Exploring the Heteromeric Interface of the 5-HT2A-Mglu2 Receptor Complex
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A Guide to Glutamate Receptors
A guide to glutamate receptors 1 Contents Glutamate receptors . 4 Ionotropic glutamate receptors . 4 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 4 - Function ............................................................................................................ 5 - AMPA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - NMDA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - Kainate receptors ............................................................................................... 6 Metabotropic glutamate receptors . 8 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 8 - Function ............................................................................................................ 9 - Group I: mGlu1 and mGlu5. .9 - Group II: mGlu2 and mGlu3 ................................................................................. 10 - Group III: mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8 ............................................................ 10 Protocols and webinars . 11 - Protocols ......................................................................................................... 11 - Webinars ......................................................................................................... 12 References and further reading . 13 Excitatory synapse pathway -
Lgr5 Homologues Associate with Wnt Receptors and Mediate R-Spondin Signalling
ARTICLE doi:10.1038/nature10337 Lgr5 homologues associate with Wnt receptors and mediate R-spondin signalling Wim de Lau1*, Nick Barker1{*, Teck Y. Low2, Bon-Kyoung Koo1, Vivian S. W. Li1, Hans Teunissen1, Pekka Kujala3, Andrea Haegebarth1{, Peter J. Peters3, Marc van de Wetering1, Daniel E. Stange1, Johan E. van Es1, Daniele Guardavaccaro1, Richard B. M. Schasfoort4, Yasuaki Mohri5, Katsuhiko Nishimori5, Shabaz Mohammed2, Albert J. R. Heck2 & Hans Clevers1 The adult stem cell marker Lgr5 and its relative Lgr4 are often co-expressed in Wnt-driven proliferative compartments. We find that conditional deletion of both genes in the mouse gut impairs Wnt target gene expression and results in the rapid demise of intestinal crypts, thus phenocopying Wnt pathway inhibition. Mass spectrometry demonstrates that Lgr4 and Lgr5 associate with the Frizzled/Lrp Wnt receptor complex. Each of the four R-spondins, secreted Wnt pathway agonists, can bind to Lgr4, -5 and -6. In HEK293 cells, RSPO1 enhances canonical WNT signals initiated by WNT3A. Removal of LGR4 does not affect WNT3A signalling, but abrogates the RSPO1-mediated signal enhancement, a phenomenon rescued by re-expression of LGR4, -5 or -6. Genetic deletion of Lgr4/5 in mouse intestinal crypt cultures phenocopies withdrawal of Rspo1 and can be rescued by Wnt pathway activation. Lgr5 homologues are facultative Wnt receptor components that mediate Wnt signal enhancement by soluble R-spondin proteins. These results will guide future studies towards the application of R-spondins for regenerative purposes of tissues expressing Lgr5 homologues. The genes Lgr4, Lgr5 and Lgr6 encode orphan 7-transmembrane 4–5 post-induction onwards. -
Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in the Nervous System
Neuron Review Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in the Nervous System Yun C. Yung,1,3 Nicole C. Stoddard,1,2,3 Hope Mirendil,1 and Jerold Chun1,* 1Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 2Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 3Co-first author *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.009 The brain is composed of many lipids with varied forms that serve not only as structural components but also as essential signaling molecules. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive lipid species that is part of the lysophospholipid (LP) family. LPA is primarily derived from membrane phospholipids and signals through six cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA1-6. These receptors are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues and have been functionally linked to many neural pro- cesses and pathways. This Review covers a current understanding of LPA signaling in the nervous system, with particular focus on the relevance of LPA to both physiological and diseased states. Introduction LPA synthesis/degradative enzymes (reviewed in Sigal et al., The human brain is composed of approximately 60%–70% lipids 2005; Brindley and Pilquil, 2009; Perrakis and Moolenaar, by dry weight (Svennerholm et al., 1994). These lipids can be 2014). In view of the broad neurobiological influences of LPA divided into two major pools, structural and signaling, which signaling, its dysregulation may lead to diverse neuropathologies include well-known families such as cholesterol, fatty acids, ei- (Bandoh et al., 2000; Houben and Moolenaar, 2011; Yung et al., cosanoids, endocannabinoids, and prostaglandins (Figure 1). -
Profiling G Protein-Coupled Receptors of Fasciola Hepatica Identifies Orphan Rhodopsins Unique to Phylum Platyhelminthes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/207316; this version posted October 23, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Profiling G protein-coupled receptors of Fasciola hepatica 2 identifies orphan rhodopsins unique to phylum 3 Platyhelminthes 4 5 Short title: Profiling G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in Fasciola hepatica 6 7 Paul McVeigh1*, Erin McCammick1, Paul McCusker1, Duncan Wells1, Jane 8 Hodgkinson2, Steve Paterson3, Angela Mousley1, Nikki J. Marks1, Aaron G. Maule1 9 10 11 1Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of 12 Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn 13 Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK 14 15 2 Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 16 17 3 Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 18 19 * Corresponding author 20 Email: [email protected] 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/207316; this version posted October 23, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 22 Abstract 23 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are established drug targets. Despite their 24 considerable appeal as targets for next-generation anthelmintics, poor understanding 25 of their diversity and function in parasitic helminths has thwarted progress towards 26 GPCR-targeted anti-parasite drugs. -
