Light Requirements for Monstera
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The Structure and Robustness of an Epiphyte - Phorophyte Commensalistic
1 The structure and robustness of an epiphyte - phorophyte commensalistic 2 network in a neotropical inselberg 3 4 Abstract 5 Ecological networks describe the interactions between species, the underlying structure of 6 communities, the function and stability of ecosystems. To date, network analyses have been 7 extensively applied to understand mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, but few have 8 examined commensal interactions, particularly in neotropical regions. The inselbergs of 9 southeastern Brazil are considered one of the three most important regions in the world in 10 terms of terrestrial species diversity and endemism but are poorly studied. In this study, we 11 constructed the first epiphyte-phorophyte commensalistic network in a Brazilian inselberg 12 and examined its structure and robustness to simulated species loss. A total of 138 13 phorophyte individuals belonging to eight species were observed in 20 2 m × 50 m transects, 14 interacting with 5,039 individuals of vascular epiphytes belonging to 85 species. The 15 epiphyte-phorophyte network structure exhibited a low degree of specilization (H2’), low 16 connectance and robustness; when the most connected phorophyte species were sequentially 17 removed the number of secondary extinctions was high, based on robustness metrics. One 18 generalist phorophyte, Pseudobombax sp. nov., was particularly important, hosting a high 19 number of epiphyte species. A single phorophyte individual of Pseudobombax supported 20 46% of the total richness of the epiphyte community studied. Our results demonstrate that the 21 richness and abundance of epiphytes were correlated with phorophyte size (as mensured by 22 the DBH, diameter at breast height), probably due to increased habitat area and the time 23 available for colonization. -
The Evolution of Pollinator–Plant Interaction Types in the Araceae
BRIEF COMMUNICATION doi:10.1111/evo.12318 THE EVOLUTION OF POLLINATOR–PLANT INTERACTION TYPES IN THE ARACEAE Marion Chartier,1,2 Marc Gibernau,3 and Susanne S. Renner4 1Department of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Ecologie des Foretsˆ de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, France 4Department of Biology, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany Received August 6, 2013 Accepted November 17, 2013 Most plant–pollinator interactions are mutualistic, involving rewards provided by flowers or inflorescences to pollinators. An- tagonistic plant–pollinator interactions, in which flowers offer no rewards, are rare and concentrated in a few families including Araceae. In the latter, they involve trapping of pollinators, which are released loaded with pollen but unrewarded. To understand the evolution of such systems, we compiled data on the pollinators and types of interactions, and coded 21 characters, including interaction type, pollinator order, and 19 floral traits. A phylogenetic framework comes from a matrix of plastid and new nuclear DNA sequences for 135 species from 119 genera (5342 nucleotides). The ancestral pollination interaction in Araceae was recon- structed as probably rewarding albeit with low confidence because information is available for only 56 of the 120–130 genera. Bayesian stochastic trait mapping showed that spadix zonation, presence of an appendix, and flower sexuality were correlated with pollination interaction type. In the Araceae, having unisexual flowers appears to have provided the morphological precon- dition for the evolution of traps. Compared with the frequency of shifts between deceptive and rewarding pollination systems in orchids, our results indicate less lability in the Araceae, probably because of morphologically and sexually more specialized inflorescences. -
Monstera Deliciosa Swiss Cheese Plant Monstera Deliciosa Family: Araceae
Swiss Cheese Plant Monstera deliciosa Swiss Cheese Plant Monstera deliciosa Family: Araceae Stem & Leaf Type: herbaceous Landscape Value: Leaf Color: dark green This houseplant is often easy to find small, but if given enough Fall Color: n/a light and room will grow very large. The dark green leathery Flower Time: typically June to August leaves are distinctive with deep lobes and holes. Leaves eventu- Flower Color: creamy white to green ally get up to 3 feet across, but indoors are more often 8 to 16 Fruit: fleshy spadix 6-10 inches long and 1.5-2 inches. Plants are coarse tropical vines with aerial roots that can inches wide, covered in small berries climb up to 50 feet—although as a houseplant they rarely get Light: bright indoor light, indirect larger than 8 feet. Grow in bright indirect light and warm tem- Moisture: well-drained peratures year