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Wanghui2010-Wsichuan .Pdf SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • January 2010 Vol.53 No.1: 1–15 doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0062-7 Influence of fault geometry and fault interaction on strain partitioning within western Sichuan and its adjacent region WANG Hui1,2*, LIU Jie3, SHEN XuHui1, LIU Mian2, LI QingSong4, SHI YaoLin5& 1 ZHANG GuoMin 1 Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China; 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; 3 China Earthquake Network Center, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100045, China; 4 Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA; 5 Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Received March 31, 2009; accepted November 9, 2009 There are several major active fault zones in the western Sichuan and its vicinity. Slip rates and seismicity vary on different fault zones. For example, slip rates on the Xianshuihe fault zone are higher than 10 mm/a. Its seismicity is also intense. Slip rates on the Longmenshan fault zone are low. However, Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake occurred on this fault zone in 2008. Here we study the impact of fault geometry on strain partitioning in the western Sichuan region using a three-dimensional viscoe- lastoplastic model. We conclude that the slip partitioning on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault presents as segmented, and it is related to fault geometry and fault structure. Slip rate is high on fault segment with simple geometry and structure, and vice versa. Strain rate outside the fault is localized around the fault segment with complex geometry and fault structure. Strain par- titioning on the central section of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone is influenced by the interaction between the An- ninghe-Zemuhe fault and the Daliangshan fault zone. Striking of the Longmenshan fault zone is nearly orthogonal to the direc- tion of eastward extrusion in the Tibetan Plateau. It leads to low slip rate on the fault zone. Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone, Longmenshan fault zone, fault geometry, strain partitioning, 3D viscoelastoplastic model Citation: Wang H, Liu J, Shen X H, et al. Influence of fault geometry and fault interaction on strain partitioning within western Sichuan and its adjacent region. Sci China Earth Sci, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0062-7 Located in the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, gence faults. The crustal deformation pattern in the region the western Sichuan region and its vicinity is a transition shows obvious deformation localization [1]. zone between the active Tibetan Plateau and the stable Two of the most important active fault zones in the South China. Tectonics in the region is active. There are western Sichuan area are the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault many northwest, northeast and near north-south striking zone and the Longmenshan fault zone. These two faults faults cutting through the crust in the region. The north- form a ‘Y’-shaped fault system. They divide this region into west-west striking faults are mainly lateral strike-slip faults, three tectonic blocks: the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, the Bayan and the near north-south striking faults are mainly conver- Har Block, and the South China Block (Figure 1). The Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone is also one of the most active fault zones in Chinese mainland. Its northwestern *Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) section extends in northwest direction, while its southern © Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 earth.scichina.com www.springerlink.com 2 WANG Hui, et al. Sci China Earth Sci January (2010) Vol.53 No.1 Figure 1 Simplified tectonic map of the western Sichuan and its adjacent region and geological fault slip rates (mm/a). section extends approximately from north to south. Its according to velocity profiles across faults. However, GPS length is more than 1000 km. Slip rates on the fault zone are results depend on seismic cycle on the fault because the higher than 10 mm/a [2, 3]. Seismicity in the fault zone is fault is locked when seismicity is quiet [8]. The geological also intense. In the 20th century, several earthquakes with suvey and GPS results are not enouth to explain the dynam- magnitude over M7.0 occurred on the fault zone. Distribu- ics of fault activity, because they only reflect the kinematic tion of major earthquakes indicates the segmentation of the characteristics. Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone [3]. The Longmenshan There are many factors influencing the distribution of fault zone strikes in northeast direction. The fault zone ac- fault slip rates, such as evolution history of fault system [9], comodates crust shortening between the Tibetan Plateau and fault mechanical parameters [10], fault geometry [11, 12], the South China [4]. Although present-day activity on the and interaction between faults [9, 13] etc. Crustal motion in Longmenshan fault zone is weak, the seismogenic fault the western Sichuan area presents a clockwise rotation sustained occurrence of Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on around the Eastern Himalayan Syntax (EHS for short) [6, May 12th, 2008. 