Interplay Between Gating and Block of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
brain sciences Review Interplay between Gating and Block of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Matthew B. Phillips 1,2, Aparna Nigam 1 and Jon W. Johnson 1,2,* 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; [email protected] (M.B.P.); [email protected] (A.N.) 2 Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(412)-624-4295 Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 1 December 2020 Abstract: Drugs that inhibit ion channel function by binding in the channel and preventing current flow, known as channel blockers, can be used as powerful tools for analysis of channel properties. Channel blockers are used to probe both the sophisticated structure and basic biophysical properties of ion channels. Gating, the mechanism that controls the opening and closing of ion channels, can be profoundly influenced by channel blocking drugs. Channel block and gating are reciprocally connected; gating controls access of channel blockers to their binding sites, and channel-blocking drugs can have profound and diverse effects on the rates of gating transitions and on the stability of channel open and closed states. This review synthesizes knowledge of the inherent intertwining of block and gating of excitatory ligand-gated ion channels, with a focus on the utility of channel blockers as analytic probes of ionotropic glutamate receptor channel function. Keywords: ligand-gated ion channel; channel block; channel gating; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; ionotropic glutamate receptor; AMPA receptor; kainate receptor; NMDA receptor 1. Introduction Neuronal information processing depends on the distribution and properties of the ion channels found in neuronal membranes. -
The Roles Played by Highly Truncated Splice Variants of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Helen Wise
Wise Journal of Molecular Signaling 2012, 7:13 http://www.jmolecularsignaling.com/content/7/1/13 REVIEW Open Access The roles played by highly truncated splice variants of G protein-coupled receptors Helen Wise Abstract Alternative splicing of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes greatly increases the total number of receptor isoforms which may be expressed in a cell-dependent and time-dependent manner. This increased diversity of cell signaling options caused by the generation of splice variants is further enhanced by receptor dimerization. When alternative splicing generates highly truncated GPCRs with less than seven transmembrane (TM) domains, the predominant effect in vitro is that of a dominant-negative mutation associated with the retention of the wild-type receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). For constitutively active (agonist-independent) GPCRs, their attenuated expression on the cell surface, and consequent decreased basal activity due to the dominant-negative effect of truncated splice variants, has pathological consequences. Truncated splice variants may conversely offer protection from disease when expression of co-receptors for binding of infectious agents to cells is attenuated due to ER retention of the wild-type co-receptor. In this review, we will see that GPCRs retained in the ER can still be functionally active but also that highly truncated GPCRs may also be functionally active. Although rare, some truncated splice variants still bind ligand and activate cell signaling responses. More importantly, by forming heterodimers with full-length GPCRs, some truncated splice variants also provide opportunities to generate receptor complexes with unique pharmacological properties. So, instead of assuming that highly truncated GPCRs are associated with faulty transcription processes, it is time to reassess their potential benefit to the host organism. -
The Role of the Serotonergic System and the Effects of Antidepressants During Brain Development Examined Using in Vivo Pet Imaging and in Vitro Receptor Binding
From THE DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden THE ROLE OF THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM AND THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS DURING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT EXAMINED USING IN VIVO PET IMAGING AND IN VITRO RECEPTOR BINDING Stal Saurav Shrestha Stockholm 2014 Cover Illustration: Voxel-wise analysis of the whole monkey brain using the PET radioligand, [11C]DASB showing persistent serotonin transporter upregulation even after more than 1.5 years of fluoxetine discontinuation. All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by Universitetsservice-AB © Stal Saurav Shrestha, 2014 ISBN 978-91-7549-522-4 Serotonergic System and Antidepressants During Brain Development To my family Amaze yourself ! Stal Saurav Shrestha, 2014 The Department of Clinical Neuroscience The role of the serotonergic system and the effects of antidepressants during brain development examined using in vivo PET imaging and in vitro receptor binding AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som för avläggande av medicine doktorsexamen vid Karolinska Institutet offentligen försvaras i CMM föreläsningssalen L8:00, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Solna THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (PhD) Stal Saurav Shrestha Date: March 31, 2014 (Monday); Time: 10 AM Venue: Center for Molecular Medicine Lecture Hall Floor 1, Karolinska Hospital, Solna Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Robert B. Innis, MD, PhD Klaus-Peter Lesch, MD, PhD National Institutes of Health University of Würzburg Department of NIMH Department -
