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Understanding Command and Control

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Understanding Command and Control THE FUTURE OF COMMAND AND CONTROL UNDERSTANDING COMMAND AND CONTROL David S. Alberts Richard E. Hayes About the CCRP The Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) has the mission of improving DoD’s understanding of the national security implications of the Information Age. Focusing upon improving both the state of the art and the state of the practice of Command and Control, the CCRP helps DoD take full advantage of the opportunities afforded by emerging technologies. The CCRP pursues a broad program of research and analysis in information superiority, information operations, Command and Control theory, and associated operational concepts that enable us to leverage shared awareness to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of assigned missions. An important aspect of the CCRP program is its ability to serve as a bridge between the operational, technical, analytical, and educational communities. The CCRP provides leadership for the Command and Control research community by: • articulating critical research issues; • working to strengthen Command and Control research infrastructure; • sponsoring a series of workshops and symposia; • serving as a clearing house for Command and Control related research funding; and • disseminating outreach initiatives that include the CCRP Publication Series. This is a continuation in the series of publications produced by the Center for Advanced Concepts and Technology (ACT), which was created as a “skunk works” with funding provided by the CCRP under the auspices of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (NII). This program has demonstrated the importance of having a research program focused on the national security implications of the Information Age. It develops the theoretical foundations to provide DoD with information superiority and highlights the importance of active outreach and dissemination initiatives designed to acquaint senior military personnel and civilians with these emerging issues. The CCRP Publication Series is a key element of this effort. Check our Web site for the latest CCRP activities and publications. www.dodccrp.org DoD Command and Control Research Program Assistant Secretary of Defense (NII) & Chief Information Officer John G. Grimes Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (NII) Dr. Linton Wells, II Special Assistant to the ASD(NII) & Director of Research Dr. David S. Alberts Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government agency. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this publication may be quoted or reprinted without further permission, with credit to the DoD Command and Control Research Program, Washington, D.C. Courtesy copies of reviews would be appreciated. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alberts, David S. (David Stephen), 1942- Understanding command and control / David S. Alberts, Richard E. Hayes. p. cm. -- (Future of command and control) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-893723-17-8 1. Command and control systems. I. Hayes, Richard E., 1942- II. Title. III. Series. Cover and illustrations by Joseph Lewis UB212.A435 2006 355.3'3041--dc22 2006000771 2006 THE FUTURE OF COMMAND AND CONTROL UNDERSTANDING COMMAND AND CONTROL David S. Alberts Richard E. Hayes TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................1 2. READER ORIENTATION .....................................................7 3. UNDERSTANDING .............................................................11 4. COMMAND AND CONTROL .............................................31 5. C2 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OVERVIEW ............................49 6. C2 APPROACHES ..............................................................73 7. CONCEPTUAL MODEL: VALUE VIEW ............................115 8. CONCEPTUAL MODEL: PROCESS VIEW ........................161 9. INFLUENCES ...................................................................179 10. THE WAY AHEAD .........................................................193 About the Authors .......................................................................207 Bibliography ................................................................................211 Index ...........................................................................................219 Catalog of CCRP Publications .............................................CAT-1 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Minimum Essential Conceptual Elements for Room Temperature Control Model .............19 Figure 2. Mathematical Model: Temperature Control ........22 Figure 3. Conceptual Model with Value Metrics .................29 Figure 4. C2 