14–16]. The most significant feature of fault system in the Fault slip rates are the basis for describing regional strain study region is along-strike variation of the Xianshuihe- partitioning and seismicity. Both geology and GPS survey Xiaojiang fault zone. The northwest striking Xianshuihe provide slip rates on each segment of the Xianshuihe- fault is the western section of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Xiaojiang and the Longmenshan fault zone [3, 5–7]. How- fault system, and the north-south striking Xiaojiang fault is ever, the observations are limited. Geological study pro- the southern section of the fault system. The trace of entire vides long-term motions of several given sites on fault zone. Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system looks like an arc section Uncertainty of the dating of samples always introduces er- around the EHS. Fault geometry of the Xianshui-Xiaojiang rors for long-term motion. GPS survey establishes slip rates fault zone may play a significant role in strain partitioning WANG Hui, et al. Sci China Earth Sci January (2010) Vol.53 No.1 3 in the western Sichuan and its adjacent area. collision [6, 14–16]. The crust of the eastern Tibet moves In this paper, we construct a three-dimensional geody- about 13 mm/a toward east with respect to the stable South namic model to study the strain partitioning in the western China Block. Sichuan and its vicinity. We employ 3D viscoelastoplastic finite element model to model slip rates on the 1.2 Major fault systems and their kinematics in the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang and the Longmenshan fault zone. western Sichuan area Based on our modeling results, the impact of fault geometry on slip rates and regional strain partitioning is discussed in The western Sichuan region is divided into the South China detail. block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block, and the Bayan Har block by the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang and the Longmenshan fault systems. Different movement between two blocks is cen- 1 Tectonic background of the western Sichuan tralized mainly on these two fault systems. Kinematics and and its adjacent area seismicity on the two fault systems are different. The Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone formed in Cenozoic is ac- 1.1 Tectonics in the western Sichuan and its adjacent tive in Late Quaternary. Dozens of historical earthquakes area with magnitude over M7.0 were recorded on the fault zone Both shallow and deep structures are complex in the west- in the past 300 years [3]. The most significant feature of the ern Sichuan and its adjacent area. The upper crust is thin [17, fault system is along-strike variation [21]. The Longmen- 18] and the middle-lower crust is weak [19, 20]. The study shan fault system was formed in the Indosinian and in the region is divided into several tectonic units by major faults. Yanshanian. It is a convergence fault with striking in north- Tectonic motion of each unit is accounted to be a complex east direction. The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on or superimposition of three basic types of motions: sliding, this fault on May 12th, 2008. rotation, and uplift [5]. The regional motion patterns lend The Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system defines the support to a model with a mechanically weak lower crust northern and eastern boundaries of the Sichuan-Yunnan experiencing deformation beneath a stronger, highly frag- Block. The fault system consists of several active fault zones. mented upper crust [6]. Its northern section is the Xianshuihe fault zone, which is a Contemporary GPS velocity field with respect to the sta- narrow linear tectonic zone. The Xianshuihe fault zone con- ble South China presents a clockwise rotation around the sists of the Luhuo fault in the northwest and the Moxi fault EHS in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (Figure 2). The crust in the southeast, and conjoins the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault moves southward in the interior of Sichuan-Yunnan Block, and the Daliangshan fault near Shimian in Sichuan Province. and moves southwestward in the southwest Yunnan region. The central section of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault sys- This motion pattern might be the reflection of the eastward tem consists of the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone, the Dali- extrusion in the Tibetan Plateau during the Indo-Asian angshan fault zone, and Xiaoxiangling fragment between the two fault zones. The Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone con- sists of the north-south striking Anninghe fault zone and the northwest striking Zemuhe fault. The Daliangshan fault zone consists of the Haitang-Yuexi fault, the Puduhe fault, the Butuo fault, and the Jiaoji fault etc. [22]. The An- ninghe-Zemuhe fault zone and the Daliangshan fault zone conjoin near Ningnan-Qiaojia in Yunnan province. The Xiaojiang fault cuts through the crosspoint.
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