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Borehole Geophysics Applied to the Evaluation Of BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS APPLIED TO THE EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION AND INTEGRITY A-126 Douglas C. Kent and R. Vance Hall School of Geology Oklahoma State University University Center for Water Research Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma November 1993 The activities on which this report is based were financed in part by the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, through the Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement by the United States Govemment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded in part by an OWRI grant from the U. S. Geological Survey through the Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute, Oklahoma State University. The principal collaborator, Century Geophysical Corporation provided an estimated three weeks of geophysical well log services, made their property available for the construction of the three experimental test wells, and provided technical support throughout the project. A major supporter, Winnek Environmental Drilling, provided nine extended days of drilling and well completion services. Brainard Killman, Inc. and Diversified Well Products provided well casing, screen, centralizers, and protective manholes for the experimental control wells. American Colloid, Inc., N. L. Baroid, and Pumps of Oklahoma provided annular materials for the experimental control wells. Atlas Rock Bits provided a large-diam eter drill bit for the drilling of the experimental control wells. MDK Consultants, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Colog, Inc. contributed geophysical well logs for use as case histories. Mintech, Inc. provided computer hardware and software, programming support, and CAD services. Several individuals made their geophysical expertise available to the investigators. Mr. Brian Peterson coordinated all well logging conducted by Century Geophysical Corporation and resolved several problems with data format conversions. Mr. John Patrick, Mr. Brian Peterson, and Mr. James Hallenburg critically reviewed this study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Problem Statement ...................................... .. 1 Monitoring Well Integrity .•............................... 2 Water Supply Well Integrity 2 Injection Well Integrity 3 Regulatory Compliance 3 Oilfield Logging Equipment 4 Mineral/Groundwater Logging Equipment 4 Objectives 5 Methods 6 Standards and Terms 6 Background Investigation 7 Literature Review 7 Technical Feasibility 7 Data Acquisition and Conversion 7 Graphical Presentation of Well Logs ....................... .. 8 Quality Assurance ......................................9 Numerical Data Analysis 11 Transformations 11 Omnidirectional Density Log Calibration 12 Probability Density Estimation 21 Experimental Design 22 Verification of Results using Case Histories , 22 Previous Studies :.............................. 22 Bibliographies on Geophysical Well Logging 22 Logging for Well Construction and Integrity ................. .. 22 Mechanical Integrity Testing of Injection Wells 23 Water Supply Well and Groundwater Monitoring Well Logging 24 Miscellaneous Logging 25 iii Chapter Page Findings 25 Logging Methods for Formation Evaluation (Region IV) 25 Logging Methods for Annular Space Evaluation (Region III) ..... .. 25 Logging Methods for Well Casing and Screen Evaluation (Region II) ......................................... 26 Analytical Methods 26 II. BACKGROUND 28 Geophysical Well Logging Methods Used ..................... .. 28 Density and Neutron Logging ........................... .. 32 Density Logging 32 Neutron Logging .... .. .............................. 32 III. EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL WELLS (CASE HISTORY NO.1) 34 Purpose 34 Location ............................................... 35 Experimental Control Well Construction 35 Drilling 35 Installation of the Well Screen and Casing 39 Emplacement of Annular Materials , 40 Installation of Protective Manholes and Concrete Pads 41 Data Acquisition .. ....................................... 41 Geophysical Well Log Analysis 42 Control Well OSU/CGC CW-1 42 Region IV ......................................... 42 Region III ......................................... 43 Region II 43 Control Well OSu/CGC CW-2 49 Region IV ......................................... 49 Region III ........... .. ............................ 49 Region II 54 Control Well OSU/CGC CW~3 54 Region IV ......................................... 57 Region III 57 Region II 60 Discussion of Experimental Control Wells, Case History No.1. .. .. 