GABAB Receptors and Pain
King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.012 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Malcangio, M. (2017). GABAB receptors and pain. Neuropharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.012 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Functioning of the Dimeric GABAB Receptor Extracellular Domain Revealed by Glycan Wedge Scanning
Functioning of the dimeric GABAB receptor extracellular domain revealed by glycan wedge scanning Philippe Rondard1§, Siluo Huang2§, Carine Monnier1, Haijun Tu2, Bertrand Blanchard1, Nadia Oueslati1, Fanny Malhaire1, Ying Li2, Eric Trinquet3, Gilles Labesse4,5, Jean-Philippe Pin1 & Jianfeng Liu2 1 CNRS, UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France and INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France and Université Montpellier 1,2, Montpellier F-34000, France. 2, Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 3 CisBio International, Parc technologique Marcel Boiteux, Bagnols/Cèze cedex F-30204, France 4, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier F-34060, France 5 INSERM U414, Montpellier, F-34094 France § P.R. and S.H. contributed equally to this work Correspondence should be addressed to J.P.P ([email protected]) and J.L. ([email protected]). Running title : Functional analysis of GABAB receptor VFTs using N-glycans Total character count (including spaces) : 55,058 1 Abstract The G-protein coupled receptor activated by the neurotransmitter GABA is made up of two subunits, GABAB1 and GABAB2. While GABAB1 binds agonists, GABAB2 is required for trafficking GABAB1 to the cell surface, increasing agonist affinity to GABAB1, and activating associated G-proteins. These subunits each comprise two domains, a Venus flytrap (VFT) domain and a heptahelical (7TM) domain. How agonist binding to the GABAB1 VFT leads to GABAB2 7TM activation remains unknown. Here, we used a glycan wedge scanning approach to investigate how the GABAB VFT dimer controls receptor activity. -
Chemical Labelling for Visualizing Native AMPA Receptors in Live Neurons
ARTICLE Received 1 Aug 2016 | Accepted 8 Feb 2017 | Published 7 Apr 2017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14850 OPEN Chemical labelling for visualizing native AMPA receptors in live neurons Sho Wakayama1,*, Shigeki Kiyonaka1,*, Itaru Arai2, Wataru Kakegawa2, Shinji Matsuda2,3,4, Keiji Ibata2, Yuri L. Nemoto5, Akihiro Kusumi5,6, Michisuke Yuzaki2,7 & Itaru Hamachi1,7 The location and number of neurotransmitter receptors are dynamically regulated at postsynaptic sites. However, currently available methods for visualizing receptor trafficking require the introduction of genetically engineered receptors into neurons, which can disrupt the normal functioning and processing of the original receptor. Here we report a powerful method for visualizing native a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) which are essential for cognitive functions without any genetic manipulation. This is based on a covalent chemical labelling strategy driven by selective ligand-protein recognition to tether small fluorophores to AMPARs using chemical AMPAR modification (CAM) reagents. The high penetrability of CAM reagents enables visualization of native AMPARs deep in brain tissues without affecting receptor function. Moreover, CAM reagents are used to characterize the diffusion dynamics of endogenous AMPARs in both cultured neurons and hippocampal slices. This method will help clarify the involvement of AMPAR trafficking in various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. 1 Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510, Japan. 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. 3 Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communication, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan. -
Functional Analysis of the Latrophilin Homolog Dcirl in Drosophila Melanogaster
Functional analysis of the latrophilin homolog dCirl in Drosophila melanogaster Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Jennifer Gehring aus Würzburg Physiologisches Institut – Lehrstuhl für Physiologie Schwerpunkt Neurophysiologie Würzburg, 2014 Eingereicht am: ………………………… Mitglieder der Promotionskommission: Vorsitzender: ………………………… Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Manfred Heckmann Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian Stigloher Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: ………………………... Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: .................................. I Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation mit dem Titel “Functional analysis of the latrophilin homolog dCirl in Drosophila melanogaster” eigenständig angefertigt und mich dabei keiner anderen als der von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel bedient habe. Die Dissertation wurde in der jetzigen oder einer ähnlichen Form noch bei keiner anderen Hochschule eingereicht. Würzburg, 2014 ____________________________ Jennifer Gehring II Contents Contents 1. Summary............... ................................................................................................. 1 2. Introduction........... .................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Adhesion class G-protein coupled receptors ..................................................... 4 2.1.1 Latrophilin – a prototype of adhesion-GPCRs ............................................ 6 2.1.2 Structural -
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172, 5744–5869 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Anthony P Davenport2, Eamonn Kelly3, Neil Marrion3, John A Peters4, Helen E Benson5, Elena Faccenda5, Adam J Pawson5, Joanna L Sharman5, Christopher Southan5, Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, 2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, 3School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK, 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK, 5Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/bph.13348/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.