average green bamboo stock works out to 3.699 tonnes per hectare.
(8) The bamboo forests in the distr ict have a potentia I of producing 89, 553 tonnes every year.
(9) A large portion of the green bamboo stock (about 37%) consists of' dry and damaged cui ms, unde r lining the need for more inte nsive management of ba mboo growing stock,
*** , CHAPTER-l 1'------:----
BACKGROUND------INFORMATION '
: ' 1.0 A forest Inventory is an attempt to describe the quantity and quali ty of forest trees and many of the characteristics of the land area upon which the trees are growing. Forest inventor ies must not only evaluate the characterist ics of the trees but also of the land on which they grow, for, estimates of timber quantities without reference to the area on which the trees grow have little meaning. A 'complete forest inventory fro m a ti mber est i mate point of vie w would include a description of the forested area and the legal ownership; estimates of the volumes of the standing trees and estimates of the growth and drain (that is, losses due to pest', disease, fire, organisedJun- organised extractions etc.). In any specific inventory th~re may 'be emphasis on, or eli mination of, one or more of these items depending upon the objective. But for a complete evaluation 'of a forest area and especiall y with a view to managing, it on a sustained yield basis all theSe elements are of importance.
The sca'te and' complexity 9f a forest inventory de pends
J upon' the si ze of the -area t,o be assessed and the purpose for which ;the :resul ts of the information are aest iried. The inventor ies undertaken by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) fall' under the category of NATIONAL FOREST I NVENTORIES. A National Forest Inventory requires general est imates of a 11 the ele ments of a forest inventory.
The FSI has been conducting inventories with the following objectives: (a) to monitor periodically on a 10 year cycle the changing pattern of forest resources and to call attention of
· i the planners to the critical aspects of the resource management; and (b) to generate. basic forest resources data for the development planning nee ds of the state/national Jevel planners.
An inventory 9f the forests of Shlmcga district was undertaken by .. the FSI, Southern Zone , Bangalore during the financial year 1983- 84. The fie ld work was completed in (\,~ay 19&4-. -2-
1.1 General Features of the Survey Area 1.1.1 Location of the District and its Subdivisions
The survey area lies between 13° 27' 3~' and 14° 39' 30' north latitudes and 74° 37' 30' and 76°- 4' Ott east longitudes. There are three forest divisions in this district viz. Sagar, Shimoga and Bhadravati. The d istr ict co mpr ises 11 Talukas. Dhadravati Forest Division includes a few Talukas of ChikamagaJur district also, which are not included in thi,s inventory.
1.1.2 ~t.!Y.!ilcal_Feature·s_ The topography of the western portion of the distr ict is hilly comprising of a belt of hilly country about 64 kms wide called the Western' Ghats or the Malnad in local, vernacular. The hill ranges run roughly in -the north-south direct.ion .and are nearly parallel to: one another. Baba Budan Girl is the Joftiest" of the Western Ghat hills and reaches a height of 1923"metres above. I'ASL. The eastern part .of the. d istr ict ,comprises of an open undulating country known- as the Maidan or Sailshi me. The averag~ altitude is about 600 metres " above the MSL.
Numerous east ward and west ward flowing streams drain
the Western Ghats. The Sharavati 1S a well-known westward flowing river of this region. The Jog Falls is a ' famous waterfall on this strea m. The Sharavat i hydro-eiectr ic pro ject i~ buil t over: this river ': and has a ge,nerating capaci ty of 8-9,100 K VI, constructed in the y~~r 1965. The Bhadra and the Tunga are ~wo eastward flowing rivers .:)n the dist'r kt. " The Bhadra hYdro-electrfc project is buH t across . . the Bhadr,a river and -generates 32,000' K W of power. The. Bhadra . ~ Dam irr igates 97,POO ha of land~ .
1.1.3 . Forests The forests of this. area .is -.m ixed and fall under the broad classification of South Indian Tropical. forests of both evergreen .and 'deciduous types. As per the ·rev ised ~urvey of forest types ' of India by Champion arid. Seth, they are broadly classified a~ follows:..,:' I. Southern Tropical Wet Evergreen forest~ IA/C4 2. Southern, Tropfcal Semi-evergreen forests 2A/C2 3. South Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous forest 3 B/C2 4. Southcr.n Tropica.l DrY"Dccidu;Os ·forest 5 A/C2 -3-
"':., The tropical evergreen forests are character ised by luxur iant vegetation consisting of. several storeys. The highest storey consisting of lofty and ta 11 trees often with buttressed bases reaches a height of about 45 metres. Epiphytes like, aroids, ferns, moss and orchids practically cover the entire branches. Climbers also grow luxuriantly. The undergrowth is _generall y a tangle of canes, creeping bamboos and palms which may replace high forest as cane brake along streams.
The tropical wet evergreen forest in' this area is spread over Hosanagara, Sagara and Agu mbe range~ consist ing of important species like Alstonia scholaris, Artocarpus hirsuta, Dipterocarpus indlcus, Mesua ferrea, Machilus macrantha, Hopea parviflora VI ith reeds along the river banks.
The se mi-evergreen type is an inter mediary between the ";. tropical evergreen and moist deciduous types. The presence of trees with buttressed stem contInues. But overall, canopy is less denser than the true evergreen:
The moist deciduous type is for med by a mixture of trees which are deciduous during dry season. Generall y the tree height reaches upto 20 to 25 metres ~ This type of forests become leafless during d~y ~eason, sometime duririg March-April. Soraba, Shikaripur, Anandpur and ThirthahalJj, Shankar areas consist of Lagerstroemia lanceo!ata, Lannea coromandelica, Mitragyna parvif lora , Adina c ordifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium and Terminalia panicuJata.
Anothe r important forest type exist ing In the Honall, Bhadravati and Channagiri Ranges is ~ry deciduous type . This is generally formed by a mixture of trees which are deci duous during dry season. On . . an average the height of trees reac hes upto 10-15 metres. Presence of s hrubs as undergrowth is common. The tree species consist of Anogeissus' . latifoHa , Dalbergla latifolia . Lagerstroemia lanceolata ,
Pterocarpust ·;Santa lum, Tec tona and Xylia xylocarpa. Dendrocalamus str ictus and Bambusa arundinacea are found in moist and dry d eciduous areas. -4-
1.1.4 eli mate and Rainfa 11
... :. The cli mate a'nd rainfall of the distr ict is typical of , " the Western Ghat region with an average annual rainfall of 1500 mmj the maximum rainfall "occurs at Agumbe which is the second wettest plac'e in the country and receives upto 5000 mm rainfall. June, July, August, September and October are the months which receive the bulk of the rainfall. The mean maximum and minimum temperature 0 in an average year is 30.9 C and 20.Ll-°C respectively. The me~n maxi mum and mini mum te mperatures recorded in the coldest month of January and the hottest' mooth of April in an average year were 0 0 30.0 C and 12.5 C; and 36.60 C and 22°C respectively. The tempera ture variation between the hottest and the coldest season is not very marked. The mild climate of the district, is due to altitude. Little change is observed in the relative humidity of the coldest, h~ttest_ or wettest months as can be seen from the following readings recorded in an a verage year: January April ~ 08.00 hrs 82.3% 80.6% 92.2% 17.30 hrs 59.7% 36.8% 80.6%
1 • 1• .5 Area and Population
The total area of the district is 10,553 km2 with a population ,density of 1'57 inhabitants per km2 as against the national population density of 2'16 per km2 (1981 census). 74% of the inhabitants of the qistrict live in rural areas. 84.46% of the " population consists of Hindus, 10.63% Musil ms, 2.09% Christians, 0.7% Jains and 0.07% others.
The livestock population of the distr ict is 16,23,397 (1972 Livestock Census) for ming a high densi ty of 1.53 ani mals per km2 as against the national average of 108 ani m~Us per knf. To keep such a large Ji-.:estock population in a weB noudshed and usefull y productive state we would require! about 4060, km2 of land under permanent pastures and grazing lands at an optimum carry ing capaci ty of 4 catt le sheds per he,ctare. But fro m table 1.1.6 it wi 11 be seen that the extent of pasture and grazing lands availabJe is far short of this require mente It w ill not be incorrect to conc1u de that the avail able extent of pasture and grazing lands are overgrazed and consequently degraded. It is not an uncommon sight to see large herds of malnourished unproductive -5- cattle try ing to nibble away the small quantities of the less palatable species of grasses of low nutritive value that now inhabit the grasslands in the d istr let.
1.1.6 Land Use Pattern The follow lng table shows the land use pattern in ~hi moga Distr ict:- Table 1.1.6 (Year 1975-76) Area (km2) % of total Sl.Noj Land Use land usc'
1. I Area (accord i ng to village 10,575.54 I papers). \ 2. Forest Area 2,252.03 l I Land not available for ,l cultivation I 3~ Land put to non agricultural • 1 6.5- uses. C' \ 864.98 1 j 4. Barren and uncultivable land 346.1 L~ . 3.8 i Total 1, 211.12 I 11.5 Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land 1 5. Permanent pasture and other grazing lands "2,623.11 24.8 6. Land under miscellaneous tree I crops and groves not included in net area sown. 219.97 2.0 7. Cultivable waste 449.85 4.3 Total 3,292.93 31.1 8. Fallow lands 821.00. 7.8 9. Net area sown 2,998.46 28.3 Grand Total 10,575.54 100
(Source: Statistical Abstract of Karnataka 1976-77} -6-
1.1.7 Other Socia-economic indicators
The per capita }and availablli ty in the distr ict for cultivation is 0.94 ha. Majority of the land holdings in the district faU under 1 to 2 ha category.
R ice is the most important foodgrain produced. The d istr ict accounted for 13.5% of the total ric::e output in the State during 1976-77. 6% of the sugarcane production of the State (in 1976-77) was accounted for hy the district.
The chief m inera 15 in the distr ict are Ii mestone, manganese ore an~ _quartz. 1174 outof a tota 1 of 1754 to wns and vi 11 ages (const i tut ing about 67%) had .been electrified by 1976. Only about 81 villages in the distr ict were not connected by any road in 1?76. According to the 1971 ce~sus 36.61 % of the population of the district was Ii teratej 31.61% of the rural people and 52.78% of the urban people were literate.
Bhadravati is the ohIy industr ia1 town in this distr ict. The Visveswaraya Iron: and Steel Li mited is established on the left bank of Bhadra. The M ysore Paper Mills has establ i shed a modern newsprint and high quaE ty pape r' making plant and a sugar processing f~porx·, -7-
C I-:1A PTER-2 . / DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY
2.0 The development of aer ial survey te~hni que during the present century has revolutionised the methods of examining forests. It is now possible to map remote forest tracts, to secure: accurate information regarding the area and to arr ive at. preli minary est i mates of thE:ir comp~si tion and nature directly from aerial r;hotographs. Niost forest inventor ies ai m at provi din~ satisfactory est i mates of total yalues of the para meters of the forests '( mainly volumes of wood) over the whore inventoried area or over parts of it. Th<::se total values are obtained through: est i mation of the corresponding area and the mean valUE: per unit area of these paramet~rs, Both mean areas and mean values of the parameters,. per area unit, may be estimated through aerial photographs (an·d maps) and/Qr field measure- ments and observations, these est imates being '-made by complete enumeration or by sampling, The use of aerial photographs Of or e sti maticn of the mean values of the parameters per unit area is limited by its application to fair~y uniform temperate for0sts and plantations and are for the ti me being of 11 ttlc relevance fer tropiCal forests. Difficulty "of species identification froom a e rial photographs in the tropics~ want of data on the correlatio!:, betw~n cro-.yn cr.aracte rist ies and bo le dimensions and the impossi~ili!Y Qf defect estimation from aerial photographs se riously li !.,jts the ,~pr>lieabili ty of phctogran:metr ic m easurements in inve ntories of trupical forests. There fore a erial photographs are used mainly for estimation of ' area although it is not necessary' that all area inf, ormation. should co me only- from aerial photographs. It is. so·metimes provided entir~ly by field measurements and observations. This inve ntory has the refore relie d on the 1:50,000 scale topographic maps prepared by the _. Survey of India in which the extent of ferest are~s are depicted in green c cdour. Henceforth by lItoposheet" we m ean the 1:50~OOO $cale topographic map she e ts of the Survey of India. -8-
2.1 'Forest Area' defined
The followinr; categories Of lands a.re treated as 'Forest Areas' for the purpose of the forest inventory:-
0)" All areas shown by a green colour wash on the toposheets. (ii) All areas shown on the toposheets in whiCh words
such as thick jungle, thick forest., dense jungle t open forest, bamboos etc., are printed.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term 1 fer est area' in this report shall henceforth mean areas of any cr all the categories mentioned above.
2.2 Sampl ing Design
Each toposheet falling in the survey area was divided into 1 1 36 grl. d s () f ~~~ mmute. x 22' mmute.. 0 fl'atltu d es an d I ongltu . d es. In each c·f these .?rids, two sample points , were marked. The inventory data ,was collected from a square plot ?f 0.1 hectare laid cut at each
of these sample points on the r~round. The method of marking the sample point on the map is described in the following paragraphs.
On'e side· 'd the. ,square plot (wh'i'ch is 31.62 m on the e;roLind) mc;;asures 0.6324 mm cn the' 1:oposheet. The length and width Gf each grid is measured' in ·millimetres to the first decima,( place. The measured length is then divided by 0.6324 which gives the number of sample· plots of 0.6324 mm that can be marked along each axis C'f the gr id... Th~ .de ci ma1s ~re munded off to the nearest whole nu mbcr.
