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Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada This Page Intentionally Left Blank Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada Ray S Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada This page intentionally left blank Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada Ray S. Vizgirdas and Edna M. Rey-Vizgirdas Illustrations by Edna M. Rey-Vizgirdas University of Nevada Press reno & las vegas University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada 89557 usa Copyright ∫ 2006 by University of Nevada Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Design by Cameron Poulter Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vizgirdas, Ray S., 1960– Wild plants of the Sierra Nevada / Ray S. Vizgirdas and Edna M. Rey-Vizgirdas. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-87417-535-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Botany—Sierra Nevada (Calif. and Nev.) 2. Plants—Sierra Nevada (Calif. and Nev.)—Identification. I. Rey-Vizgirdas, Edna. II. Title. qk142.7.v59 2005 581.9794%4—dc22 2005004867 The paper used in this book meets the requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z.48-1984. Binding materials were selected for strength and durability. First Printing 14131211100908070605 54321 While this book documents the many uses of wild plants found within the Sierra Nevada, the publisher and authors disclaim any liability for injury that may result from following the instructions for collecting, preparing, or consuming plants described in this guide. E√orts have been made to ensure that the descriptions and drawings of plants represented are accurate representations of the family, genus, and species noted. It should be understood that growth conditions, improper identification, and varietal di√erences, as well as an individual’s own sensitivity or allergic response, can contribute to a hazard in sampling or using a plant. Furthermore, the reader is encouraged to seek assistance from experienced botanists in identifying any of the plants discussed in this book. For Tomas, from Mom and Dad This page intentionally left blank We are losing our ancestral knowledge because the technicians only believe in modern science and cannot read the sky. —Andean peasant expression This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations / xi Preface / xiii introduction /1 Scientific and Common Names / 14 Rare and Protected Plants / 15 California Native Groups / 17 Guidelines for Gathering / 17 major plant groups Ferns and Fern Allies / 19 Gymnosperms / 30 Flowering Plants: Dicots / 40 Flowering Plants: Monocots / 219 appendix one Sierra Nevada Habitats and Their Associated Plants and Uses / 245 appendix two Some Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Plant Species Found in the Sierra Nevada / 267 appendix three Scientific and Common Plant Names / 268 Glossary / 277 References and Additional Reading / 283 Index / 291 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations maps Yerba Mansa (Anemopsis californica) 109 Sierra Nevada 2 Checker Mallow (Sidalcea spp.) 111 Native Americans of the Sierra Nevada 16 Maple (Acer sp.) leaves and fruits 112 Milkweed (Asclepias sp.) Flower 115 figures Giant Hyssop (Agastache urticifolia) 117 Moonwort (Botrychium spp.) 19 Pennyroyal (Monardella spp.) 119 Fern Frond with Sori 20 Mock Orange Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) 26 (Philadelphus lewisii) 122 Quillwort (Isoetes spp.) 27 Watercress (Rorippa spp.) 127 Hairy Pepperwort (Marsilea vestita)28 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) 129 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii)34 Jimson Weed (Datura wrightii) 131 White Fir (Abies concolor)37 Bu√aloberry, Soapberry Oregon-grape (Berberis spp.) 41 (Shepherdia argentea) 132 Fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii)50 Pea Family (Fabaceae) Broom-rape (Orobanche spp.) 52 Flower (expanded) 133 Buckbrush, Deerbrush Lupine (Lupinus spp.) 136 (Ceanothus spp.) 55 Lupine (Lupinus) leaf 136 Alpine Mountain Sorrel Phlox (Phlox spp.) 143 (Oxyria digyna)57 Scarlet Gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) 143 Columbine (Aquilegia formosa)61 Sandwort (Arenaria spp.) 145 Marsh Marigold (Caltha lepsepala)63 Prickly Poppy Flannelbush (Fremontodendron (Argemone corymbosa) 150 californicum)64 Shooting Star (Dodecatheon spp.) 151 Beavertail or Prickly Pear Cactus Spring Beauty (Claytonia lanceolata) 155 (Opuntia spp.) 65 Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) 156 Bee Plant (Cleome serrulata)67 Mountain-ash (Sorbus spp.) 160 Biscuitroot (Lomatium spp.) 71 Mountain-mahogany Poison Hemlock (Cicuta douglasii)74 (Cercocarpus ledifolius) fruits 160 Yampah (Perideridia spp.) 76 Wild Rose (Rosa spp.) 164 Gooseberry (Ribes spp.) 78 Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) 165 Dogbane (Apocynum spp.) 80 Spurge (Euphorbia crenulata) Dogwood (Cornus spp.) 81 Flower—cyathium 176 Net-leaved Hackberry St. John’s-wort (Hypericum spp.) 178 (Celtis reticulata)83 Stonecrop (Sedum spp.) 179 Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)85 Poison Oak Gentian (Gentiana spp.) 90 (Toxicodendron diversilobum) 180 Flower and Fruit of Geranium Skunkbush (Rhus trilobata ) 181 (Geranium spp.) 92 Sunflower Family Goosefoot, Lambs’s-quarters (Asteraceae) Flowers—Disk (Chenopodium spp.) 93 (tubular) and Ray (ligulate) 182 Manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.) 