round. The shiny leaves may need dust removed USDA Hardiness periodically. Grow in well-drained, moist soil and never allow Zones: 11-12 the root ball to dry out completely. Fertilize in spring and sum- Insect/Disease Issues: mer. Plants are easily propagated by stem tip cuttings. None serious Notes: Nativity: This plant has other notable common names. While all other Mexico to Central parts of the plant are poisonous, it is known as Mexican bread- America fruit because of its edible fruit. It is also occasionally called Location in the split-leaf philodendron, despite that fact that, while a close rela- Gardens: tive, is not formally in the Philodendron genus. Conservatory Months of Interest: & Butterfly Wing Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec January 2014 . -
Philodendron Monstera
QUICK REFERENCE PLANTING GUIDE Thank you for your order! PHILODENDRON LIGHT/SUN Bright indirect light. EXPOSURE MONSTERA PLANT WARRANTY We warrant perennials for 1 year and annuals for 90 days from the time of the Not winter hardy. original shipment. If for any reason you USDA HARDINESS We recommend planting in a are dissatisfied, we will replace your plant ZONES container so you can move the with a similar or comparable one, at no plant indoors before the first frost. charge. If your replacement is not available or it is too late in the season to ship, it will reship the following shipping season. If you have any questions or concerns PLANT TYPE Annual/Tropical. about your order, please contact us at 888- 593-3644 or [email protected]. PLANTING Caution: Do not assume any plant is DISTANCE At least 4 feet apart. IN-GROUND safe to eat. Only parts of plants expressly grown to be eaten should be considered edible. As with any product that is not food, care should be taken to One plant per 12-inch or larger CONTAINER SIZE make sure that small children and pets container. do not ingest any part of a plant that is not expressly grown to be eaten. 10 to 15 feet tall with an 8 foot Unless specifically stated, this product is spread. MATURE intended for ornamental horticultural use HEIGHT / SPREAD Planting in a container will limit the only and is not intended for consumption plant’s growth and keep it at a or ingestion by humans or pets. Most more manageable size. -
Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3
; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse. -
History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae
HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WITH ARACEAE Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 U.S.A. Note: This paper, originally published in Aroideana Vol. 21, pp. 26–145 in 1998, is periodically updated onto the IAS web page with current additions. Any mistakes, proposed changes, or new publications that deal with the systematics of Araceae should be brought to my attention. Mail to me at the address listed above, or e-mail me at [email protected]. Last revised November 2004 INTRODUCTION The history of systematic work with Araceae has been previously covered by Nicolson (1987b), and was the subject of a chapter in the Genera of Araceae by Mayo, Bogner & Boyce (1997) and in Curtis's Botanical Magazine new series (Mayo et al., 1995). In addition to covering many of the principal players in the field of aroid research, Nicolson's paper dealt with the evolution of family concepts and gave a comparison of the then current modern systems of classification. The papers by Mayo, Bogner and Boyce were more comprehensive in scope than that of Nicolson, but still did not cover in great detail many of the participants in Araceae research. In contrast, this paper will cover all systematic and floristic work that deals with Araceae, which is known to me. It will not, in general, deal with agronomic papers on Araceae such as the rich literature on taro and its cultivation, nor will it deal with smaller papers of a technical nature or those dealing with pollination biology. -
Light and Water Guidelines for Selected Foliage and Flowering Plants
Table 11.1 LIGHT AND WATER GUIDELINES FOR SELECTED FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING PLANTS Light requirements* Water requirements† Scientific name Common name Low Med High Very high Dry Moist Wet Abutilon spp. flowering maple II Acalypha hispida (A.wilkesiana) chenille plant I I Achimenes spp. magic flower II Adiantum cuneatum maidenhair fern II Aechmea fasciata bromeliad II Aeschynanthus pulcher lipstick plant II Agave americana century plant II Aglaonema modestum Chinese evergreen II (A.commutatum,A.simplex) Aglaonema ϫ pseudo-bracteatum golden aglaonema II Aglaonema roebelenii pewter plant II Aloe variegata aloe II Alternanthera bettzickiana II I Ananas comosus pineapple I I Anthurium andreanum anthurium II Aphelandra squarrosa zebra plant II Araucaria heterophylla (A.excelsa) Norfolk Island pine II Ardisia crispa coral ardisia II Asparagus plumosus (A.setaceus) bride’s bouquet fern II Asparagus sprengeri asparagus fern II (A.densiflora Sprenger) Aspidistra elatior cast-iron plant I I Asplenium nidus bird’s nest fern I I Aucuba japonica gold-dust plant I I Beaucarnea recurvata pony tail palm I I Begonia rex rex begonia I I Begonia ‘Rieger’ Rieger begonia I I Begonia semperflorens wax begonia II Beloperone guttata shrimp plant II Billbergia zebrina billbergia III Bougainvillea glabra bougainvillea II Browallia speciosa bush violet II I Caladium spp. caladium II Calathea makoyana peacock plant II Calceolaria herbeahybrida pocketbook plant II Campanula isophylla star-of-Bethlehem II Capsicum annuum Christmas pepper II Carissa grandiflora Natal plum -
Monstera Deliciosa Liebm
Araceae of Central America Dr. Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden Characteristics of Central American Aroid Flora Diverse Interesting phytogeographic patterns Proportionately much less rich than South America Unusually rich in some genera, notably Monstera and Syngonium Shares with NW South America a very rich flora of Anthurium sect. Porphyrochitonium Occurrence Genera Species Central Am. 23 568 South Am. 37 1433 High Rate of Endemism 299 taxa are endemic to Central Am. 49% of the total Make this into a table Genera ranked by size • 568 species (605 taxa) of Araceae • Anthurium- 264 species 280 taxa (46%) • Philodendron-114 species (129 taxa) (20% of all species) • Monstera- 41 species (42 taxa) 7% of total species • Dieffenbachia- 26 (5% of total species of Araceae) • Spathiphyllum- 21 (24 taxa) • Syngonium- 24 • Rhodospatha- 14 (25 taxa) • Stenospermation- 13 • Xanthosoma- 9 Number of Species in Smaller Genera • Philonoton- 7 Philonoton is reasonably rich since there are only 10 species total • Dracontium- 5 • Caladium- 2 Caladium, Chlorospatha and • Chlorospatha- 3 (4 taxa) Montrichardia are poorly • Montrichardia- 1 represented in Central America • Arisaema-1 • Urospatha-1 • Lemna- 9 20 species, 4% of the Central • Wolffia- 5 American Araceae Flora are • Wolffiella- 4 Lemnoideae • Landoltia- 1 • Spirodela- 1 Mexico • A unique aroid flora • High rate of endemism • Species rather unrelated to those in the rest of Central America • Many species share similar fruits in different sections and will readily hybridize • Anthurium has unique groups unrelated to any other (cordate blades with punctatations) Make into a table Total species per country • Mexico- 15 genera; 120 taxa • Guatemala- 13 genera; 85 taxa • Belize- 13 genera; 49 taxa • El Salvador- 13 genera; 26 taxa • Honduras- 13 genera; 64 taxa • Nicaragua- 16 genera; 98 taxa • Costa Rica- 20 genera; 282 taxa • Panama- 21 genera; 435 taxa Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua 322 native taxa Only 98 taxa in Nicaragua Find map of Middle America if possible. -
Monstera Deliciosa1
Fact Sheet FPS-414 October, 1999 Monstera deliciosa1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction The beautiful, huge, dark green, deeply-lobed, leathery leaves of Split-Leaf Philodendron almost appear to have been delicately cut with scissors (Fig. 1). These attractive evergreen leaves, up to 36 inches long and wide, are abundantly produced on thickened petioles secured to vigorous vines which quickly climb up any shaded tree trunk, providing the garden with a lush, exotic quality. These vines are capable of reaching 30 feet or more in length but can easily be kept shorter by trimming the terminal new growth. Smaller plants grown in containers on totem poles are quite popular as interior plants. General Information Scientific name: Monstera deliciosa Pronunciation: mawn-STEER-ruh dee-liss-see-OH-suh Common name(s): Split-Leaf Philodendron, Swiss Cheese Plant Family: Araceae Plant type: vine USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11 (Fig. 2) Figure 1. Split-Leaf Philodendron. Planting month for zone 10 and 11: year round Origin: native to North America Plant habit: spreading Uses: container or above-ground planter; culinary Plant density: moderate Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Growth rate: fast hardiness range Texture: coarse Description Foliage Height: depends upon supporting structure Spread: depends upon supporting structure Leaf arrangement: alternate 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-414, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: October, 1999 Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611. -
61 Floristic and Phytogeographic Aspects of Araceae in Cerro Pirre
