Aliran Basrah; Sejarah Lahir, Tokoh Dan Karakteristiknya

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Aliran Basrah; Sejarah Lahir, Tokoh Dan Karakteristiknya ALIRAN BASRAH; SEJARAH LAHIR, TOKOH DAN KARAKTERISTIKNYA RAHMAP Penulis adalah dosen tetap Jurusan PBA Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Pontianak Kal-Bar sejak tahun 2008 dengan mata kuliah bahasa Arab. Setelah merampungkan studi S-3 di PPs UIN Alauddin dan kembali aktif dia diberikan tugas tambahan sebagai Kajur PAI S-2 Pascasarjana IAIN Pontianak ABSTRAK Since Basra was a trading port for Iraq in the Arab Gulf, foreign influences that affected the progress in the field of trade and investment. Here in this port, encounters occurred between Arabs, Persians and Indians as well as between the religions of Christianity, Judaism, Majus and Islam. The closeness between Basra and the Gandisabur school in Persia that studied the Persian, Greek, and Indian culture has generated a mix of culture as a whole. During the period of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, translation works on medical books were carried out by Masir Haubah. The same thing was also undertaken by Abdullah al-Muqaffa’ who was fluent in Arabic and Persian. He translated books on the Persian literature and history into Arabic. From the son of Abdullah al-Muqaffa, Muhammad, the Arabic translation of Aristotle’s science of logic Kali>lah wa Dimnah was produced. There was also a Jewish translator named Hunain Ibn Ishaq, who translated books and got rewards in the form of gold for each weight of books he translated. In Basra, there was a school of Mu'tazilah that learnt the Greek sciences. This strongly affected the school of sciences he learnt such as the science of kalam and nahwu in terms of taqsim, ta’lil, ta’wil dan qiyas. _____________________________ SEKILAS MENGENAI BASRAH dipakai nanti jika kembali dari berperang Basrah adalah kota kedua terbesar di dan melindungi mereka dari dinginnya Irak yang dibangun pada awal hujan. Utbah mengirim surat pada khalifah perkembangan Islam sekitar tahun 16 H, untuk meminta ijin tentang gagasannya tepatnya pada masa pemerintahan khalifah tersebut. Khalifah membalas dan Umar bin al-Khattab. Ketika ‘Utbah bin memerintahkan supaya Utbah Gazwan pergi ke selatan Irak, ia bertemu mengumpulkan pasukannya di satu tempat dengan Suwaid bin Qutbah al-Dzuhli dekat dengan air dan terjaga, jangan ada beserta kekuatan dari bani Bakr bin Wail gunung dan sungai yang memisahkannya, dan bani Tamim yang sedang bergerak dan meminta agar dituliskan sifat tempat mendekati pasukan yang berdekatan dengan yang dimaksud. Maka ‘Utbah menulis mereka di Persi. ‘Utbahpun bergabung kepada khalifah bahwa ia menemukan dengan tentara Suwaid lalu tingal bersama tempat yang tanahnya berkerikil, yang di tenda-tenda. Akan tetapi ‘Utbah berada di ujung pedalaman, terdapat air dan berpendapat bahwa pasukannya buluh di dalamnya. Khalifah kemudian membutuhkan tempat tinggal yang bisa menyebutnya Basrah, dekat dengan sumber air, tempat perlindungan, dan juga tempat pembicaraan dari sumber bahasa yang mencari kayu bakar. Beliau asli. menyepakatinya untuk dijadikan tempat d. Orang yang terkenal melakukan pemukiman tentara.1 perjalanan ke pedalaman untuk Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa melakukan survey bahasa dan Nahwu2 sebagi suatu ilmu, tumbuh dan mengumpulkannya adalah Khalil bin berkembang di tangan para ulama Basrah. Ahmad, Yunus bin Habib, Nadhar bin Sebenarnya Kufah telah melakukan hal Syamil, dan Abu Zaid al-Anshari. yang sama, namun bagaimanapun juga, Hal ini tampak jelas perkataan Basrah-lah sebagai pionir dan yang paling Khalil ketika ditanyai oleh al-Kisai tentang awal dalam hal ini. Terciptanya kondisi sumber-sumber ilmunya (pedalaman Hijaz, Basrah seperti ini tidak lepas dari beberapa Najd dan Tihama), maka al-Kisai pun hal berikut: segera keluar menuju pedalaman dan a. Basrah terletak pada jarak tiga ratus mil menghabiskan lima belas botol tinta untuk ke arah tenggara dari kota Bagdad, menulis bahasa Arab selain dari yang sudah terdapat sungai Tigris dan Euphrates dihafalnya. Kedatangan orang-orang Badui yang mengalir dan bermuara di laut. dari pedalaman ke Basrah sungguh telah Kondisi strategis seperti ini tentunya memberikan gambaran yang beraneka akan berpengaruh kuat terhadap ragam. Dari mereka yang tinggal hanya pembentukan personalitas penduduk untuk sementara kemudian kembali ke yang membuatnya berfikir matang dan pedalaman dan adapula yang tinggal cukup terkenal. lama dan baru kembali ke qabilah mereka, b. Letak kota Basrah yang berada di pinggir bahkan jika ada yang mendapatkan tempat pedalaman, bahasanya yang fasih dan yang nyaman di Basrah mereka tidak murni tetap terjaga, terbebas dari cacat kembali. Banyak para siswa yang belajar lahn3 dan kata-kata asing. bahasa menemui orang-orang Badui untuk c. Di Basrah terdapat para ilmuwan yang mendengar percakapan mereka dan sering melakukan perjalanan ke mengambilnya4. pedalaman. Namun adakalanya juga Setelah ilmu gramatikal bahasa arab membawa orang Badui ke kota Basrah. tersusun dan banyaknya ulama yang telah Di tengah perjalanan, biasanya bertemu memperjelas ilmu tersebut, maka dengan orang Arab asli dan melakukan muncullah aliran-aliran dalam ilmu nahwu, yang disebabkan adanya khilaf di kalangan para ulama nahwu dalam menentukan 1Utbah menamakan kota yang dibangunnya (Basrah) sesuai nama bahan yang digunakan membangun posisi (mahal) kata dalam suatu kalimat. kota tersebut yaitu al-Basrah artinya sejenis batu perbedaan persepsi ini tidak luput dari putih. Lihat Dewan Redaksi, Ensiklopedi Islam, Jilid pengaruh daerah tempat para ulama tersebut I (Jakarta: PT Ikhtiar Baru Van Hove, 1994), h. 243 menetap. Aliran-aliran ilmu nahwu yang 2Nahwu adalah ilmu yang membahas bidang kajian dikenal ialah aliran Basrah, Kufah, mengenai aturan struktur kata dalam hubungannya dengan kata lain atau unsure-unsur lain sebagai Baghdad, Andalus dan Mesir. Namun, suatu satuan ujaran. Lihat Imam Saiful Mu’minin, aliran yang paling terkenal dalam kitab- Kamus Ilmu Nahwu dan Sharaf, Cet. II (Jakarta: kitab nahwu hanya dua, Basrah dan Kufah5. Amzah, 2009), h. 252 Oleh karena itu pemakalah hanya 3Artinya ialah ungkapan yang menyalahi kaidah dan uslub bahasa Arab yang sudah sering terjadi pada masa Nabi sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Abu al- Tayyib. Selengkapnya lihat al-Thohthowiy, op., cit. 5Selengkapnya mengenai aliran-aliran dalam ilmu h. 9 nahwu, lihat Syauqiy Dheef, al-Madaris al- 3Abd al-Salam Harun, Kitab Sibawaih, Juz I (Dar al- Nahwiyah, Cet. III (Dar al-Ma’arif