98 Arnica (Arnica chamissonis ) 183 Snow Plant (Sarcodes sanguinea) 101 Arrowleaf Balsamroot Wintergreen (Pyrola spp.) 102 (Balsamorhiza sagittata ) 185 Twinflower (Linnaea borealis) 107 Coneflower (Rudbeckia spp.) 189 Oyster Plant, Salsify Death Camas (Zigadenus spp.) 229 (Tragopogon porrifolius) 202 Mariposa or Sego Lily Tarweed (Grindelia spp.) 204 (Calochortus spp.) 232 xii Thistle (Cirsium spp.) 205 Onion (Allium spp.) 233 Mule-ears (Wyethia spp.) 208 Illustrations Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium spp.) 239 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) 208 Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) 210 tables Violet (Viola spp.) 211 1. Nutrients and Calories of Pine Seeds, Acorns, and Modern Wheat 36 Wood-sorrel (Oxalis spp.) 218 2. Chemical Composition of Hulled Water Plantain Acorns as Compared with Barley and (Alisma plantago-aquatica) 221 Wheat 44 Cattail (Typha spp.) 222 3. Summary Table of Sunflower Wild Iris (Iris spp.) 226 Family Tribes 183 Brodiaea (Brodiaea spp.) 227 Preface Ray S. Vizgirdas I wrote this book because, after thirty years of exploring the Sierra Nevada and its forests as a student, teacher, professional naturalist, and field biologist, I believed that I should impart some of my own enjoyment and appreciation of these mountains to all those—young and old, amateur and professional—who want to learn more about the richly diverse wild plants of this important mountain range and the exceptionally wide variety of plant habitats enfolded within its expanse. My objective is to provide a comprehensive inventory of all the wild plants endemic to the range—more than 400 plant taxa, over half of which are consid- ered rare. I also provide information that will help readers identify individual plant species, as well as information on the traditional and modern uses of Sierra plants—for example, as food or beverage, medicine, tools, or containers. Additionally, I want to guide readers to additional information about Sierra plants, and to this purpose I provide an extensive list of suggested readings and other sources of information about the plants, their habitats, and their uses. To encourage readers to practice conservation and to respect the flora they are observing, I identify endangered plants when they are described in the text and I list them in one of the appendices. My interest in the outdoors started when I was young and demanded to be told the names of all the plants and animals I saw within and around the camp- sites during family vacations. My curiosity only grew with time as I acquired the skills and knowledge that enabled me to live comfortably in the mountain en- vironment. This ability eventually grew to the point where I was able to explore the Sierra Nevada (and northern Rockies) for weeks and months at a time, sustained by my knowledge of plant (and animal) uses. I also learned to respect these mountains and their fragile resources, and I always had a conservation ethic foremost in my mind as I was learning and practicing my outdoor skills. I under- stood early on that to wantonly destroy plants, animals, or other resources is unwarranted, as no animal or plant that lives in the mountains destroys the resources it depends on. These lessons I continue to apply to my present life. The introduction o√ers a brief overview of the Sierra Nevada’s biological, geological, and cultural significance; introduces the reader to the science of eth- nobotany; and gives some insight into the nutritional value of wild plants. It also takes you on a trek across the Sierra Nevada to examine the many and extremely diverse plant habitats and communities found in this range. The heart of the book, ‘‘Major Plant Groups,’’ surveys the major vascular plant groups, includ- ing ferns and their allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, both dicots and monocots. Within each group, the families (and genera and species therein) are arranged in alphabetical order. Information in these groupings includes a brief description of the plants, noting any special characteristics and any interesting natural history information, as well as their uses—be it traditional uses by the Native American people who once made the Sierra Nevada their home, or more contemporary uses, or both. The book also includes a number of ‘‘quick keys’’ to xiv help readers di√erentiate between similar species. Preface Appendix 1 of the book has been created to make the book more useful for people in the field. It is a table that identifies the major plant communities of the range (from west side to east side) and lists the plants commonly
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