Conceptual Model ..........................................53 Figure 5. Outputs of Command by Domain ........................58 Figure 6. Command and Control as a Function of Domain ...........................................................60 Figure 7. C2 Conceptual Model: C2 Approach ...................63 Figure 8. Sensemaking .........................................................65 Figure 9. C2 Conceptual Model: Process View ...................68 Figure 10. C2 Conceptual Model: Value View ....................69 Figure 11. The C2 Approach Space ....................................75 Figure 12. The C2 Problem Space .......................................77 Figure 13. Three Key Dimensions of a C2 Approach .........82 Figure 14. Comparison of a Random Network (left) and a Scale-Free Network (right) ......................105 Figure 15. Industrial Age Information Flow ......................112 Figure 16. MCP Value View ..............................................119 Table 1. MCPs, DOTMLP, and the Value View ..............121 Figure 17. Quality of Information Position ........................124 iii Figure 18. Information Interactions ...................................130 Figure 19. Information Position Components and Relationships ..............................................131 Figure 20. Individual Sensemaking ....................................136 Figure 21. Collective Sensemaking ....................................138 Figure 22. Reference Model: The Situation ......................141 Figure 23. Quality of Command ........................................154 Figure 24. Quality of Execution .........................................157 Figure 25. C2 Conceptual Model: Process View ...............162 Figure 26. The HEAT Model ............................................164 Figure 27. Network Centric Operations Conceptual Framework (top level) ....................168 Figure 28. NATO Conceptual Model for Understanding C2 .............................................173 Figure 29. Collaboration: Significant Influences ................181 Figure 30. Agility: Significant Influences ...........................187 Figure 31. Synergies: Art Practice ..................................195 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS e would like to thank the many individuals and organi- W zations who supported and assisted in the writing of this book. Their valuable ideas, comments, and contributions enriched our own thoughts and arguments. Many of the ideas presented here were the subject of an intense 3-year international research collaboration conducted under a charter from NATO’s Research and Technology Organisation (Studies, Analysis, and Simulation Panel Working Group SAS-050),1 which produced a comprehensive C2 Conceptual Reference Model. We benefited greatly from participating in that activity. 1 The members of SAS-050 included: Dr. David Alberts (US), Mr. Graham Cook- man (UK), Mr. Natalino Dazzi (IT), Dr. Lorraine Dodd (UK), Ms. Petra Eggen- hofer (GE), Mr. Geir Enemo (NO), Mr. Fernando Freire (PO), Dr. Anne-Marie Grisogono (Australia), Dr. Richard Hayes (US), Dr. Gary Horne (US), Dr. Reiner Huber (GE), Mr. Reinhard Hutter (GE), Mr. Gert Jensen (DK), Ms. Sarah Johnson (US), Mr. Nickolas Lambert (NL), Mr. Viggo Lemche (DK), Ms. Danielle Martin (US), Mr. Graham Mathieson (UK), Dr. Daniel Maxwell (US), Dr. James Moffat (UK), Mr. Allen Murashige (US), Mr. Klaus Niemeyer (GE), Mr. Arne Norlander (SE), Maj. Paulo Nunes (PO), Dr. Paul Phister (US), Mr. Valdur Pille (CA), Mr. Dieter Rathmann (GE), Mr. Xander Roels (NL), CPT Jens Roemer (GE), Mr. Gunther Schwarz (GE), Mr. Mark Sinclair (US), M.Sc. Mink Spaans (NL), Ms. Kristi Sugarman (US), LTC (Ret) Klaus Titze (GE), Mr. Rick van der Kleij (NL) v We were also fortunate to have been able to draw upon the insights and experiences of many colleagues. We would like to thank five individuals in particular for reviewing the manuscript for this book and providing us with thoughtful and detailed peer reviews. These individuals are Graham Mathieson, Professor James Moffat, Dr. David Noble, Dr. David Signori, and Dr. Ed Smith. The willingness of these senior professionals to take the time necessary to offer constructive criticisms is greatly appreciated. In addition, the members of the Information Age Metrics Working Group (IAMWG), senior personnel who assemble monthly to look at important issues, gave us rich feedback on the early draft material and participated in collegial discussions of key topics covered in the book. Regular members of the group include Dr. Ed Smith, John Poirier, Dennis Popiela, Dr. Mike Bell, Mark Sinclair, Dr. Mark Mandeles, Julia Loughran, Kirsch Jones, Eugene Visco, Dr. Larry Wiener, Manual Miranda, Pat Curry, Donald Owen, Mitzi Wertheim, RADM Evelyn Fields (ret.), and Dr.
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