Suppose the measurable: l~ngth and width "o f a grid along its X & Y axes are 83.5 mm and 92.5 mm respectively. On dividing by 0,6324 and roundi_ng e ff the de cimals we cbtain the numbers 132 and 146 respectively.' A three digit rand{;)m number is drawn from the rando m ol)umbcr 'tables for each axis separately. - Suppose the random numbers
are 114 and 61 respe ctively (less than 132 and 146)~ then these numbers are multiplied by 0.6324 and the decimals ate rounded' off so as to yield the numb-.;:-rs 72 and 39 respectively. 72 mm and 39 mm then . . become the coordina.tes of the first sample po int in the grid. Taking
SW c orne r ~Jf this grid as origin and measuring 72 mm and 39 mm along X. &. Y axes respectively the centre of the first plot is marked. -9-
If the random numbers drawn are 584 and 482 (greater than 132 and 146) then these random numbers are diyided by 132 and 146 and the remaind~rs 56 and 44 respectively are multiplied by 0.6324 tc yield the whole numbers' 3.~:'and 28 respectively. 35 mm and 28 mm then become the coordinat~'s of the first sampl.= point in the grid. ,'~ ...
The fi rst sample pain! l~, then " jo:ined by a straight line to the grid centre and thi~ line is extended ..further beycnd the grid centre. On the extended port ion of the lin~, thor: ,second point is marked at a distance equal to the distance of first point from the grid centre. This point is the centre of the second plct.
All sample points falling in tr,e "forest area' only arc located on the ground and quantitative data Is cbllected from the sample plots. Quali tative data such as ferest type etc., is collected by observing a 2 hectare area surrouhding the plot centre. The coordina tes cf the centres inventdr_'ied, during 'this survey and some of the important informations coUe~ted therefrom are given in Appendix I .of this fI;~pcrt.
2.3 M€dhod~logy The field data is col1ected. by a Cf€w·-c.oiisiStingrof'bne Junior Technical Assi~tant (Crew. Leader)~ a Deputy Ranger;' t\1/o or three Fieldmen and a camp khalasi; besides -unskiUed'labourers hired locaJly whenever n>2eded. The Crew Leader is provided with a;;set of toposheets on which the sample points to be surveyed have already been marked.
The, .... sample" points~. , marked on the toposheets are also iisted' so as to avoid any sa mple location being le,ft unsurveyed. A set of measuring instrumentS s:uch, as _,the ;Spya Compass, Haga/Blume Leiss hypsome ter, Callipers, measUring tapes a.nd ranging rods etc., are provided.
The Crew" U~ader decides convenient camping locations frQrp w here- three to~ Ibut sa mple locations can be easily approached bY' foot. Afte r deCiding the"pI6t and the grid number to be surveyed on a particular day from a camping site, the Crew Leader reaches a prominent physical feature (also caJled sta rt'ing r e ference point) , as near to the sample po int as possible ~ located on the map and easy to identify on the gro und. Usually the foJJowing features are selected as reference points:- -10-
i) Bench marks; ii) Triangulation points; ili) Village trijunction points; iv) Old bridges and 'cul verts; v) Old temples, mosques and. churcheS; vi) Crossing of rai I track with roads, rivers, streams; vii) Junct ion of ri vers- or streams and mads; viii) Prominent bends in roads~ rivers, streams; ix) Old ponds and wells; x) Springs; xi) Prominent topographical features in hilly, region such as spurs~ knolls etc., xii) Milestones or kilometer stones; and xiii) Boundary pillars (of international, state, district and forest boundaries).
Having located a prominent physical feature ('reference point) cn the ground an~ confi r ming it with reference to th,e map, the distance and ~ear ing of the sa mple point ,fro m this physical feature is measured fro m the map. The bearing is measured with the help of' a protractor or the Sl1 va CompaSs. At this reference point the crew leader records detail s of the sa mple point fro m the reference feature, the name of the camping spot, the ti.me taken to reach the sample point and complet ion of the work etc., in the rp lot Approach Infer mation recorded in this form is useful for ti me and cost studies .for the inventory and also helps to relocate the point at a future date. From the reference point, the crew leader traverses the distance in the direction measured on the map so as to reach the sample point. A wooden peg is fixed at this location which is the centre of the sampJe plot. After reaching the sample point, a square sample pl9t of 0.1 hectare with diagonals measuring 44.72 metres in N 5-E VI directions is laid out on the ground by mark ing
its four come~ by thin poles. Regeneration data is collected from a plot measuring 4 m x lj. m Laid out about the plot centre. Fer a schematic sketch of the sampling design and lay cut of the sample plot see Figur~-l en page 108. -11-
After laying out the plot, the crew leader and other crew , members collect the inventory data 'in the following field forms:-
(i) Plot Description Form; (ii) Plot Enumcration Form; (iii) Sample Tree Form; (j~') Bamboo Enumffation Form (clump forming); (v) Bamboo Enumeration Form (non-clump forming); and (vi) Bamboo Weight Ferm.
Specimens of the above field forms may be found in Appendix II. However, these field forms are briefly described below:-' (i) Plot Description Form (PDF)
Qualitative data such as land use, composition of the tree crop and its density, erosion status of soils in the areai intensities of fi re and graz ing, regenerat ion status etc., are recorded in this 'form. The basis of assess ment is occular by observing an area of about 2 ha arounc the plot centre. The surround ing area of 2 ha is not marked.
(ii) Plot Enumeration Form (PEF)
The trees and bamboo clumps in the 0.1 ha plot are enumerated and recorded with the name of the species alid the diameter at breast height.
(iii) Sample Tree Form (STF)
The data in this form is collected from the North-West quarter of the sample plot. Name of the tree species, its diameter at breast height, double bark thickness (dbt), dominance status, length of the cle ar bole and height of each tree enumerated in this. quadrant are recorded. The data from this form helps in developing local volu me equat ions for the species in the survey area. Under bark volume is also derived from the local volume equations with the help of bark thickness data. The area of the sample tree plot is 0.025 hag -12-
(iv) & (v) Bamboo Enumeratio:"l (dum ~'and non-clum for mi ng BEF)
These forms are used whenever bamboo clumps are encountered in the sample plots. Data such as the number of culms in each clump., their size, maturity condition, length etc., are recorded.
(vi) Bamboo Weight Form
For determining the correlation between green and dry weight of the utilizable length of bamboo culm sample pieces of matured culms .are , cut and weighed at regular intervals of ti me till a constant air dry weight is obtained. '"
2.4 Intensity of the Survey
A total of 491 sample plots were marked on the toposhe ets in the forest areas of Shi moga D istr ict. , The tota 1 extent of th~ forest area depicted on the 5urvey of India toposhe'ets W,a~ est i mated by using the dot grid. The area represented by each sample point (in short to be referred to in the subsequent port ions of this report as "the area weight" of the sample point), is worked out in the following manner~- Tota 1 forest area Total No. of Sample Points marked in the forest areas = 491 Area Weight 4950.27 <.491 2 = 10.082 km /plot
f1. t the ti me of mark lng > the sa mple point locations on the 8round, it was found that at 55 s'ample point locations, when= presence of forests had been indicated by the maps ~ the lands w ere now under non-forestry use. The net forest area t~us works ouf to ~ (491 - 55) x 10.0&2
= 436 x 10.082 ; .. = lI395.76 l A t the re maining 436 plots t w hlch were fo~nd to be in fore st areas (forest areas in the subSequent port ions of this re port will refer to the 'net forest are a' i. e . 4395.76km2) , square plots of .0. 1 ha w ere laid and measure ments recorded • . The intensity of this inventory is worke d out in the following mannC;e r : \; -13- 2 Total ~xtent of forest area sampled = 1.j.395.76 km = 439576 ha Total area of the sample pl~ts 436 x O. i ha = 4306 ha 43.6 100 IntensiW of the survey 439576 x = 0.0099 (%) = or 0.01% -l4- CHAPTER:') i. "~ DATA PROCESSING 3.0 Preparat ion of Data for Processing on Electronic Computer ~ rhe basic field inventory data recorded in the field forms were sent to the Data Processing Unit (DPU) -at Dehradun after a thorough checking on completion of field work. Th~ field forms were again checked in the 0 PU for detecting any inconsistencies in the data and corrections were effected where nece~sary. The coded data from field forms were transferred on t9 .cards using a card punching machine. A card verifier was used to detect and correct punching mistakes. The field form data. on the punch. cards was then loaded ). on to magnetic disk/tape fOr final pr?cessing using an electronic computer after proper sort ing. A check list of data loaded on the disk/tape was taken out to ch~ck the completeness and correctness of the sequence of the loaded data. A computer programme was dev;loped to produce' the outputs desired;'-' The output was tabulated in the desired , ". ~ format. .' 3.1. Area Computation The extent of the forested I and shown on the toposheet was esti mated with the help of a dot grid in the zonal office. Distr ict wise forest area figures were then supplied to the DPU. The area of Jorests under var ious categories such as forest type, soil erosion status, grazing incidence, fire incidellce~ canopy density classes etc., was estimated by multiplying the number of sample plots occurring in that class by the area weight of ea~h sample point. However it may be noted tha~ in such of the classes in which a small nu mber of sa mple points are found the area est imate may not be very reliable. Due caution may therefore be exercised while using the area fi gures. 3.2 Volume Estimation Collection of felled tree data by the FSI for developing general volume equations has been discontinued. The height-d iameter data of sample trees of evergreen species recorded in the Sample Tree Form (STF) of the survey area were found to show si milarities with the height-diameter data of the trees in the inventory conducted during the FAO period (1967-68) in Kerala. The volume equati'1ns -15- deveJoped for the evergreen sp~des in.. ·,the FAO aided inventory were theref;ore adopted for this' survey also. Volume equations of teak and 'rest of the species' develo~ed for Mahaboobnagar (Andhra Pradesh) survey has been used. The volume equations so developed are a function of the BH diameter of :the tree irrespective of the height of the tree. 1. JAnOgeiSSUs latifolia 2 V = 0.2 89 - 2 653 D + 11.771 0 2. Cinnamomum wightianum 2 ./v = 0.089 - 1.242 0 + 9.732 0 3. Dalbergia latifolia 2 " J v = 0.2'96 - 2~829 D + 12.207 0 , 4. Lagerstroemia Janceolata 2 V V '!