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Elevation‐Dependent Thermal Regime and Dynamics of Frozen Ground in the Bayan Har Mountains, Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plat

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Elevation‐Dependent Thermal Regime and Dynamics of Frozen Ground in the Bayan Har Mountains, Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plat Received: 14 December 2017 Revised: 20 September 2018 Accepted: 26 September 2018 DOI: 10.1002/ppp.1988 RESEARCH ARTICLE Elevation‐dependent thermal regime and dynamics of frozen ground in the Bayan Har Mountains, northeastern Qinghai‐ Tibet Plateau, southwest China Dongliang Luo1 | Huijun Jin1,2 | Xiaoying Jin1,3,4 | Ruixia He1 | Xiaoying Li1,3,4 | Reginald R. Muskett4 | Sergey S. Marchenko1,4 | Vladimir E. Romanovsky4 1 State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco‐ Abstract Environment and Resources, Chinese To investigate and monitor permafrost in the Bayan Har Mountains (BHM), north‐ Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, southwest China, 19 boreholes ranging from 20 to 2 School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 100 m in depth were drilled along an elevational transect (4,221–4,833 m a.s.l.) from 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, July to September 2010. Measurements from these boreholes demonstrate that Beijing, China ground temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude (TZAA) are generally higher 4 Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska −1 Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA than −2.0°C. The lapse rates of TZAA are 4 and 6 °C km , and the lower limits of per- Correspondence mafrost with TZAA < −1°C are approximately 4,650 and 4,750 m a.s.l. on the northern Dongliang Luo, State Key Laboratory of (near Yeniugou) and southern (near Qingshui'he) slopes, respectively. T changes Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute ZAA of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese abruptly within short distances from −0.2 to +1.2°C near the northern lower limits Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. of permafrost and from about +0.5 to +1.5°C near the southern lower limits of perma- Email: [email protected] Funding information frost. Thawing and freezing on the ground surface at Qingshui'he (4,413 m a. s. l.) are The Strategic Priority Research Program of the 13.3 d earlier and 26 d later than that at Chalaping (4,724 m a. s. l.), respectively. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant/Award Numbers: XDA19070204 and XDA20100103; temperature gradient at Qingshui'he is clearly larger than that at Chalaping. The National Natural Science Foundation (NSF) of changes of permafrost TZAA ranged from 0.03°C to 0.2°C from 2010 to 2017. A China, Grant/Award Numbers: 41671060 and ‐ ‐ 41301068; Research Program of State Key 3.5 m thick permafrost near Qingshui'he was observed to disappear in summer Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering of 2013. There is no significant correlation between elevation and permafrost tempera- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ture changes in the study area, whereas the changes of very warm (close to 0°C) per- Grant/Award Number: SKLFSE‐ZT‐38 mafrost seem to be slow in the intermontane basins. KEYWORDS Bayan Har Mountains, elevational permafrost, permafrost degradation, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), temperature regime 1 | INTRODUCTION saturated adiabatic lapse rates, as well as condensation (to form clouds and rainfall) and the release of latent heat during convection, regional As one of the six major cryospheric components (including snow, sea elevation‐dependent temperature changes produce a spatial differen- ice, glaciers, ice sheets, lake/river ice and frozen ground/permafrost) tiation of permafrost distribution on the QTP.1,3 Elevation, one of the permafrost is distributed mainly in frigid regions with low air temper- main factors controlling the spatial distribution and related cryogenic ature (Ta), long cold season and low levels of insolation. Such areas processes on the QTP, makes the plateau the largest expanse of across the northern hemisphere include the high‐latitude Arctic and elevational permafrost in the world.4,5 Subarctic/boreal regions, as well as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) Permafrost on the QTP is generally warm and represents the at the mid‐ to low latitudes, with an average elevation exceeding southernmost occurrence in the northern hemisphere.4,6,7 Overall, 4,000 m a.s.l.1,2 Due to multiple interactions between dry and permafrost temperatures on the QTP are primarily influenced by Permafrost and Periglac Process. 2018;29:257–270.