FLORISTIC AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF ARACEAE IN CERRO PIRRE (DARIÉN, PANAMA) ORLANDO O. ORTIZ 1, MARÍA S. DE STAPF 1, 2, RICCARDO M. BALDINI 3 AND THOMAS B. CROAT 4 1Herbario PMA, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. 2Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. 3Centro Studi Erbario Tropicale (FT herbarium) and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy 4Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Correspondence author: Orlando O. Ortiz, [email protected] SUMMARY The aroid flora in Panama includes 436 described species in 26 genera, representing the richest country of Araceae in Central America. Much of the existing knowledge of the Panamanian aroids has been generated in the last 50 years, mainly due to extensive taxonomic studies and, to a lesser extent, by floristic studies. Floristic studies generated valuable information to better understand biodiversity, especially in the poorly- explored areas. For this reason, the main objective of this work is to study the floristic composition of the aroids of a botanically important region: Cerro Pirre (Darién Province). As a result, 430 specimens were Scientia, Vol. 28, N° 2 61 studied, comprising 94 species in 12 genera. The Aroid flora of Cerro Pirre is formed by species of wide geographic distribution (53%) and, to a lesser extent, endemic species (27%). Of the total species, approximately 43% are nomadic vines, 33% epiphytes, 23% terrestrial and a single species epilithic (1%). Ten new records for the flora of Cerro Pirre were recorded and one new record for Panama. -
Light and Moisture Requirements for Selected Indoor Plants
Light and Moisture Requirements For Selected Indoor Plants The following list includes most of the indoor plants that you will be growing. This list contains information on how large the plant will get at maturity, which light level is best for good growth, how much you should be feeding your indoor plants and how much water is required for healthy growth. The list gives the scientific name and, in parenthesis, the common name. Always try to remember a plant by its scientific name, because some plants have many common names but only one scientific name. The following descriptions define the terms used in the following material. Light Levels Low - Minimum high level of 25-foot candles, preferred level of 75- to 200-foot candles. Medium - Minimum of 75- to 100-foot candles, preferred level of 200- to 500-foot candles. High - Minimum of 200-foot candles, preferred level of 500- to 1,000-foot candles. Very High - Minimum of 1,000-foot candles, preferred level of over 1,000-foot candles. Water Requirements Dry - Does not need very much water and can stand low humidity. Moist - Requires a moderate amount of water and loves some humidity in the atmosphere. Wet -- Usually requires more water than other plants and must have high humidity in its surroundings. Fertility General Rule - One teaspoon soluble house plant fertilizer per gallon of water or follow recommendations on package. Low - No application in winter or during dormant periods. Medium - Apply every other month during winter and every month during spring and summer. High - Apply every month during winter and twice each month during the spring and summer. -
Durianology, Discovery, and Saltation — the Evolution of Aroids
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):257-313. 2019 257 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-20 Durianology, discovery, and saltation — the evolution of aroids A. Hay Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquarie’s Road, Sydney 2000, Australia Jardín Botánico de la Paz y Flora, Bitaco, Valle del Cauca, Colombia [email protected] “If we become attentive to natural objects, particularly living ones, in such a manner as to desire to achieve an insight into the correlation of their nature and activity, we believe ourselves best able to come to such a comprehension through a division of the parts, and this method is suitable to take us very far. With but a word one may remind the friends of science of what chemistry and anatomy have contributed to an intensive and extensive view of Nature... But these analytic efforts, continued indefinitely, produce many disadvantages. The living may indeed be separated into its elements, but one cannot put these back together and revive them. This is true even of inorganic bodies, not to mention organic ones... For this reason, the urge to cognize living forms as such, to grasp their outwardly visible and tangible parts contextually, to take them as intimations of that which is inward, and so master, to some degree, the whole in an intuition, has always arisen in men of science.” — J.W. von Goethe (1749–1832) in Brady, 2012: 272. ABSTRACT. It is argued that E.J.H. Corner’s ‘durianology’ is an integrative, holistic approach to the evolution of angiosperm form which complements reductive, atomistic phylogenetic methods involving the reification of individuated high-level abstractions in the concept of morphological ‘character evolution’.