/'0.070 - 1.295 D + 9.429, n ~j~terocarpus marsupium 2 V = 0.070 - 10295 D + 9.429 D 6.,~~~~~~~~~ V ::: 0.010 - 0.912 D + 11.396 D2 7 ~·1eCtona. 'grandis , . 2 v = O~086 + 5.641 0 8J Terminillia tomentosa . f :::'~ '0.289 - 2.• 653 D + 11.771 D2 9J!..e/minal ia paniculata y = O.OlD - 1.295 D + 9.429 p2 1 Vitex altissima J 2 . V = 0.289 - 2.653' D + 11.771 0 11. Xylia xyl'ocarpa 2 V = 0.289 - 2.653 D + 11.771 0 \. ,r l 12;. Rest of' Species- , 3 V '= 0.058 + ii.598 0 .. -16- ' i .... " 3.3 Enum,~t;,qted . Tree Vol ume and P Jot Volume , .~.~~. 'c By feeding th~ breast h~i 3.4 Stand Tables The elements of the tree/plot volume file were utilised to classify the trees. Estimates of the number of stems per hectare and total number of ste ms by species and diameter classes were obtained for the various categories in the manner described in 3.3. 3.5 Stock Tables Est i mates of volu me per hectare and the total volu me of the growing stock by species and diameter class were obtained for the various categories fro m tre~/plot volu me file. 3.6 Sampl ing Error The esti mates obtained, 'from the inventory w ill, of course~ have errors associated with them. The user of the results wants to have some control ove r how large these errors are, or at the very least have an error est i mate computed after the inventory 1S Completed. The control over the error is generalJ y stated in terms of a require ment involving two quantities: confi dence level and 'allowable error. Suppose the sa mpJe is designed to esti mate a population value ex (to be . regarded as fixed but unknown) with an esti mate C£(to be regarded as· a random variable). The accuracy requirement is then stated in the · form: it is required that we be -17- .... K ~ '" K·.r... ) a + ~ a h% confi dent that the interval (a - TOO ex; ~ .l.VV contains the parameter a • So h is the confi dence level and K is the allowable errOf. This means that if the same sample survey is performed 100 ti mes, with a new s~mple taken each tt-me, the expected number' of ti mes the interval includesa is at least h. The" sample was considered as a syste~tic cluster sample having two sample plots in each cluster. In order to estimate- the sampling error, the sample was considered· to constitute a simpl~ random sa mple of unequal clusters '~1I1d ratio method o"f est i mat ion was used as in many grids only one plbt was enumerated. Let h = Total No. of clusters"(gdds) in the sample ; Yi = Sum. of the per hee'tare volumes in the ith gri d Xi =' NumbTf of plots in ith grid. X ! E Xi = Average number of plots per = n i=1 grid. n Yi i~I it = --::~__ _ = Estimate of average volume n Xi . l: per hectare over all grids • 1.=1 Estimate of"," T variance of R n #I'! 2 N n (Yi R Xi) V ( R) = - 2 .E Nxn X 1.=1 n - I n "'" = I E (Yi - R Xi) nen-I) X - i=1 (Ignoring ~N~~n the finite population correc N .tien factor). n " 2 n 2 n 2 - = ___-=1~ __ l: Yi - 2R t XiVi + R i~IXi n(n-I) X2 i =1 i=1 Estimate of the Standard Error (SE) of R SE = fV(~) SEi- = .SE x 100 "., -, R ... . ., Standard Errors have been e sti mated for the growing stock in each forest type and ove r .the e ntire area irrespective of the stratas. -1&- 3.7 Bamboo 3.7.1 Area, The occurrence of bamboo was exam ined in an area of about 2 ha around the p lot centre and its' densi ty and quaJi ty recorded in the plot description form. The area under bamboo was estimated from this informa~ion by applying the area weight of each plot. Area under each quaU ty of bamboo was also est imated from the number of plots falling in each quality. 3.7.2 Clump~ per Hectare The bamboo clu mps occurring in each sample plot were enumerated by species and diameter of the clump. This information was utilised for est i mating the number of clumps per hectare by species and cJu mp si ze claSs. Dendrocalamus str ictus and Bambusa arundinacea were the only two bamboo species in the area. TherE: fore separate est i mates were obtained for each. 'However, to est i mate the number of c1u rr()s per hectare in each quali ty and clump size class, the plot description form and the plot enumeration form data were merged together. 3.7.3 Culrns per Clump Every eighth du rrp start ing with the f1 rst clu rrp in a .sample plot was selected and the number of culms by age (current year, oneJ to two years,,· a nd over two years) and soundness (green sound, gr¢en damaged, dry sound, dry damaged and decayed) was enumerated 311d recorded~ The ClHms were further classified by culm diameter da:;s (2 cm to under .5 cm; 5 cm to unde~ 8 cm; 8 cm and above). I This information was. used for estimating the numbe r of cuI ms per clurrp in different classes. Cui ms per Hectare The estimates of the number of clumps per hectare and the number of culms per clump provide an estimate of the number of. cuI ms per hectare under different classes of each species. -19- 3.7.5 .Total Number of CuI ms the estimates of the, number of culms per hectare and the extent of -area under the specific quality classes is used to estimate the total nu mber of bamboo cuI ms in the, inventoried area. 3.7.6 Bamboo Stock , Weight of the utilisable length' of green cLilms of diameter 2 to 5 cm; 5 to 8 cm; 8 cm and above, were recorded by felling bamboo culms from the £i rst clu rnp in each plot. Average. green weight of a culm was thus obtained in different diameter classes of culms of each spec ies. -'. 'The., fqJlo wing factors y.'ere used to obtain correlation between the green weight ~nd the, dry weight of different categories of cuI ms: h Dry sound cuI m = 1/2 green;sou~d cuI m Dry da maged cu 1 m = 1/4 green sound cuI m Green damaged culm = 1/2 green sound culm Decayed culm = d Applying the above factors to the green weight of bamboO' cuI ms and the~ tota 1 nu mber of cui ms, the tota 1 bamboo stock (gr~en weight) was est i mate d. 3.7.7 Dry Weight Equivale nt of, Bamboo Stock ;. '- 'To est i mate the bamboo weig,ht at 10% moisture the foll0 wing factors were' used: ---.------. ·~ ... ----f------61a-meter--cfaSSeS--( em}------Species .. .--,:------:------. i , ' 2 to 5 '. ,5 to 8 . 8 and above ~~_l~_~:;~~~~~_~~~_~::~~:_~ :~~~ ~l'i_~~~ ___l~~~J1~ __ _ 1 ______.'-. ....}. ' ~ ".- J ) (f'igures in brackets .fare the nU 't[lber of samples) Gree n t o nnage w as con'lerte d 'to dry tonnage by applying the above dr iage factors. -20- CHAPTER-it RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY It.o The results 'of the inventory me presented and discussed in this chapter. 1t.1 Topography . of the Forest Area The general topography of the terrain around the sample point locations was assessed ocularly in the field -as well as by referr ing to the topographic map. 44.8% (1965.99 km, of the forests are found to be in hill y to very rugged terrain; 36.2% (1592.96 km2 ) on gently rolling and 19% (836.81 km 1 on flat terrain. 4.2 Land Use Pattern in Forest Area The current status and manner of' utilisation of forest lands and their extent is est i mated on the basis of the number of sa'mple points falling in that use category and the area weight. The following table gives only an indication of the use pattern in the forest areas. Table 4.2.1 ------~------No. of sample Area Percen- Lan d U se '. ------1-----~~~~!~ ------}~-~-~~------~~g~~---~-- Tree Forest 380 383116 77.4- Scrub Ferest 13 13106 2.6 Bamboo Forest 4 4033 0.8 Young Plantations 38 38312 7.8 Barren Lands 1 ..- .... 1008 0.2 Agricultural Lands 4&- . 48394 9.8 Habitation 3 3025 0.6 Water Bodies 4 4033 0 & ------~~~~~~ ______Jl ___ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~~~;~~~~~~r:~~~~~~;~~ AGRICUL. TU~AL. L.AND e'. -"" YOUN~ PLANTATIONS' , .. SCRUB FOR£$T a·.,-,..- .' ., . ~ HAiJITAT10N L. ·0.6 /. ~Fig. 4.2.1 -22- The net area that is actua Ii y under forestry use consists ! of serial numbers 1 to .5 of Table 4.2.1. The total number of sample points and the corresponding area are 436 arid 4-395.76 km 2 respectively. , Out of this net forest area the areas lJ'nder tree forests are those that fall under serial numbers I and ir. The tota-l number of p'Iots and the extent of , this are9- that w ill be called -tlactual tree forest area" are '418 and 4214.28 km2• The data regardin& the ,terrain and soils are recorded Jar the ne-t forest area whereas data such as crop _composition, top height, size clasS', : intensity of regeneration etc.; are recorded for the pl~ts falling in actual tree forest area • ....- " of. H~alth 4.3 State of Forest SoilS I I ~ . .,. The state of health of forest sop s can be gauged by factors such as depth, conSistency, erosion status a'nd density of veget~l cover i ~ . '.. on the soil in the forest areas. 4.3.1 Depth of Soils The .soil depth data is collected ;by digging 15 em deep pits in the sa mple p lots and est i mat ing the pr~~ble -peptli of the soil at further depths by observing fresh cutt lngs of earth in nearby areas ., }.; ...... : .'!. -\' 01' IandsJips etc. The following soil 'depth~eategories have been r~,cognised: " category 'O'escriptio~ _ - I __ - '" ' 1. Very shaJlow 'SoU depth less -than 1.5 ems. . '~ .,: 2. S~allow Soil depth 15 ems and more bu't less than 30 ems. 3. Medium 5,6i I depth 30 cms and more - but less than 90 ems. 4. Deep _ . Soi I depth 90 cms and 'more'. • i 'r i ~ .J Accordingly it is found ' th-ai" 4 7% of the fore!sts have deep soi 1s,' 43.8% " . . - of medium depth an~. 9.2%i of shallow to ",ery shallow depth. The i follow ing table gives'! th~ ar~a figures under e ~eh category of .soi 1 depth. _L Iqble 4. 3.1. ----~------~\Jn;ber--o~------~------2------Soll Depth Class .• 1 . t Area (km) Percentage ______~!TIP_~_p_~~~_~~~______~ ______ Very shallow 7 70.58 ) ) 9.2 Shallow 33 .3 32.71 ) • Medium 191 192.5.66 43.8 Deep 205 2066.81 47.0 Total - I 436 4395.76 100.0 ------~------~------23..:' 4.3.2 SoU Consistency The consistency, of the soil in the surveyed areas is evaluated' , , by observing the resistance offered by the ,'soil, to digging and.ruptu~e. Soils that crumble to even slight pressure of tile fingers are ,c1aS')ed as fr iable soil s but those that require pic:k axe;' :16\ 'dig througQ are classed as slightly compact, compact, or ce mented depending., Upon the difficUlty encountered in digging. I; j The soils in the forest areas were thus found to fa 11 under ,.the categor ies shown in Table 4.3.2. Table 4.3.;2 ------~------~--.