60 Logging Methods and Analytical Techniques, Region IV 60 Logging Methods and Analytical Techniques, Region III 61 Logging Methods and Analytical Techniques, Region II 68 iv Chapter Page IV. SUMMARY OF DEMONSTRATIVE CASE HISTORIES " 76 Purpose 76 Case History No.2. .................................... .. 76 Background 76 Pre-Logging Construction Summary " 77 Geophysical Well Log Analysis ............................ 77 Region IV ......................................... 77 Region III ......................................... 77 Region II 80 Discussion of Case History No.2 " 81 Case History No.3 82 Background 82 Pre-Logging Construction Summary ...................... .. 82 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Field Example FE-1 83 Region III ......................................... 83 Discussion of Case History NO.3 " 88 Case History NO.4 " 94 Background 94 Pre-Logging Construction Summary ...................... .. 94 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-1 9S Region IV ......................................... 9S Region III ......................................... 9S Region II 97 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-2 98 Region IV ......................................... 98 Region III ...................................... .. 100 Region II 100 Discussion of Case History NO.4 101 Case History No. S.................................... .. 102 Background 102 Pre-Logging Construction Summary 102 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitorin g Well MW-1 102 Density Tool Calibration' , 102 Region IV .............................. ....... .. 103 Region III 103 Region II 10S Discussion of Case History No. S , 106 Case History No.6. ................................... .. 107 Background 107 Pre-Logging Construction Summary 107 v Chapter Page Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Water Supply Well WS-2 107 Region III ...................................... .. 108 Region II 110 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Water Supply Well WS-3 111 Region III 111 Region II 113 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Water Supply Well WS-4 114 Region III 114 Region II 116 Discussion of Case History No.6. ...................... .. 117 Case History No.7 121 Background 121 Pre-Logging Construction Summary 121 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-6 121 Region III 122 Region II 124 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-7 125 Region II I...................................... .. 125 Region II 127 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-8 128 Region III 128 Region II 130 Discussion of Case History No.7. ...................... .. 131 Case History No.8 , 132 Background 132 Pre-Logging Construction Summary 132 Geophysical Well Log Analysis, Monitoring Well MW-1 132 Region IV ...................................... .. 132 Region III 134 Region II 135 Discussion of Case History No.8. ...................... .. 135 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: 136 Results 136 Feasibility Determination 137 Identification of Logging Tools 137 Identification and Development of Analytical Methods 137 vi Chapter Page Specific Problems .................... .. 138 Inside Diameter of Casing and Screen. ................ .. 138 Casing Joints ............... .. 139 Screened or Slotted Intervals ........................ .. 139 Holes or Cracks in the Casing ....................... .. 139 Casing Centralizers. .............................. .. 140 Annular Materials 140 Voids and Channels 141 Eccentered Casing 142 Water Level 142 Conclusions ................ .. 143 VI. GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 146 A Systematic Approach to the Selection of Geophysical Logging Methods and Tools 146 Preliminary Research 146 Summarize Well Construction Details. ................. .. 146 Determine Accessibility of Well(s) 146 Consider Regulatory Constraints 147 Identify Potential Contaminants 148 Consider Decontamination Procedures 148 Identify Logging Objectives 148 Select Logging Methods and Equipment .................. .. 148 Select Logging Methods 148 Select Logging Tools 149 Recommendations for Future Research and Development. ....... .. 149 VII. SELECTED REFERENCES 156 vii APPENDICES Page APPENDIX A Glossary of terms 161 APPENDIX B Reference Tables Describing Principles of Selected Logging Methods 206 Table 33. Caliper Log ............................ .. 207 Table 34. Casing Collar Locator 208 Table 35. Density Log ............................ .. 209 Table 36. Gamma-Ray Log 210 Table 37. Guard Log. ............................ .. 211 Table 38. Induction Log 212 Table 39. Neutron Log 214 Table 40. Single Point Resistance Log 216 APPENDIX C Reference Tables Describing Materials' Properties Required for Density and Neutron Log Interpretation ............ .. 217 Table 41. Properties of Materials Used for Identification Using Density Logs 218 Table 42. Neutron Capture Criteria for Selected Materials
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