Beirut, t.t), h. 11- Jail, t.t) 22 membahas aliran Basrah dengan dua fokus Pada jaman jahiliyah, kebiasaan orang- pembahasan yaitu; latar belakang lahirnya orang Arab ketika berucap atau ilmu nahwu di Basrah dan tokoh-tokoh berkomunikasi dengan orang lain, mereka aliran Basrah beserta karakteristik yang melakukannya dengan karakternya masing- dimilikinya. masing. Lafazh-lafazh yang muncul LATAR BELAKANG LAHIRNYA terbentuk berdasarkan peraturan yang telah ILMU NAHWU DI BASRAH ditetapkan, di mana para junior belajar Berdasarkan apa yang sudah kepada senior, para anak belajar bahasa dipahami selama ini tentang karakteristik kepada orang tuanya dan seterusnya. dan fungsi ilmu nahwu, kiranya sudah jelas Namun ketika Islam datang dan menyebar bagi bahwa nahwu tidaklah sebagaimana ke negeri Persia dan Romawi, terjadilah yang didefinisikan oleh sebagian orang, pernikahan orang Arab dengan orang non yakni “mengetahui harakat dari akhir kata Arab, serta terjadi pula perdagangan dan serta i’rabnya”6. Ruang lingkup ilmu nahwu pendidikan. Hal ini menjadikan bahasa lebih luas dari pada sekedar membahas Arab bercampur baur dengan bahasa non masalah harakat akhir suatu kata. Ilmu Arab. Orang yang fasih bahasanya menjadi nahwu merupakan ilmu yang khusus jelek dan banyak terjadi salah ucap, berbicara tentang aturan menyusun dan sehingga keindahan bahasa Arab menjadi merangkai ucapan. Kata-kata disusun rusak bahkan hilang.8 berdasarkan pola-pola tertentu dan kaidah- Jadi kondisi inilah yang mendorong kaidah yang sudah ada. Demikianlah kata- dilakukannya penyusunan kaidah-kaidah kata itu tersusun berdampingan satu sama yang disimpulkan dari ucapan orang Arab lain. Setiap kata memiliki harakat dan yang fasih lalu dijadikan rujukan dalam posisi yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan memberi harakat huruf akhir setiap kata. aturan umum yang berlaku. Nahwu Muncullah ilmu yang pertama kali disusun merupakan ilmu yang mengatur kata-kata, untuk menghindarkan bahasa Arab dari mempelajari tentang pengaturan kalimat kerusakan, yang disebut dengan ilmu dalam berbagai macam dan bentuknya. Nahwu. Adapun orang yang pertama kali Mempelajari tentang elemen-elemen menyusun ilimu tentang kaidah-kaidah kalimat baik dari sisi kedudukannya, bahasa Arab adalah Abu al-Aswad al-Duali fungsinya, kaitannya, i’rabnya, dan hal-hal dari Bani Kinanah atas dasar perintah lain yang termasuk dalam aturan-aturan Khalifah Ali Bin Abi Thalib. nahwu. Terdapat suatu kisah yang dinukil Seperti halnya bahasa-bahasa dunia dari Abu al-Aswad al-Duali, bahwasanya lainnya, bahasa Arab7 mempunyai kaidah- ketika sedang berjalan-jalan dengan kaidah tersendiri di dalam mengungkapkan putrinya pada malam hari, lalu sang anak atau menuliskan sesuatu hal, baik berupa menghadapkan wajahnya ke langit dan komunikasi maupun informasi. Lalu, menyaksikan betapa indahnya benda-benda bagaimana sebenarnya awal mula yang dilihatnya berupa bintang-bintang. terbentuknya kaidah-kaidah ini, dan Kemudian mengungkapkan perasaan َﻣﺎ أَ ْﺣ َﺴﻦ ﱠاﻟﺴ َﻤ ِﺎء ,mengapa dikatakan dengan istilah nahwu? kagumnya dengan perkataan ‘apakah yang paling indah di langit?’ tanpa menyadari bahwa dengan mengkasrah 6Mushtafa Galayaini. Jami’al-Durus al-‘Arabiyah, (Juz I, Maktabah ‘Ashriyah. 1994).
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