------~------.-..------'. Number of .. 2) Sod consIstency sam Ie points Area (km Percentage ------__ p.______------Friable,_ .. 15 151.23 3.4 SiightJ¥ compact 401 4042.89 92.2 Compact t ..· '20 , . .201.64 4.4 . ------Total 436 4395.76 100.0 ------~------~------~--~------. . - . . 11.3.3 ,Erosion Status 'The extent of.' soil' erosion due to either wind or,' water is jydged by the preser-'ce of rills and gullies or ravine formations . , in the surveyed, area. TabJe 4.3.3 gives the extent .of erosion encountered in the s!Jrvey area. Heavy erosion is possibly· non-existent in the distr ict as can be seen from the table. Table 4.3.3 ------..;.------'------.-.-•. " -.. I Soil Erosion • ------. . ... Percentage Mild, . ------420 423lJ..45 96.3 MOdera:te .' 16 161.31 3.7 ~eavy nil nil --~------;------._------Total 436 , 4395.76 100.0 ------~------t------.:------.....,. ------"';------_ -24- 4.3.4 Dens! ty of Vegetation Cover Densi ty of the vegetat ion cover ing the forest areas is measure d in ter ms of the canopy densi ty. Canopy density is defined as the percentage of ground area covered by, the cro wns of trees. The classifica tion used is given belo~_: Dense Tree Forest Where tree canopy density - including bamboo b~?kes. .• is 70% or more. Includes bamboo brakes which are areas comple tely . covered with bamboos. Moderate I Y Dense Where tree canopy densi ty is 30% Tree Forest or' more, but less than )0%. Open Tree Forest Where tree canopy density is ii': 5% or more but less than 30%. Scrub Forests and Where only inferior or stunted other exposed lands - trees inhabit and' less than 5% . of the ground is covered by trees. Includes exposed and completely barren lands. Table 4.3.4 gives. an indication of the density of vegetation ~ -. ,". " cover on the forest soils."· " Table 4.3.4 Number of 2) _Cg_nopy Densi ty , I' . t Area (km Percentage samp e , pom s " ------~---...;;_.------~ ....- ~------"""-----;------_ .. _------.------( , ':",' .Qerise Tree Forest . }' , including bamboo ... ':.'. brakes. i ~. 84' 846.89 19.3 "~'" Moderat~ly Dense Tree fqrest. 1.51 1522.38 34.6 \., !. Open T~ee 'Forest 187 1885.~4 42.9 ;Fro m the reSUlts narrated' in the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the fore st ;oil~ "are in normal health. , ~-. -25- , If.4 . Tree Clad Forest Areas' in the Forests i' ' .. From' Table, . 4.4.1 we,";. see that the extent of forest areas that are actuall y tree clad inclusive of areas under regeneration of tree species is 4,21,428 ha and forms about 95.9% of the riet forest , , area. The stand and stock tab1es, that is the estimates of the growing stock; w ill be worked out for this area' (besides area est imates of the forest by stand origin, types and size classes, intensity of regeneration, incidence of fj re and grazing). 4-,4.1 ~. Origin of Stand in the Tree Forest The forest areas in the inventoried area were grouped as natural, man made or coppice forest dependir;Jg on their .origin. The following t~ble gives the d istr ibution of the fores! areas accord ing to the 9r igin of stand. Table 4.4.1 ------_I .... """------I • _ ·· f S d Number of A (k 2,) p 0 fig In a ' tan l' t rea m ercentage ------_~~~Je_~_Je~~~_~______~ _____ ~ ______ Natural forest of 377 3800.92 90.2 seed origin. Natural 'for.est Copp ice oil g in 1 0.2 Man made fdrest 40 '403.28 9.6 ------. . ------. ------;------Total: ------_._------4-18 4214.28 . 100.0 < .. It can be .seen that, the t~ta 1 extent· of man made forests·" that is, plantations,. is 40,328 ha of which 25,205 ha are in ;the reserved forests, ~ ~ 6,049 ha in protected forests;and 9,074 ha in u~classc::d forests. - J.._ 4.4.2. Composi tion of the Tree Forest ;._ .. . . , The ,.f~Jrest type of the sa mpleq focation was assesSed on the basis of composition of species. The basis of <:Jassification is as under: .;.26- Crop Composition Description Teak Where teak constitute more than 20%. Western Ghat Where evergreen species predominate Evergreen in the top canopy. Western Ghat Where deciduous species constitute Semievergreen upto 50% of the top canopy. - Deciduous "Jhere deciduous species predominate in the top canopy Misce llan~ous Forest whkh ·could not be classified in al)Y of the above classes. The extent of forest areas und~r ·the various crop compos! t10n categories is given in the ·table 4.4-.2. Table 4-.4."[ ------..... -.------~---~-~ ....-.:_.-...:...:..------Crop Composition No. of 'Area (km2 ) Percentage _R~~!!! _____ .... ___ ..:. _____ .:._-______------. Teak 31 312.54 7.4 Western Ghat Evergreen 93 J 937.63 22.3 .'. Western Ghat Semi 1&4 1855.09 44.0 evergreen Deciduous 107 1078.77 25.6 Miscellaneous 3 30.25 0.7 ------~------,~------ Total J' • / .418 (i I 4214.28,. 100.0 ------~~------~------4.4.3 ' Timber-'Utili ty Classes r/ The trees OCCUIT ing··.in,. the sample plots were categorised by ti m~r utili ty classes. The different. size classes adopted in the inventdr)/'h_ given below: -27- Class DescriptIon Regeneration .Crop below 10 cms diameter . predominating. Pole crop Crop between 10-20 cms diameter predominating. Small ti mber Crop bet ween 20 to under 30 c ens and over predominating. Big ti mber Trees with dia meter 30 c ens and over predominating • Mixed size class . Trees with - no marked domination of any size class. I The extent of forest areas under tree crop of different classes recognised above is given in table 4.4.3. Table 4.4.3 ------~------.,.--1--·----,..------Size class I N~mber ~f Area (km2 ) Percentage -.------f------~~-~~~~-~~!~!~------______Regeneration 27 272.21 6.5 Pole crop 81 816.64 19.3 Smal1 ti mber 89 897.30 21.3 Big ti mber 94 947.71 22.5 Mixed si ze cla,ss 127 ------.:------"------.!.., ---.,.----_!._-----1280.42 t------30.4 Total 418 4214.28 100.0 . ._------...------______-J- . _ __~ ______.__:'-_~-_~.--.~ ___..... ______ It can be seen that forests in the distr ict prominantly have ti mbers of mixed size classes. Big ti mbers are probably restr icted to unworkable (inaccessible and re mote) areas. 4.4.4 Intensity of Regeneration in the Tree Forest Area The intensity of regeneration is the count of all established saplings and seedlings of economicall y important tree species of 2 to 10 em dbh in a plot of 4 m x 4 m laid at the centre of the sample plot. The various categories recognised are given below: -28- Status Description Profuse. More than 16 seedlings 'Adequate. 8 to 16 seedlings In'adequate Upto 8 seedlings Absent No regeneration' Damaged regenerati9n Regeneration damaged . by grazing or fire. The 'intensity of regeneration found in the tree forests is given in table 4.4.4. Table 4.4.4 ------~-~~-~------~------~- Intensity; . , of Numberl' of A rea (k m 2) p'ercen t age _!_~g~_~~~~!!9_~ ______~3:~~_~ __ e9~~!~______~ ______~ ______Profuse 1 10.0& 0.3 Adequate 9 90.74 2.0 Inadequate 92 927.55 22.0 Absent 315 3175.83 75.4 Damaged regenerat ion 10.08 0.3 ------_"------"------Total 418 I 4214.28 '100.0 ------______IL ______._~- ______ It can be seen that more than 75% of the tree forest area has absolutely no established regeneration. We can conclude that bulk of the forests in the inventor ied area are not regenerating naturally probabJy due to the pressure of grazing and other biotic causes. The management will, therefore~ have to resort to costly methods of artificia.i regeneration for ensuring a sustained yield from these forests. 4.4.5 Fire Incidence in the Tree Forest Area The i"ncidence of Ii re is evaluated ocularJy by observing • the scars left by fires in the past and the severity of its effect on the Vegetation. . Enquiries were also made with the local people about the frequency of the fires in the surveyed areas. Where fires are an annual feature they are categorised under "very heavy" class. The following table gives the extent of tree forest areas under different intensl ties of fi re occurrence: -29- Table 4.4.5 ~~~:~:~~~:~~:::~:::f}~~~~~~~;::T~~~~~~:~~:';:~~~~~~~= Frequent 31 312.54 7.5 Occasior:al 1653.45 39.2 No fi:~ 223 2248.29 53.3 ------r--'"------,------, TotaJ I 418 ! 4214.28 100.0 ------_.. _-- --.------._-.. ------I --=------ It i$ obServed thz:t n meljor port i0n of the forest area (53.3%) )s fre~ frorr fireS. it is !ik.:l')' that these are the evergreen and semi- eveq~recn ft",:-,;i;ts. Very r.cavy fi res see m to be non-existent in the distr iet. 4.5 Growing Stock of Ti mber (Stand Tables) The tot.;o,l numb:::r of ste ms in ,·the tree forest area is 8,25,53,367 with 2n ~Yer3ge of about 196 ~tem3 per ha. Table 405'.1' shows 'the tctnl numbE;r of" §te ms ar::I ,~.he ,per nectare ave:~ge for the entire area by spe~ies ~f1d di,-;ne~2 . cf2.sscs. Tables 4.5.2 to lj..5.9 give the stand tables sho,wing the numt:6r of stems per ha i,n the tree forests "of Sagar, S"limo~a arJ Bhacravati Divlsipns; of Teak, Western Ghat, eve:-f;r0e:1, Se~i-everg;een,,[-fE"cldur:u~ and Miscellaneous types. j, 4-.6 ' GrovTi:!Jr Stc ck ,of Ti}'llb-::r',(Stock Tables) The total volu~ctr ie, "g~~Y>'ing stock in the ent ire tree ferests of th~ Inver:tor ed area is 3,16,27,611 C'J. m. with an average of abcu: 75 cuomo ?<>r h:l. T~!:>k 4.6.1 gives the total volume per ha in tl:e t;'ee forests of the 1m'enter led' area I))' species and diameter cl asses. I t is to be r.oted that all those s?ecies whlch,.·contr ib!Jte to less them E'~ of the total volume of the strata have been clubbed under the 'Miscellaneou~; species". Tables i . • 6.2 to If.6.9, give ,.the stock tabJe::; ~how ing volu ne p~r ha j'll tbe tree fcrests. of Sagar, Shi mcgn and Bhadravati Divisions 0: Teelk, Miscel1<,neolls, Evergreen, Sem.i everg.een and Dcciduo:.:s !::'P't.s ,. ".:,·30_ Growing Stock of BarnbcJ.os DendrocalamLis stdbtus and ~Ba mbusa arund inacea are the only two species. 