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ppp © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 257 258 LUO ET AL. elevation, latitude and longitude (aridity), as well as some local envi- regression relationships between elevation, latitude and permafrost ronmental variables.5,8-10 Unlike latitudinal permafrost where the temperatures had been roughly approximated.5,23 The main character- ground temperature at the depth of zero annual amplitude (TZAA) istics of elevational permafrost on the QTP have been categorized drops below −10°C, the TZAA on the QTP generally ranges from within a three‐dimensional zonation; furthermore, a Gaussian distribu- −3.8°C to about +0.5°C based on measurements from about 200 tion of the lower limits of permafrost has been formulated.24 These boreholes, with half of these values being higher than −1°C, while investigations and the empirical relationships between permafrost the measured permafrost thickness ranges from 10 m to 330 m.5 As temperatures and elevation, primarily along the Qinghai–Tibet Engi- permafrost is the product of cold climates, the spatial distribution of neering Corridor, have provided the basis for permafrost mapping TZAA is considered to be closely correlated with mean annual air tem- and modeling on the QTP, although these models are generally coarse perature (MAAT) during its period of formation, which is commonly but still of high reliability at various scales.25-28 However, there have used to delineate the lower limits of permafrost on the QTP.1 The been few investigations of permafrost on other parts of the plateau, lower limits of permafrost depend on slope, aspect and local environ- such as the north‐eastern QTP, which is thermally unstable due to mental variables such as soil texture, snow‐cover regime, vegetation its location at the fringes of predominantly continuous permafrost structures and the distribution of surface water bodies.9,10 Unlike regions.29,30 The few investigations on periglacial environments and most Arctic and Subarctic regions characterized by a large surface off- geomorphology8,31 are insufficient to characterize the permafrost dis- set (difference between MAAT and the mean annual ground surface tribution and dynamics in this monsoonal climate region. temperature, MAGST), that on the QTP is relatively stable and small.1,7 In this study, we therefore selected the Bayan Har Mountains Climate change has been a priority topic among the scientific (BHM) located on northeastern QTP, an elevation transect with a communities and relevant stakeholders in the past two or three range of 4,221–4,833 m a.s.l., as a study area. A comprehensive mon- decades.11 It is generally recognized that permafrost warming has itoring network consisting of 19 boreholes was established from July occurred and will continue to occur both in high latitudes and at high to September 2010 on northern and southern slopes of the BHM. elevations, in the context of climate warming.12-15 There is growing Our aims were to: (1) characterize the spatial distribution of evidence that the rate of warming is amplified with elevation, being elevational permafrost, (2) compare the thermal regime of frozen characterized by more rapid changes of temperatures at high‐ ground at the lower limits of permafrost and at higher elevations, mountain environments than at lower elevations.6,13 For example, on and (3) detect possible elevation‐dependent warming of permafrost the basis of climatic records, climate warming at higher elevations on on the QTP. the QTP has been more prominent in the past five decades, especially in winter and spring.6,16 Future elevation‐dependent warming (2006– 2099) is considered to present at relatively low‐elevation ranges but 2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS absent at high elevation (above 4,400–5,200 m) due to the heteroge- neity of change in surface radiation balance.17 However, the 2.1 | Study area elevation‐dependence of frozen ground on climate change remains unclear, although recent studies based on field observations have The study area is located in the eastern part of the BHM, the source found a more rapid warming of cold permafrost than warm perma- areas of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The watersheds of the Yellow frost.18,19 Nevertheless, elevation‐dependent permafrost warming River and the Yangtze River are separated by the BHM to the north has not been convincingly evaluated, due to the lack of long‐term and south, respectively (Figure 1). Elevation declines gradually from and systematic monitoring of permafrost temperatures over elevation approximately 5,000 m a.s.l. at the Bayan Har Mountain Pass to gradients. In addition, surface characteristics including vegetation and Qingshui'he at 4,400 m a.s.l. on the southern slopes and descends snow‐cover complicate the thermal regime of the underlying active northwards to Yeniugou at 4,300 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes. The layer and permafrost.6,20,21 Consequently, it is not straightforward to BHM is geologically young and tectonically active.32 The BHM con- clarify the relationship between elevation and irreversible variations sists of the Triassic Bayan Har groups, being clamped by two sets of of relevant cryospheric features, such as the hydrological cycle and NNW‐oriented large faults composed of marine‐continental deposits. ecosystem processes, which further accelerates permafrost degrada- The lithology in the BHM is mainly ash‐green feldspathic, hard sand- tion. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to investigate the stone, slate and limestone. Older intrusive granite and granite por- elevational dependence of permafrost and associated impacts on phyry comprise the main peaks of the BHM.32 The integrity and cryospheric features on the QTP.
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