6f bamboos found _in tbe fore~t; tracts of the distr ict'-.. The total number of bambo() clump~ ., and;; tpejr re:;pestive dia maters occurr lng ,i n each, sa mple plot· is recorded in the PEF. In the BEF (dump for.ming) thdnumber of cullTls in th~ <:lumps numbereq .. \ " ,'.: Ist 9 9th9 17th9 25th~ 33rd and, so on~ are enumerate·d separately for each species. A cuI m is a bamboo which t}a~ .attai'1ed <;1. diameter of 2 emS and above at ground level and is over 2 metres in lieight. Factors such as the condition of the cuI m9 its age9 soundness ctc' 9 . are taken into ~ccount and the resylts processed and presented ' s~parately for each factor. The quali ty of bamboos growing, on a site is an indicator of the productiv~ cCl.paci ty of the si teD Bamboo areas were therefcre , classified into bambOo si te quali ty classes., The average height measure ments of the tallest culms Occurring in, the plot is taken into a~count for the purposes of the classification. The standards of classification are indicated below: Bamboo site quali ty class Deser lDtion Average eul rri he ight 6 metres or more lor Dendrocalamus str ictus and 14 metres or more for 13ambusa arundinaCtea. II Av~rage cuI m height 4 metres or more but" less than 6 metres for Dencirocalamus str'ictus and, 10 !Tletres, or more but less 'than 14 rrietres for Bambusa arundinac, ea III A.verage cuI m height 2 metres or more but less than 4 m·~ t:es for Dendrocalamus str ictus and 2 metres and iT! ore but less than 10m etres for Bambusa arundin3cea. (The quality of other species' of bamboo will be decided on the lines of Dendrocalamus strictus). Table 4.7. 1 gives the d istr ibution of bamboos by species and quali ty class in the survey area. Table 4.7,1 ---~------~--- Quality I ,. Quality'; !Total Sp~cies . &. III No.of Area No. of I Area I No.of ~I f~r ea Isa mple Barnbusa i arundinacea --~~!-~~~~------1----!-~-- -?-~~~~!-~-:- - --~~--- _~~::~~~_I ____ ~~ __ JL __~~!~!~~ J --Total------• 127-----~- 11280,414______~ . ______65 ~--655______.330 t L_ . ______1n ~~ ______1935.744 _ -31- The mean number of bamboo clumps per plot by bamboo quafi ty and clump size classes is calculated py a process of summation . . of the number of clumps in each quali"ty and size class and dividing by the tota I_ number of plots in which. each species of bamboos were found. This is then multiplied. by 10 to give the mean number of bamboo clumps per. hectare by bamboo quaE ty and clump size class and by species. The bamboo stock in the survey area is given in tables 4.7.2 to 4.7.8. , It may be noticed from these tables that a high percentage I of the culms in clumps of Dendroealamus strictus are damaged, dry or decayed. It is therefore apparent that the incidence of in jury to the Dendroealamus bamboo on account of biotic and other natura I factors is relatively high. It also appears that about 13% of the utilisable yield of Dendrocalamus culms of Quality I is not being removed. The management should address itself to the task of removal of dry and decayed bamboo cui ms so as to reduce the fi re hazards to the growing sto~k. Est i mation of Bamboo Stock by Wei ght Considering the weight of a green bamboo culm as a unit ~ the weight of bamboo stock of the other categories of .culms are deduced by applying the approxilTlate correlation indicated in 3.7.6. \ The aJerage height and "veight of a sound green cuI m in 2 cm to under 5 cm; 5 cm to under 8 cm; and 8 em and above diameter classes was worked out from the data recorded in the BWF7 and is presented below: j -32- Table 4.7.9 A verage height, green and air dry ;'weight )of bamboo cuI ms ------i-----:~~---~----r-E--~--~--'------~------"------,------1- ~ .~ U ... :t: 1: Q) _ t B~ b ",' ~ ·W ~ .~:s ~ ~ I v ~~- ~ ~~ ~~.~ ... ~.~ - ~~ ~Q) - ~ ~ ..s::.Vl... f~ "0 ..... 'OM ' .... 0.0 ...... 0. ""...... n:l C l ~ .~ 3 :J' . ~:J.s <~ E .=C ~ , I'd ..c.3 :o '>. ._ rd _ ro ~ 6-.0 ._ -, Q) Q) - Q) Q) :J (i) .... I "0 rJ.O,...... C C ~) c: !l.O U CD Q) Q) E· ~E~o ;:::S ron:! roa.~.o Q) U Q)::J lrt . ~ro ..... · f '- >c<:,)u >'1-1 > Q) i. <3 < .~. """'.. :.0 The"above data haS 'been used for' estimat_ing the bg.mboo ._ stock by,_ weight ttl the io,;,entoried an~a.. --The results are pre sented in! tables 4.7.10 and 4.7.1t' rest;ectively. ~rom : Tkble 4. 7.10 it ea,n be! seen ,that about. 14% of the ···total b J mboo , sto<±k of h16', r03 tonnes .! ~ . • ; : , _ ..j • _ .! . r ~ .; . : - " consists-, of dry'- ',. culms. Out, of_.... the bal! a nc:e. 6,;16I , 393 t onnes, about J ,66,:;522 'honnes or ,.27% is·. damaged. - ·Thi-s· fact ':" is indicative of the ~ I \ ~ ' ,~ bi~t~h pressures to whi~h ba~boo sto~k Is Subjecte d. to in ,the .distr ict. I " , . , ; . . ~. . " "'From t able· ', 4·:7 . 10 it' c a n- also be se en that 89, 553 tonnes of the 6,16, 393 tonnes of the g reen bamboo stock, Le. 14.5%, consists of the current year culms. C ne assumption m ade here I S that the weight of a curre nt year cuI m is equal t o the weight of a mature (i.e . over two season old) 2 t o unde r .5 e m culm. There fore it is fe lt tha t the survey a rea c an yie ld 89 ~ 553 tonne s of ba mboos per year, pro vide d the n~ anage ment pays attent ion to care ful nurtudng of the g reen growing stoc k and fina lly, ti mely r emova l of the dry and d ecayed bamboo stock which poses a fi re hnzard. 33- 4.8 Sampling Error Standard Error % (SE%) is a usefu I est i mator of the error i involved in esti mating the value .of a population para meter fro m samples of the population. It expresses the standard error as a percentage I 1 I of the mean value of the parameter. The following tables indicate the size of the sa mpling error when the survey area is atte mpted to be stratified in different ways. "j Table 4.8.1 ; SE% of Growing Stock of Tree .Forest Area stratified by Legal Status ------~------~-~------~------No.of t Stratum sar:nple Stems/ha I SE% --iz~;;~;-:--- -::!~-; =:=-~:-r-:~~~ Protected ... Forest 22 146.839 15.1 77.849 95% , Unclassed ..,.._...... ,-"*-- Forest 206 Overedl 418 -- . Strata --~~~~:;;--~---;~~-;-______~ ____ t ______-;;~~~~-- :~;-,---;;~-- ~_l ______. . Table 4.8.2 SE% of Growing Stock of Tree Forest Area stratified by Forest Division --~tr:~~-~-~~------~~~~------~::~:~~::--~~~;:--~-~~l:j~~----1-~~~~7-b-~;I~~t~~ . t 10 cu. m. 1 1 Y pom s . . leve I ------'_ ------Sagar ... i52 204.818 5.0 . 78.-121>' 5.] 95% --~~;~~~~~---Overall!---~;~---- -;-~~~;~--- c~;~;------;~~--I~~;--I---;;:~--t I strata 418 1 195.890 3.8 75.049 4-.7 1 95% ~---______l ______-Li ___ ------______~i ______l~ ______-34-- Tabie 4.8.3 SE% of Growing Stock of Tree Forest Area stratified by Forest Type ------1------No. of i I I 1 /h j I Proba- Stratum sample I Stems/ha SE% i' ~o. a ' SE% bili ty '. I in cu.m. 1 1 --~~~~------r-!:~~;~:--i--~~;:~;~--,--~:~-I---~~:;:~-- -~:; -::;~- Miscellaneous I 3 82.500 76.8 I 16.170 4-6.0 95% Western Ghat ! Evergreen 93 i 323.685 6.0 i27.449 7.1 95% Western Ghat 1 Semi-evergreen l 184 I 177.087 5.8 76.379 6.7 95% Deciduous forest 107 j 113.575 7.0 42.216 9.1 95% --;'.:;~:lI------~-;~-- --~~~:;~~- ---;;.~-1---;~~:;; --~~1----;;;:------l ______l ______-~ ______J______ Table 4-.&.4 SE% of the Stock of Bamboos ~------~------, ------Species No.of Proba sample Mean No.of culms/ha. SE% bility plots level ------~------Dendrocalamus strictus 87 1388.301 + i8.3 95% Bambusa arundinacea -105 218.172 + 17.2 95% , t ------~-~ ------.-~----~---. ______L_~ ______------TABLES (4.5; 1 to 4.5.9i 4.6.1 to If. .6.9; 4.7.2 to 4.7.8; 4.7.10 to 4 .. 7.11) . -35- ,- .,: J I I ~ .~ - "" . 1+' 1. 0-4" , ob . , 00 00 o...:::t' 0-4" 00 JOOI' to. C\J 0 0 0 t<"\N t<"\N 0 !COtr-1 "0' O. 0 0 " ~O ,,0 0 "1 1 I 0' • . 0 • ;0 • • . 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"",,:~.~-- . ~ ...... - . ..-..-- .. ~ -- .... ~...... - - --.--~...... -- ...... :-- ...... ~-- ... - .- 48 J/12, 14, 15, 16 480/1,2,3, 5 p 6,9,10 48 K/9 t 1 3, 14 48 0/13 48 N/2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12 57 e/i _...;_-- Longi tuae--E~-~-·-.. · ~- " -~ . ---..-._--_:-..._ ...... ,...... _.'--- - Latitude N § +' 0 +' of Plot Centre ...-1 OJ S::ri 0 S1. ---.------~.~-- .... --. til '0 (]) .,..j p.. ri No. •..-1 0 P, til "';"" p, ;> (.) !>, (]) '0' OJ t . -1-- "-" ·-3---r;- . --~5- 2 1) 7 8 9 ...... -..---~.- -- ~-"2o ._-_.---.-..... --',... -.------16. 74 44 - __ 14 11 54 16 02 23 000 0.000 28 Map _.?h..e e_:!:_.!J 0 !..':.§_ J /1 4 17. 74 54 14 30 05 16 03 23 002 2.565 18. 74 55 44 14 30 13 16 ·03 23 015 2.113 . ~_. .§0_e~~ .. :LF 0 .!._4f!>__ J_j 1.1 19. 74 59 28 14 15 10 16 03- 23 010 .3.182 20. 74 54 35 14 17 42 16 13 000 0.000 21 . 74 55 57 14 18 11 16 03 23 016 3.910 22. 74 56 39 14 27 03 16 13 0.000 23. 74 55 49 14 25 24 16 02 24 026 6.341 24. 74 59 40 14 26 42 16 03 24 000 0.000 25. 74 54 49 14 29 09 16 02 23 022 11.936 74 26. 55 19 16 13- ~'~ 14 29 26 0.000 .27. 74 57 10 14 28 01 16 02 23 016 29.733 74 28. 57 56 16 14 28 55 13 0.000 M9-J?__ ~~.. e~_N 0 ,~.. _~§_ . J /.1.? 29. 74 .46 48 14 01 13 16 02 24 022 2.094 30. 74 45 41 14 01 19 16 03 23 068 7_.997 31. 74 47 50 16 14 01 37 03 23 005 0.303 32. 74 50 15 16 14 01 35 03 23 001 0.155 74 53 43 33. 14 00 41 16 07 23 004 1.425 34 . 74 53 42 14 01 50 16 02 23 000 0.000 74 59 49 35. 14 00 08 16 16 0.000 .. ----...... - --~-. .... -_:....---~ __, ...... -~...-___.-"":' . .,.._.._ ... -.~, --- "'_-_--- ", _,..-..,...... -.------Contd • . • -76.... ._ -4-- -:-~'5--~' .. ~6 '~ E - -.-....-~. ' - "--.c;r.- . ---'- 1~2~~==·3 ,...... - '7 ~.... --._..---~ ..... ;~...... _','- 36. 74 57 38 16 03 24 011 1.410 14 02 23 37. 74 48 42 14 03 , 01 16 02 23 011 1.629 38. 74 48 14 14 04 27 16 04 23 002 0.145 39. 74 52 24 14 04 .30 16 02 22 029 14.587 40. 74 50 06 14 02 59 19 02 22 031 16.485 41. 74 57 00 14 03 37 16 03 24· 002 0.230 42. 74 57 54 14 03 37 16 01 23 064 18.825 43. 74 46 20 14 05 27 16 02 24 016 2.094 44. 74 46 10 14 07 03 16 03 24 000 0.000 45. 74 55 38 14 05 14 16 07 24 000 0.000 46. 74 45 49 14 08 42 16 01 22 040 15.232 47. 74 46 41 . . 14 08 47 16 03 23 026 12.095 48. 74 48 22 14 08 'fO 16 03 23 0,10 ·1.388 49. 74 49 09 14 09 20 16 02 23 035 11.658 50. 74 50 14 14 08 1,2 16 03 23 000 0.000 51. 74 56 34 14 07 42 16 14 ·0.000 52. 74 55 57 14 09 48 . 16 03 23 004 2';839 53. 74 57 57 14 08 13 16 02 23 033 12.320 54., 74 52 17 14 11 06 16 07 23 051 3.686 55 •. , 74 50 12 14 11 25 16 03 23 011 1.272 56. 74 56 03 #14 10 ' 12 16 02 22 044 16;477 57. 74 45 18 14 12 51 16 02 14 059 17.502 58. 74 49 58 14 '13 06 16 02 22 000 0.000 _ ... ,,,,,._ < Contd ••• -77- 1 ' 2 3 ·4 5 6 7 8 Map sheet No.48 K/9 ...... -., ---~- .. .. -.--,-.-r 59. 74 41 30 . 13 57 14 16 01 22 067 11.782 60. 74 44 57 13 55 24 16' 02 22 045 11.005 61. 74 42 33 13 57 06 16 01 22 079 16.261 62. 74 43 56 13 58 35 16 .03 2-3 004 0.435 Map ..E_l:_l~ e t N...~_~I~L.. K/ 1 ~ 74 56 56 63. 13 46 08 16 01 22 053 16.662 64. 74 58 36 13 47 07 16 02 23 060 9.128 74 58 53 65. 13 45 24 16 01 23 054 . 8.006 74 56 25 66. 13 48 ·29 16 01 22 045 8.405 74 56 03 67. 13 49 02 16 01 22 013 2.907 74- 58 03 68. 13 48 16 16 01 22 050 35.810 74 59 27 69. 14 16 01 22 050 39.003 ':... 13 49 74 52 11 70. 13' 51 ... 46 16 01 22 021 4,.• 945 74 54 00 . 71. 13 52 13 16 01 22 047 14.591 74 57 11 72. 13 '50 41 16 02 22 049' 11.233 74 55 19 -02 73. 13 51 48 16 22. 0?1 8.693 74 59 57 74. 16 01 22 02~' ,9.0.04 13 52 11 \) 74 75. 57 33 16 . 03 22 OOp 0.000 13 50 19 -- ,c' 76. 74 53 07 13 54 43 16 01 23 061 17.897 74 54 26 77. 13 52 46 16 03 23 047 10.194 27 oj 78. 74 57 16-'-' 02 23 020 27.006 , 13 5'3 49 Contd,•• . , . -78-. y .- .' 2 "3 - 4 ? b 7 8 g 79; 74 45 21 13 56 .31 16 03 23 023 3.226 80. 74 46 53 13 56 00 16 13 0.000 81,. 74 49 16 13 56 00 16 02 23 022 4.429 82. 74 48 13 13· 56 31 16 01 23 025 16.894 83. 74 50 02 13 57 19 16 01 23 027 10.478 84. 74 52 28 13 55 11 16 02 23 052 14.150 85. 74 52 33 13 55 10 16 02 23 043 17.968 86. 74 45 36 13 58 52 16 01 22 043 9.672 87. 74 49 12 13 58 14 16 01 23 021 5.928 88. 74 50 33 . 13 59 52 16 02 23 034 8.016 89. ·;74 53 18 13 59 23 16 16 0.000 Map sheet No.48 K/14 90'. 74 59 07 13 44 47 16 01 22 075 30.580 ~~heet.No.~8 N/2 91. 75 08 04 14 31 48 16 03 ,23 002 0.183 92 .. 75 09 25 14 30 ·42 16 03 23 001 0.066 93. 75 11 28 14 33 .39 16 04 24 000 0.000 94. 75 11 00 14 33 52 16 12 0.000 95 •. 75 04 53 14 36 53 16 07 10 007 0. 937 75 . 96. 02 37 14 35 36 16 03 24 003 0.574 . , 97.·' 75 04 42 14 38 53 16 03 24 001 0.955 .!i§p_§_~ee~ .tJ9..!. 48.,..N/3. 98. 75 00 17 14 17 12 16 03 23 013 2.328 99. 75 06 51 14 16 23 16 02 23 018 29.355 Contd ... -79- -T'--"-7'-'-~ '--4··":~~r""'"5"-- ~~ -' 7 _._._-_------'-P;'-,-~--'_"g-~-"- ' -""--'--..,... 100 •.' 75 05 37 '14' 16 06 16 03 24 018 6.299 101. 75 08 55 14 15 51 16 01 23 023 5.789 102. 75 10 58 14 16 39 16 01 23 038 24.488 103. 75 11 28 14 15 51 16 03 ,23 010 7.193 104. 75 12 Lf2 14 16 13 16 01 23 018 20.880 105. 75 01 10 14 19 12 16 03 24 001 0.170 106. 75 03 15 \' 14 13 21 16 03 24 010 2.875 75 OL~ 13 14 19 12 16 02 23 019 11.493 75 06 46 14 19 31 16 02 23 004 0;696 109. 75 05 42 1/.;. 18 02 16 03 23 023 2.245 110. 75 08 48 O' '14 19 22 16 03 23 012 4.554 111 • 75 12 05 -14 ' 17 59 16 03 23 021 24.968 1'5 13 06 14 '18 50 03 24 0,21 1.788 ?'3 00 07 16 02 24 1·~ 20 55 021 10.184 1 '14. 75 02 23 14 21 36 16 03 24 000 0.000 115. 75 03 02 14 20 53 16 02 23 028 15.035 116. 75 06 00 14 2:) 15 16 03 24 024 4.9-90 -75 Gc) 27 117 e' 14 2;,\ 17 16 07 24 014 1.063 118. 7-5 O~ 48 14 21 00 16 23 011 6.634 73 01'3 43 14 2 I 31 16 23 001 0.264 75 1"~ 40 .. ~ ~·O. 16 14 ~) 48 13 0.000 02 23 005 0.847 -Z80- -1--·--·"2 3 '4 5 6 7 8 9 --~ . --'-.:-.. ... ~.'----=--.. -."'-.~--...---.--.-,,_---- ... ~.-...--- ... 123. 75 04 06 14 22 54 16 02 23 034 6.389 - 75 03 23 124. '-16 01 23 019 11.024 14, 24, 34 125. 75 06 41 14 24 05 16 02 24 012 3.840 75 08 54 126. ~ 14' 22 46 16 02 24 . 021 13.800 127. 75 10 17 16 14 24 37 12 0.000 128. 75 12 09 14 22 50 16 03' 23 006 0.657 129. 75 03 41 14 ~ 25 24 16 02 23 022 11.572 130. 75 03 46 14 27 04 . 16 01 23 033 12.767 131. , 75 05 51 14 2-6 25 16 02 23 040 37.429 132. 75 10 25 14 26 42 16 13 0.000 133. 75 14- 06 14 25 24 16 03 24 001 1.1.54 134. 75 03 05 14 28 00 16 07 24 002 12.748 M~ sheet No. 48_~4 75 01 18 135. 16 02 028 14 00 52 23 1.3.494, 136. 75 01 11 14 01 39 16 03 23 000 0.000 02 137. 75 58 ;01 14 00 52 16 23 039 8.639 138. 75 09 38 14 02 16. 16 03 23 012 13.295 .-- 139. 75 07 52 14 00 16 16 02 22 019 15.702 140. 75 11 38 14. 00 05 16 03 24 012 9.954 141 .. 75 . 10 52 .14 02 25 16 02 24 010 3.555 142. 75 13 20 14. 00 3E) 16 02 24 001 7.051 75 14 10 1..43. 16 13 I. 14 01 57 0.000 144. 75 00 27 . 14 03 32 16. 03 23 016 1.665 i (i .\ ~, Contd •.. -81- -1 2 j"," -"r- r; 5 6-"~' , . ~'--'------.l--.. '7 --_¥_----8 9 145. 75 02 03 , 14 03 51 16 03 _" " 23 008 2.643 146. 75 04 35 14' 03 19 16 . 03 23 001 0.318 147. 75 02 57 14 04 13 16 03 23 001 0.073 148. 75 07 04 14 04 13 16 03 23 009 7.406 149. 75 05 25 14 03 17 16,;" 03 23 017 7.492 150. 75 08 11 14 03 16 16 13 0.000 151. 75 11 48 14 04 21 16 " 02 24 011 1.016 152. 75 10 42 14 03 08 16 02 24 017 11.595 153. 75 01 24 -" 14 05 18 16 13( 0.000 154. 75 01 07 16, " , 14 07 10 03"; j 23 00.5 0.639 , 155. 75 04 11 ~ :~ I.' 14 06 56 16 03 23' 001 0.066 ':," '~ , 156. 75 03 19 :, 14 05 34 16 02 23 023 18.242 '\ 157. 75 05 51 . i 14 07 15 16 03 24 018 8.026 { ..' 158. 75 06 39 \ 14. 0'5 15 16 03 24 020 3.944 r· , '~ f , ~ 159. 75 09 42 ,1.4 06 10 16 03 24 005 0.565 160. 75 11 "26 14 05 51 16 03 23 003 3.211 to 161,. 75 11 06 14 06 38 16 03 23 002 0.726 7 5 13 30 162. 16 03 23 14.- 05 46 005 0.374 163. 75 13 58 14 06 43 16 03 23 009 3.050 164. -75 01 . 55 ' -'1,4 07 ·42 16 15 0.000 165. 75 04 56 14 09 37 16 03 24 011 3.237 75 05 12 166. 16 14 08 56 07 10 000 O~OOO 167. 75 07 18 14 08 30 16 07 10 000 0.000 Contd •.• ~ -82- ~ .. ~ . ,-~ '2 3 --4--?~-~--- ~·-T~-·-tr~-·-~ 9 -... ~-.------,-..... -..... -.--- ~-.__- 75-· 07 55 168. 14 08 -' 29 16 03 24 011 6.129 75 12 17 169. 14 08 '21 16 01 24 020 9.023 ~ :\ 170. 75 10 10 16 02 14 09 07 24 d~3, 9.994 171.. 75 14 57 " 14 08 30 16 02 24 020 7.444 75 12 32 - 172. 14 09 00 16 03 23 020 8.327 75 04 17 173. 14 10 22 16 03 23 013 4.927 174 .. 75 03 16 14 12 07 16 12 0.000 75 06 39 175.' 14 12 07 16 02 23 011 4.519 75 05 49 176.- 14 10 21 16 03 23 007 1.390 75 12 20 177. 14 10 41 1.6 02 24 025 10.697 178 •. 75 13 34 14 10 26 16 02 24 029 12.501 75 13- 53 179. 14 1;; 04 16 02 24 000 0.000 75 , 01 00 180. 14 14 01 16 03 23 005 0.990 181. 75 01 30 14 13 30 16 03 23 002 2.099 182. 75 04 37 14 13 30 16 03 23 013 8.040 75 -02 54 183. 14 14 01 16 03 23 009 5. • 615 184. 75 05 53 14 12 45 16 01 22 021 16.251 185. 75 06 35 14 14- 35 19 03 22 002 17.855 186. 75 09 42 14 14 54 16 02 23 015 7.509 75 07 47 187. 16 02 23 018 18.915 .14 12 35 10 18 8. 7 5 57 16 01 23- 14 13 55 035 14.386 189. 75 11 33 14 13 34 16 03 23 025 15.124 190. 7 5 14 54 ;16' 1'4 13 38 03 23 005 1 5 .596 Contd ••• -83- '~1-- --. --_ 7 2 :3 Zj: :5 '5 8~ 9-- '" MaE. . sheet ~o. 48 Nil 191. 75 19 03 14 17 17 16 03 24 002 0.134 192. 75 18 04 14 17 48 16 . 07 24 000 0.000 193. 75 19 25 14 19 42 16 16 0.000 194. 75 20 07 14 18 48 16 13 0.000 195. 75 16 28 14 20 41 16 07 24 000 0.000 196., 75 21 05 14 20 17 16 03 24 001 0.070 197. 75 21 25 14 22 14 16 03 24 005 0.395 198. 75 24 18 14 21 05 16 04 24 000 0.000 75 20 50 199. 16 14 22 42 03 24 017. 2.297 200. 75 17 48 t4 25 42 16 03 24 004 0.463 MaE sheet N~. 48 N[8' 201. 75 19 58 14 00 51 17 07 10 049 12.103 202. 75 20 34 14 00 48 17 01 10 072 .9.181 203". 75 17 09 14 03 28 16 02 24 018 7.009 204. 75 17 45 14 03 35 16 02 24 029 7.661 , i 205. 75 19 44 14. 03 57 16 13 0.000 206. 75 22 28 14 02 44 17 02 24 021 11.061 .' 207. 75 20 02 14 04 46 '16 07 10 040 6.662 208. 75 23 52 14 04 46 17 07 10 0'13 0.e95 209. 75 15 30 14 06 55 16 02 23 -026 7.624 210. 75 17 00 14 05 35 16 02 23 016 13.044 211. 75 17 57 14 06 23 16 02 24 029 14.431 Contd •.• -84- -1 :?-~~ ....__;.__a-. 2 5 6 7. T~- 212. '75 19 30 14 06 06 16 02 24 024 12.419 213. 75 20 06 14 06 25 16 02 24 017 11.428 214. 75 22 22 .. 14 06 \05 17 02 . 10 019 4.821 215. 75 24 32 14 05 41 17 02 24 012 2.752 / 21.6. 75 22 55 14 06 51 • 16 07 10 015 7.233' 217. 75 25 36 14 05 53 17 02 24 016 3.096 218. 75 28 28 14 05 43 17 03 10 009 .1.110 219. 75 17 00 ". 14 09 54 16 02 24 017 7.050 ' 220. 75 15 27 14 07 32 16· 02' 24 021 10.139 221. 75 19 27 14 08 40 16 02 24 015 7.733 222. 75 18 02 14 08 49 16 02 24 019 10.192 223. 75 20 34 14 07 59 16 07 10 045 2.876 224. 75 29 39 14 09 14 17 03 24 008 0.441 225. 75 15 34 14 12 22 16 02 24 013 23.808 226. 75 16 52 14 10 05 16 02 24 021 8.538 75 18 41 227. 16 07 24 013 6.830 14 12 05 '- . 228. 75 26 03 14 10 58 16 03 24 '006 0.660 \ 229. 75 26 25 14 11 \32 . 16 02 24 034 7.110 230. 75 27 53 14 12 08 16 05 12 004 0.365 231. 75 29 35 14 10 21 17 04 24 000 0;000 232. 75 17 21 14 14 03 16 03 24 002 '0.594 233. 75 15 09 14 13 26 16 13 0.000 234. 75 24 28 14 13 .30 16 04 24 000 0.000 _...... _ .... _' ~.--~ ...... __ .. --.--:------.,,_.-~ c;onta •.• ~~ ~85- .: . ('1!.: 1 ~_-"_-r+-~4'_--r.'1i~'_"-~-':'-.- O--f--·-~:rr·- ~---. ~9···-.-- 235. ~ Z ~~ §8 -';;;"16--_;';'0-3-~2""4-""''"''''''·-0...;0:;...,2---····-'..,...0.;.;;;.-4-0'- ....4.-- ..... 236. 75 25 -39 14 13 58 16 13 0.000 29 58. 16 12 40 0.000 238. 75 30 05 14 18 56 16 04 24 000 0.000 239. 75 40 29 1'4 18 50 ·18 07 '24 000 0.000 240. 75 42 00 14 18 41 18 04 17 000 0.000 241. 75 42 50 14 17 56 18 03 24 000 0.000 242. 75 39 27 14 20 36 18 11 0.000 .!i@. _shee_~_~~. "~.t!£ 243. 75 31 34 14 00. 32 17 07 10 000 0.000 244. 75 33 16 '< 14 02 19 17 07 / 24 000 o.obo 245 .. 75 31 23 14 02 51 17 07 24 001 0.275 246. 75 34 13 14 03 24 17 04 17 000 0.000 75 35 35 247. 14 02' 53 17 02 18 ·013 1.659 248. 75 36 56 14 04 38 17 07 24 000 0.000 249. 75 39 48 14 04 24 17 04 24 000 . 0.000 75 37 42 250. 14 03 08 17 12 0.000 251. 75 34 12 ) ( 14 05 44 17 04 24 000 0.000 MaR sh~~.~. 48 0/1 , ., 252. 75 02 08 13 45 52 '; 16 16 0.000 253.' 75 44 02 13 46 '21 16 22 032 2.964 254. 75 03._ 26 13 46 10 16 02 22 013 2.509 255. 75 05, 11 13 47 00 16 03 23 007 2.952 Contd • ., •. -86- 5 '8" '~-g~- '" 75 07 17 -- 256. 13 46 30 16 014 6.965 75 07 46 257. 13 46 45 16 03. 22 004 2.263 258. 75 10 19 13 45 26 17 13 0.000 75 12 10 13 47 03 17 14 23 001 0.085 75 14 26 260. 13 46 24 17 12 0.000 75 13 02 261. 13 46 07 17 03 22 022 9.389 262. 75 01 33 13 47 46 16 03 23 017 2.180 75 02 43 263. 13 48 31 16 02 22 014 8.239 75 06 03 264. 13 48 49 16 02 22 048 12.302 75 07 24 265. 13 48 42 16 01 22 040 7.981 266. 75 07 34 13 48 55 16 01 23 045 11.614 267. 75 11 13 13 48 25 17 12 0.000 75 11 15 268. 13 49 04 17 04 24 005 0.467 269. 75 14 04 13 47 33 17, 03 23 007 0.890 270. 75 13 23 13 49 57 17 03 23 001 0.062 75 01 30 271. 13 51 05 16 02 22 027 3.143 75 00 59 272. 13 52 25 16 02 019 8.493 75 06 48 273. 13 50 29 02 22 024 6.873 274. 75 08 01 '13 50 19 16 04 23 003 0.318 75 09 26 275. '13 52 12 16 01 23 056 13 • .097 276. 75 10 08 '13 ,51 27 16 03 23 034 9.944 75 13 02 277. 13 52 15 16 23 006 0.575 75 14 18 278. 13 50 13 17 13 0.000 Contd •.• -87- -1 ~ ~ 4 - 5 15 7 8 9 279. 75 04 04 16 13 53 03 12 0.000 280. 75 05 26 '16 13 53 00 03 22 009 2.047 281. 75 07 01 13 54 27 16 03 22 009 0.873 282. 75 ; 07 36 " 13 54 32 16 03 23 000 0.000 283. 75 09 51 16 13 52 56 02 23 031 18.089 284. 75 11 51 16 13 53 33 07 23 006 1'.749 285. 75 10 24 13 54 03 16 02 23 026 13.797 286. 75 14 47 13 53 10 17 03 23 009 2.069 75 12 39 287. 13 54. 17 16 15 0.000 288. 75 00 42 13 56 01 16 03 23 003 0.195 289. 75 01 47 16 02 13 56 33 23 034 9.122 0/(- 290. 75 11 16 02 4,,060 13 56 55 23 010 291. 75 03 16 16 13 55 30 03 23 000 0 .. 000 292. 75 05 40 13 " 55- 30 16 03 23 002 0.360 75 (;6 49 293. 16 02 23 024 6.286 13 ~6 57 :. ,75 C9 01 294. 16 03 003 13 ~)() 10 23 0.611 295. 75 08 28 13 56 18 16 03 23 009 1.890 296. 75 11 01 13 . 56 36 16 13 0.000 75 11 32 297. 13 '55 56 16 (3 23 Q17 3.911 298. 75 13 19 13 56 11 16 O? 22 031 12.497 75 02 24 299. 1 'oj. 13 58 27 16 0.000 03 300. 75 51 16 (.'2 23 016 6.670 13 -.-_.58 04 COntd ••• -88- l' 2 '--). Z+ 0 ----.--....-.---:---.. --.. ~- :5 '7 8 '1 301. 75 04 36 13 59 24 16 01 23 031 28.744 302. 75 05 30 13 59 09 16 02 ,23 011 9.692 303. 75 07 00 j3 58 19 16 02 23 032 12.822 75 09 34 304~ 13 57 36 16 02 23 026 8.2,23 ~ 305. 75 05 54 13 59 51 16 02 23 010 8.030 306. 75 10 34 13 58 54 16 02 23 020 8.090 307. 75 11 53 13 58 42 16 02 23 020 5.209 308. 75 12 56 13 58 46 16 07 10 000 0.000 309. 75 14 32 13 58 40 16 03 23 005 0.499 MaE sheet No. 48 0/2. 310. 75 04 14 13 32 18 17 01 22 029 13.027 311. 75' 06 04 13 30 14 17 03. 22 009 0.705 312. 75 08 54 13 30 52 17 03 22 017 6.630 313. 75 10 33 13 30 20 17 03 22 051 7.126 314. 75 12 40 13 31 29 17 03 22 006 1.370 315. 75 03 27 13 33 18 17 01·· I 22 060 14.238 316. 75 04 02 13 34 10 17 01 22 052 27'.688 75 06 08 317~ 13 34 43 17 01 22 027 13.789 318. 75 06 21 13 32 46 17 02 22 035 8:048 319. 75 09 22 13 34 14 17 13 0.600 320. 75 08 '06 13 33 14 17 03 22 015 3.987 321. 75 10 33 13 13 18 17 02 23 024 6.294 322. 75 12 56 13 3.2 47 17 03 23 010 '6.505 (" ~ ...-_""_.-- ..,-'. . __ ._--..;...._ ,....;."'- .."' ...-. ""'.,-. -~--. ~ Contd •••• -89- 1 2' :;- 7+ ·0 ~-..------,---- 5 7 8 9 323. 75 03 54 13 35 32 17 01 2.2 059 8.033 324. 75 03 35 13 36 56 17 01 22 037 102.387 325. 75 07 03 13 35 35 17 01 22 017 9.607 326. 75 09 40 13 37 18 17 14 0.000 327. 75 07 49 13 35 10 17 01 22 065 14.672 328. 75 11 46 13 35 55 17 02 23 016 6.618 329. 75 14 26 13 36 10 17 14 0.000 330. 75 13 02 13 36 20 17 03 23 007 2.805 331 .. 75 01 37 13 39 05 16 01 23 052 19.322 • 332. 75 03 30 13 37 42 16 01 22 048 16.089 333. 75 05 33 13 38 59 16 02 22 019 33.108 334. 75 06 56 13 38 28 17 03 22 023 23.067 335. 75 09 57 13 38 14 17 03 23 011 4.037 336. 75 07 32 13 38 ·14 17 03 23 002 0.262\ 337. 75 10 38 13 39 01 17 03 22 012 15.204 338. 75 11 52 13 38 27 17 02 22 026 5.437 339. 75 12 34 13 39 33 17 13 0.000 340. 75 01 08 13 41 '22 16 01 22 061 10.930 341. 75 01 22 13 41 22 16 02 22 041 7.874 342. 75 03 14 13 , 41 19 16 03 23 019 1.475 343. 75 03 14 13 41 19 16 03 23 002 0.177 344. 75 06 08 13 40 55 16 03 22 000 0.000 345. 75 06 i2 13 41 35 16 02 22 036 10.171 Contd •• -90- "'3'. - ---'4 -_1 ~ ? (5 "(-.-8--, ------g- 75 07 41 346. 17 13 13 40 97 0.000 '347. 75 09 48 13 42 21 17 03 23 011 5.077 348. 75 11 46 13 41 16 17 02 22 022 2.396 349. 75 10 43 13 41 11 '17 03 22 016. 3.690 350. 75 01 49 13 43 55 16 03 22 009 2.794 351. 75 03 33 13 44 12 16 13 0.000 352. 75 04 07 13 43 21 16 02 23 002 0.294 353. 75 07 26 13 42 54 17 01 22 038 9.486 354. 75 05 02 13 44 34 16 01 22 038 141.864 355. 75 09 04 -13 42 47 17 01 22 023 10.894 356. 75 08 23 13 44 40 17 02, 22 021 10.436 357. 75 11 41 13 42 34 17 03 23 002 9.177 358. 75 10 45 13 44 54 17 03 23 020 3.102 l1a.E..~il~..£.U_o.!..,_~ 01.1. 75 06 24 359. I 13 28 58 17 01 22 063 12.702 360. 75 08 03 13 29 21 17 02 22 005 0.266 M@ sheet No. 48 OL5 361. 75 16 09 13 45 54 17 03 23 012 10.694 362. , 75 17 38 13 47 16 '17 01 23 028 12.517 363. 75 19 51 13 45 12 17 02 23 010 2.645 364. 75 21 27 13 46 42 17 02 23 029 11,.499 36 5. 75 23 18 13 45 56 17 13 0.000 366. 75 26 23 13 46 28 17 03 23 001 0.089 Q5ntd ••• -91- 1 :2 :3 - Z+ 5 is '7 8 . 9 367. 75 28 31 13 47 26 17 01 23 022 1.834 368. 75 19 24 13 48 47 17 02 23 020 14.552 369. 75 17 38 13 49 43 17 03 23 012 1.626 370. 75 22 11 13 48 06 17 02 23 018 7.286 371 : 75 20 16 13 49 25 17 02 23 032 ' 19.263 372. 75 24 ·49 13 48 51 17 02 23 013 6.004 373. 75 22 32 13 48 38 17 01 23 021 18.998 374. 75 25 29 13 47 43 17 01 22 031 21.808 375. 75 26 59 13 49' 48 17 02 22 019 5.520 376. 75 29 27 13 .48 49 17 07 10 054 0.494 75 27 41 377. 13 48 40 17 01 23 020 12.787 378. 75 16 , 21 13 51 45 17 03 23 012 . 6.217 379. 75 18 52 13 50 10 17 02 23 011 6.618 380. 75 18 38 13 52 20 17 02 r23 022 9.398 381. 75 '22 10 13 51 42 17 01 22 016 30.713 382. 75 22 44 13 51 03 17 01 .~2 032 24.871 383. 75 24 14 13 51 23 17 02 22 015 14.200 384. 75 25 56 13 52 09 17 03 23 000 0.000 385. 75 26 32 13- 52 20 17 01 23 015 3.172 386. 75 27 46 13 51 32 17 07 10 061 5.665 387. 75 29 11 13 50 59 17 02 23 011 7.996 '388. 75 15 33 13 54 22 17 13 0.000 389. 75 16 49 13 53 01 17 02 23 023 14.224 - Contd ••. -92- __ r~---"- 2 3 ,. 'Zj: 5 6 7 '-~--. S-'-=. .---~~=~=- ----.. 75 18 30 3~9· 13 ?3 .14 17 01 23 016 22.705 75 18 57 391. 17 01 23 036 9.507 \ 13 54 12 ,', 392. 75 22 18 13 52 37: 17 01 22 042 17.,132 393. 75 20 09 13 54 50 17 02 22 025 19.039 394. 75 22 55 13 53, 38 17 01 22 034 18.338 75 24 33 395. 13 53, 48 17 02 22 030 22.408 ; ... ~ . 396. '75 25 08 13 53 59 17 01 22 046 29.579 397. 75 27 20 13 53 28 17 07 10 046 10.'035 39S. 75 29 26 13 54 18 17 07 10 001 ' 0.141 .. 399. 75 28 03 13 53 09 17 02 23 OOS' 30.006 400.' ; 75 16 31 13 57 22 17 13 0.000 401. 75 15 58 . 13 55 03 17 13 0.000 402 •. 75 18, 38 024;' . 13 56 23 17 01 22 5.085 403 •. 75 18;\" 51 " 13 56 03 '17 01 22 023 22.209 75 21 08 '01 404. • 13 55 59 17 23 035 .. 12.763 75 21 31 , 405 •. 13 56 28 '17 03 23 016, 8.697 , 75 24 02 406 •....., 13 56 58 17 01 10 031 1.321 407. 75 23 25 13 55 30 17 07 10 047 4.035 408. 75 26 " 37 13 56 42 17 03 23 011 ,4.007 409. 75 27 42 13 56 29 17 02 24 030 4.859 410. ' 75 15 24 13 57 47 17 13 0.000 ' , 411. 75 18 52 " 23 13 58 31 17 01 027 25.953 EOnta ... (' -93- ' , 'I ~ 4 7 -- 3 " '_ 5 5 8 9 412. 75 18 38 13 58 53 17 02 23 019 5.178 413. 75 21 32 13 59 43 17 03 -23 015 6 ~ 197 75 23 46 414. .. 13 57 41 17 03 23 009 8.557 415',•. 75 27 02 13 59 39 17 02 24 006 0.579 416. 75 29 31 " 13 58 53 17 02 24 002 0.415 417. 75 27 58 13 58 33 17 02 24 024 ,4.795 . .!:!?~~~~_ryg~~_48 0/6 418. 75 16 13 13 35 32 17 13 0 . 000 419. 75 19 42 " 13 37 28 17 02 22 009 18.601 420. 75 17 44 13 35 01 17 01 22 059, 15. 180 421. 75 21 29' 13 36 16 17 14~ 0.000 " 422. 75 21 01 , 13 36 12 17 '03 23 01.1 4.800 " 423. 75 16 56, "- 13 37 38 17 03 23 000 0.000 .' : 424. 75 15 32 13 39 51 17 03 23 000 0.000 425. 75 19 51 13 39 29 17 02 03 ,023 25;241 426. 75 17 36 13 38 00 17 C3 23 009 2.122 427. 75 21 '08 13 '38 09 17 01 22 022 17.902, 428. 75 21 ' ,20 13 39 18 17 13 0.000 . 41 429. 75 24 13 38 ,58 17 01 23 026 15.3Q3 , 430. 75 16 37 13 41 49 17 03 23 , 051 3.81'6 75 17 431. 59 17 13 ' 0 .000 .~ .. 13 41 13 ' ,.. 75 19 27 432. 17 13 <', ) o.odO 13 41 10 \ i 433. 75 20 55 13 42 04 17 03, 23 , 008 8.768 Contd •.• -94- . -r---z ~_ _:-4-- '-6"-- .. 5- '7 8 9" ~.~. 75 21 434. 32 ~ 17 13 40 23 02. 23 006 0.966 435. 75 23 29 13 40 51 17 02 23 017 9.801 75 15 11 436. 17 14 24 000 0.000 13 'tt 43 29 437. 75 19 46 13 44 15 17 15 0.0.00 438. 75 24 29 13 43 35 17 02 23 013 5.626 439. 75 25 57 , . 13 44 43 17 13 :- 0.000 Mc:t.p2..l:1_e§.!_I:ro ~_!:J§_9i 9 440. 75 39 19 13 46 23 18 07 24 012 4.123 441. 75 31 11 13 l+6 07 18 07 24 01'5 0.963 442. 75 32 39 13 47 . 27 18 02 24 020 20'.. 241 ~. 443. 75 35 47 13 46 . 41 18 02 24 018 1.157 .-.:" " 444. 75 36 - :!'43 ". 13 . 45 49 18 02 24 007 0.557 445. 75 38 20 ' 13 47 22 18 03 24 003 0.194 446. 75 32 19 13 18 02 24 02"1 15.078 47 39,. -~ 75 30 10 ~ 447. 17 02 10 . 009 5.729 13 49 54 .( ,f.' 448. 75 34 20 13, 48 13 18 07 '10 054 5.822 449. 75 33 18 13· 49 18 18 01 10 015 1.220 450. 75 35 02 13 48 . 49 18 02 24 013 1.804 , )\: 451. 75 39 58 \" \:~ .~ 18 24 ,000 1~ " 48 41 " 03 / 1l. • ..: '().OOO ~, ~;• .J , . ';\~, 75 38 10 ~ 452. 18 03 24. 0':'3.31 1·3 48 ~5 ,- 991 453. 75 30 25 07 :,' 5'1 '08 17 10 026 2 .. 906 13 :,!'-' 75 36 37 454. 18 12 0.000 13 59 46 " - - ...... ,---~-' ~ •.~~ ~--. .. <. _ - -0-'-'-._ . " Cont ••• -95- _1____ ------'"42_. ,3 ___ 5 5 7 8 9 .-- M~E~11..2..~~~_,OL1Q 455.' 75 31 43 13 44 26 18 02 24 013 1.607 456·. 75 38 17 13 44 34 '18 07 24 000 0.000 Map sheet No.48 0/1,3 , -~ .~.-.._------:: ..... 457. 75 47 14 13 49 09 18 07 24 006 0.393 458. 75 48 28 13 49 05 18 03 10 012 0.998 459. 75 49 02 13 48 27 18 03 10 008 1.• 340 460. 75 50 19 13' 49 45 18 02 24 012 7.047 175 54 461,# 43 18 02 1-3 48 51~ 24 040 3.412 75 52 46 ' 462~"" 13-- 48 40 18 02 24 009 6.983 463. 75 ~6 54 13 -50 4? 18 05 12 000 0.000 464. 75' 48 57 13 51 1'3 18 02 10 006 0.587 465. -75' 48 31 13 51 26 18 05 12. 001 0.073 466.- 75 41 15 13 50 50 18 01 10 018 2~606 7.5 51 14 467. 18 01 13 ~1 41 10 . 013 2.227 . 468. -'75 53 56 13 51 54 18 .02 24 014 1.621 469. 75 53 33 13 50 35 18 07 10 017 0.642 470. 75 47 15 13 53 40 18 05 12 000 0.000 471. 75 47 39 13 54 45 18 03 24 005 0.452 472. 75 49 51 13 52 43 18 02 10 020 10.021 473. 75 51 23 13 53 18 18 03 24 002 0.137 474. 75 51 08 13 54 19 18 02 24 010 10.121 475. 75 5'3 00 13 52 53 18 02 24 007 5.290 ~onta •.. -96- _j_ ..=-=.-~= · =~3-·--~1(·--- -5-··-b==7-.---g--·- 0.__ 9 476. 75 54 ' 32 13 54 33 18 03 24 017 5.145 477. 75 56 56 13 54 27 18 01 18 018 2.883 478. 75 47 26 13 55 28 18 03 24 000 0.000 479. 75 48 17 13 55 24 18 03 24 003 1.492 480. 75 50 33 13 57 15 18 02 24 013 6.199 • 481. 75 51 56 13 55 12 18 02 24 020 3.446 482. 75 53 15 13 55 50 18 02 24 015 2.251 483. 75 54 14 13 56 37 17 02 24 008 1.144 484. 75 57 07 13 56 24 18 03 18 OO~ 0.309 485. 75 55 "21 13 56 01 17 07 24 006 0.225 486_ 75 46 ·47 13 58 48 18 07 24 000 0,000 487. 75 49 42 13 59 39 18 03 24 002 0.324 488. 75 50 ~3 13 59 20 18 02 10 000 0.000 4~9 .. 75 52 16 13 58 05 18 02 24 000 0.000 490, 75 53 01 13 58 23 18 03 24 004 0~597 Ma.l2 sheet No_ 57 SL1. }6 02 22 ... 491. 18 12 13 57 ... 07 0.000 * See Note on next page -97- Forest Division (Col.5) _.... _ ...... _-_. ~-"'''''''''_--'''_'-'-'~-''-,,---~ Cod~ _.----,Name of Division--- 16 Sagar 17 Shimoga 18 Bhadravati Code Particulars 01 .Dense Tree Forest 02 Moderately dense tree forest 03 Open tree forest 04 Scrub for.est 05 Bamboo brake s .' 06 Shiftir:g 011ti v~tion 07 Young plantation of forestry', species.,. 08 Tree in line 09 Forest roads 10 Govt. grass land 11 Barren land.s 12 Agricultural land without trees in surround. 13 .Agricultural land with trees in surround 14 Non fore stry pI an tat ions 1•. 5 Habitation 16 "later bodies 17 _. Other lands CroE. COm_pC?_~~_ions (£ fSI S ? El;u,galore field Form.l P,,"OT APPROACH FORM 1. Plo. ~Ilp,o"ch FOlm m".1 be filled In ",hll. th.. jo~'n .. ; il in p,og'''", 2. Whil".!. • ecardlllg d.le. jt is es:.eotill 11' ,.eold mo.oth .nd year 11.0. 3. If" plOI i$ .i.ilod on mOl.. Ihon one day•• separote I()fm for oatil ",ail shall be hll.tS UI), 8. 5." ••• ntS CotS. 2. Oiv,slon dl1d Codli 3. Oistricl and Codo 4. Map·sheet lind COde I) Grid Cod.. 7 Name of c.a,np B. Time (his) o. which l~fI,he Ci 9. Oi... nce co~.,.d by ~.hict. (~m) 10. T 12. Con.picuou. featu,e. obs.rvod during Ih. journey by v.. hiclo (d.,cribe in b,ief) 1 J. Tim. 0' which £' .. teO on foot 1" O'ractl()n ,nd d,.1811C_'- covered on foot up 10 .h. ,.'.,onee point (~m) 16. Conspicuoul 'fI •. ures ob58rved during the iourn.v on fOOl (deacribe in br'el) 1 7 . DctSCliption o.f the r6ftHOnctl point (00''''1 b. in dela,II) 18. Composs be~rinll from rol... ,nce poinl to the p'al ilpproioh"d 10' comment'ina .""ey (pl.... li'Y. 11\. plot No 81,.,) if anv -99- 19 Oi,t.nee oj '11.. plot Itom ,.I",,,nC4 poln1 <".Ir) plot 2 20. D.t. ~nd Time al whIch arrived at "'. plo, p lo' 1 plol2 ~ I. Tim. III,ll ol'l."vinll ,lie plot plo' 1 22. Tim. (lin) a' wtliell ,,,turned to III_ C~mp Name .. Signa,ur. 23. Computing done 1>'1' 24. Ois'anco "",asur'> 25. plo', laid oul by 215. Tr80 Enumor.tion done by 27. H.illhl meuuI8mt'nt$ 1.1<"n by 28. 8 . T and Olhor me;uu,,,m,,nl" tak.n by '29. Bamboo enuO'!.,l)r.'ion done by 30. Bamboo weight laken by 3 I. Rel.rence5 in Ihe lield' ..,nlk... bv 32. R~m.rk. Dat. : D ...grams ole. ,- ,~)J". .J I'"P1!JSO<1 .., ''''.1' I"M' r- .... ------$~I~n,'qo.--- r-. Pllno lOVC!.'l -~ "., (I) ~:'IO~l'S!P J).'~)J ~ u-,II . I ,..', .., ~ ~ \ !'I~\JR1S!T' prnl{ r.~:m( t- t- :5~1\-.-- ci! Z ~:>lItl M .,' .-. -, I' ~. :--3, I",,-;---' ~; :1'- t t~. ~ I\'T, ... - ~. r:. ;:: .2 ...... -. . , /''-'- J... 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'">0 ~~~'------~- I------I--:.~------'" ."~------ ----_._-- ;:------~...,., II> C IE ,_---" ~ ~: ~: -:,------(Jo • c: .. 0 ...,. -= ;.!. -e* ~_ _: V'o " E -:! -- ~"' 5;~.V[~ :I -... - 1:1 J-;~;.------. • e ~ s g. ~.--- Q ~ ~ Q- -:!------6----·-'----.,. ....Q\ - .• . _- 'Wl"l ~~-_::_-~_.-~_--:._-_-:_-_-_-_-_-:_.--~.- ._--;,__ .. J.).u..,O f~ I---i-----...:.:;:_f· ...:------, ...."' .. _---. -- ... -~ ._._------...... ------;; ----_--- .: 'E- -""------M):~ ~ ~~& f ~~------~_------~=-===----~. - • ~..; ~ f"~ ~ ~ ~ e • - 00--- ; = !:ii -~:------..- ~ ~ ! : -~------:; ---~_;. ~-_------.- .; ... 0 0 -= J .-sgc;: g''a .~------..., ... ~ ~ ~ -~;------j v. -", .. .. .I.II~ N lQ --- UI N j - _ ~~.~ r;::;----~~-~~~~:'___ _ '0,. .lciW.SJ -~------_._. --- u) E ... - ,_; Z" 1 -~'------~------... -iooi------.---- III .!j -....:;;------" MAps & PI GURES I· I I -106- ,I LOCATION MAP OF THE INVENTORIED DISTRICT SCALE ;:'5,000.000 ,·.\ «. .' • « c c ARE A INVI!:NTORIEO "~.. ,.. "0\ M ....V ., fa III.- ii o III 0. II~ I r (j .! -108- "'I(!UR!!: - f· T SKETCH OF SAMPLE PLOTS , . MAltKINCt orr .AMeLINQ LOCATIONS ON THe TOPOGRAPHIC MAP aH~ETS N LAY OUT 01' SAMPLE ea-oT AT •THE SAMPL.ING LOCATIONS N.M." -109- , Bib 1 i 0 g r ap h y &: Not e s 1. Anon Ecology in Action. An Exhibit Programme on Man and the Biosphere; UNESCO. . 2. Anon Manual of Forest Inventory, FAO Forestry Paper No:27. 3. Anon Statistical Outlines of India (l 984): Tata Services Limited, Bombay. 4. Anon ResuJ ts of Resources Survey undertaken QY the Vegetation f0apping Section of the State- Forest Department: MY FOREST 13(2),1977 5. Anon Forest Resources Survey Report of the Pre invest ment Study under the UNDP-F AO, 1970. 6. Anon Draft Compilation of Resul ts of the Inventory of Forest Resources of Jammu &: Kash mir, Forest Survey of India, Northern Zone, Shi mJa 1985. 7. Abell T.M.B. 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This paper indicates that regressions developed for estimating forest biomass for one region (such as Thai! and)couJd be applicabJe to 9ther regions· (such as tropical rain forests of Puerto Rico). -110- 13. Fernando D.F.S. Computation of Girth Increment Rates for Dry Zone Species - Satin, Ebony, MilIa and Palu;.jnstitute of Tropical forestry, Puerto Rico. o In this paper rates of girth increment in respect of four common species of dry zones have been computed. 14. Fitter A.H.et.al. Methods of calculating fine root production in forests: Ecological Interactions in Soil 4, 1985 . . The best probable method for est i mating root production and m9rta Ii ty is suggested in this paper. 15. Grubb P.J. Control of Forest Growth and Distribution on Wet Tropical Mountains with spec'ial reference to Mineral Nutrition: Annual Review of Ecological Syste ms 8, 1977. The environ menta I factors leading (l) to changes in the forest form associated with increase in altitude and the manner in whkh the species adopt to these factors:; (ij) altitudinal zonation of forest types and the mechanisms involved in 'Massenerhebung' effect in the tropics are considered. 16. Higuchi.N(1)&. Developing Bole Wood Volume Equations for Ram", W (II) a group of Tree Species of Central Amazon (Brazil): Commonwealth Forestry Review 64(1), 1985. Schumacher-Hall's volu me equations with and w ithciut intercept coefficient was found to be the best for est i mating tree volu mes of tropical species in the dry land area of Manaus, Amazonas State, Braz iI. 17'1 Jambulingan R. et.~ Growth characteristics of Bambusa arundinacea under mixed for ming conditions South India: Hort lcul ture, 32(5" 1984. A high degree of correlation was found to exist between circumference and height of clu mps, diameter of cuI ms and height of clu mps, diameter of culms and height of clumps, dia~ter of cuI r:ns and circumference of cJu mps. These were not, however, influenced by cultural operation regi meso 18. Kandya A.K. Notes on Net Pri mary Production in Teak (Tectona grandis LINN. F): The Journal of the _lndiah Botanlcal Society 52 (l &. 2), 1973. the maximum dry matter production in Tei3.k trees is found to occur between 33 and 50 years of age. 19. Keay R. W.J. Inere ment in the Okomu Forest Reserve Benin. Nigerian Forestry information Bulletin No. II • -111- 20. Kira, Tatuo~.~ _ Structure of Forest Canopies as related to their primary productivity: Plant and Cell Physioi9gy 10, 1969. 21. Laksh man· A. C~ Exploitation details of Sharavathy Submersion area: MYFOREST. 9(1), 1972. 22. Legris P. &. Vegetation Maps of India-: Proceedings of Meher Homji V.M. SymposIum cn Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology, 1968. • 23'. Litt Ie, Elbert L. It Tr-ees of the Carr ibbean National Forest Puerto Woodbury. Rico:US Department of Agriculture, 1976. 24~ Malhotra K.C. et.al. Hunting Strategies among three. non Pastoral - Nomatic Groups of Maharashtra: Man in India, 63 (0' 1983. 25. Meher-Homji V.M. ~pplication of Pluviothermic Quotient and Xerothermic Hydrothermic Indices to the Indian Sub Continent: The Indian Forester 94 (5), 1968. . The paper considers the applicabili ty of Pluviothermic quotient and Xerothermic Hydrother mic Indlces to vegetation types of the Indian Sub c0!ltinent. 26. Meher":'Homji V. M. Analogous Biocli·mates and Introduction of Economic Exotics: Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 67 (3), 1971. 27. Meher-Homji V.M. The term Sub Tropical in Phytogeography; Facts and Fallacies: Environmental Physiology and Ecology of P Janis, 1978. 28~ Meher-Hotnji V.M'. Varia bil i ty and the Concept of a_ Probable eli matiC Year in Bioclimatology with reference to the Indian SUb Continent: Arch.Met.Geoph. BioH. Ser .S, 22, 1974. 29. Meher":'Homji V .M. On the Origin of the TropicaJ Dry Evergreen Forest of 'South India: International Journal of EcoJogical and Environmental Science 1, 1974. 30. Mervart J. .. Growth Studies in the Natural T -H F for Forest Manage ment P~rposes. 31. Misra D.N. Current Management Concepts in Forestry: Socio-economic Effects and Constraints in " f TropicaJ Forest Management, John Wiley '&. Sdns, 19&2. i' ,_ ~('! 32. Misra G.P .. &. Kandya A.K. 'A Study of the Aerial Biomass of some Forest Trees of Sagar: Madhya Bharati, JournaJ of the Universi ty of Sagar 19-21, '1971-73. 12 :~ ';".~t- - 33. Misra R. et.al •. Determination. of Age ': . 35. Murphy,Peter G. Net Primary Productivity in Tropical Terrestral Ecosystems: ,f>r~mary Productivity of the Biosphere pp.2~7-231. · . , 36. ~-Ilurphy, Peter G. Tree Growth of El Verde and the Effects of Ionizing Radiation: A Tropical Rain Forest. pp,.141-171. 37. Nicholson DJ A Study of Virgin Forest near Sandakan North Borneo. Proc. of Symp. on Ecological Research in Humid Tropics Vegetation, Kuching, Sara wak , July 1963. 3&. Osmaston H.A. Determination of Age/Girth and Similar Relation ship in Tropical Forestry. r Resear c!1,, Notes - Empire Forestry Review. 39. Pal mer J .R. Towards more Reasonable Objectives in Tropical High Forest Management ·for Timber Production: Commonwealth Forestry Review 54 (3/4) W • 40. Richards... -.,P. Tropic'al Fore'sts and Woodlands - An Overview: \ .1 .1 Agro-Ecosyste ms 3, 1977. Energy from Forest Bi6~ .: The Forestry Chronicle ,53(4), 1977. 42. "Seth S.K. et.al •. Potential l?roduct~vity of Indian Forests: International Symposium on Tropical Ecology, 1971. I ., 43. Shukla R.O. & Productivity of Tropical Trees related to Succes Ramakrishnan P.S. sional Status: Forest Ecology and M"al1agement c 9, 1984. ;:.. Geo&faphy of India 45. Singh. Jasbir .. Effect ' of Habitat Conditions on the Regeneration . ~ ...... of Tree ,Species at Idukki, Kerala: Environment & Ecology, 3(1), 198,5 • 46. & ' Singh K.P. . CyclIng of I Njtr()g~n in a Tropical. ,Deciduous Pandey O.N~ 1. ' '-'Forest: PrOc. of' Reg. Workshop on Nitrogen Cycling j in South East Asian Wet Monsoonal Ecosyste ms, 1981. -113- 47. Singh R.P,. Biomass, Nutrient and Productivity Structure of a Stand of Dry Deciduous Forest of Varanasi: Tropical Ecology 16(2), 1975. 48. Tanner E.V.J. Four Montane Rain Forests of Jamaica. A Quantitative Omracterisation of the Floristics. The Soils and the Foliar Mineral Levels and a Discussion of the Interrelations: Journal of Ecology 65, 1977. • 49. Taylor, George(F) (II) The Development of Forestry in India. A Re-examination of Forest Policy. 50. Unnikrishnan K.P. Construction of Volu me Table - A Genera 1 & Singh, Ravindra. Approach : The "Ind ian Forester llO(6), 1984. A different method fer construction of volu me equations using the computer programme VOLTAB is desc ribe.d. • 51. Verma B.K. V.S.M. Gang Rape in Kerala (The Disappearing Forest ( Retd.) in KeraJa), unpublished. 52. Wadsworth, H.Frank Gra wth in the Lower Montane Rain Forest of Puerto Rico. 53. Weaver, Peter L. The Growth in Several Tropical Forest of Puerto Rico: U.S. Depart ment of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper No.152. 54. Wenger, Karl F. Forestry Handbook, Second Edition. John Wiley &. Sons. '!. 55. Whittaker, The prj mary Production of the Biosphere: Robert H. etc. Symposium given at the second congress of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Miami, Florida 1971. 56. Whittaker, R.H. Forest Dimensions and Production in the Great Smoky Mountains: Ecology, 47 -( 1 ), 1966. 57. Whittaker, R .H. Branch Dimensions and Est i mat ion of Branch Productions: Ecology 46(3), 1965. 58. Wiersu m, K.F. Strategies and Designs for Afforestation, Reforesta tion and Tree planting: Pudoc Wageningen 1984. '**'* *'**