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Sastra Arab Masa Jahiliyah Dan Islam Sastra Arab Masa Jahiliyah dan Islam Sastra Arab Masa Jahiliyah dan Islam Oleh: H. WILDANA WARGADINATA, Lc., M.Ag LAILY FITRIANI, M. Pd Editor: H.M. Abdul Hamid, MA UIN PRESS 2018 Sastra Arab Masa Jahiliyah dan Islam © UIN-Maliki Press, 2018 Penulis: H. Wildana Wargadinata, Lc., M.Ag Laily Fitriani, M. Pd Editor: H.M. Abdul Hamid, MA Layout isi: Moch. Rofiq UMP ISBN : 978-602-1190-93-7 All rights reserved Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apapun, tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit Diterbitkan pertama kali oleh UIN-MALIKI PRESS (Anggota IKAPI) Jalan Gajayana 50 Malang 65144 Telepon/Faksimile (0341) 573225 E-mail: [email protected] Website://press.uin-malang.ac.id Kata Pengantar Materi Tarikh al-Adab al-Arabi (sejarah Sastra Arab) menjadi materi wajib yang dipelajari seluruh mahasiswa di jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab dan jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, baik yang ada di STAIN, IAIN dan UIN maupun yang ada di Perguruan Tinggi lain di bawah naungan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Budaya. Keterbatasan referensi menjadi alasan klasik yang terus terulang sampai sekarang. Karena itu buku ini sangat dibutuhkan keberadaanya untuk melengkapi referensi dalam mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra Arab. Selain itu, seluruh program studi yang mengkaji Islam (Islamic Studies) baik pada strata 1, strata 2 bahkan strata 3 pasti mempelajari Sejarah Peradaban Islam yang salah satu tema pokoknya adalah tentang sastra Islam dan sastra Arab. v Sastra Arab sangat dibutuhkan oleh para pengkaji Islam karena sumber pokok ajaran Islam menggunakan al-Quran; sebuah kitab suci yang mengandung makna sastra yang luar biasa. Ilmu Sejarah Agama mengajarkan bahwa semua wahyu pastilah bersifat kontekstual dan terkait dengan miliu di mana wahyu itu diturunkan. Kalau tidak demikian maka pesan-pesan kenabian tidak akan dapat diterima para pendengarnya, dan kehendak Tuhan menjadi tidak mungkin diikuti. Menjelang kenabian Muhammad, orang-orang Mekah dan bangsa Arab pada umumnya tidak memiliki apapun yang bisa dipakai sebagai acuan pewahyuan kecuali bahasa Arab mereka, serta kesusastraan tingkat tinggi yang telah mereka kembangkan. Bahasa Arab memiliki kapasitas besar untuk mengekspresikan beragam pengalaman hidup, dan mereka juga telah menciptakan kata- kata untuk mengekspresikan setiap realitas. Buku ini membahas sastra Arab pada periode Jahiliyah dan Islam. Periode yang mewariskan nilai-nilai moral yang luhur. Nilai-nilai yang diwariskan oleh warisan sastra abad ke enam dan tujuh masih sangat relevan untuk menjadi pelajaran bagi generasi bangsa pada masa sekarang ini. Penulis berharap buku ini menjadi pembuka jalan, bukan hanya bagi calon-calon penjelajah Khazanah Sastra Arab dan Islam, namun juga bagi penerbitan buku-buku lain, baik dari jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab maupun dari jurusan-jurusan lain. Perbaikan dan perluasan buku ini pun nantinya diharapkan, karena kajian-kajian baru akan terus bermunculan. Akhirnya, penulis sudah sepantasnya mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada Rektor UIN Malang, vi Sastra Arab • Pembantu Rektor bidang Akademik dan tim penerbitan UIN-Press yang telah merancang penerbitan buku ini dan memberikan kepercayaan penulisannya kepada kami yang kedua kalinya. Kepada teman-teman di Fakultas Humaniora khususnya jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, penulis juga menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih atas apresiasi, kritik, saran dan masukan yang diberikan demi penyempurnaan tulisan buku ini. Malang, 27 Maret 2018 ~ Masa Jahiliyah dan Islam vii viii Sastra Arab • Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar ......................................................................... v Daftar Isi .................................................................................... viii BAB I. SASTRA, ISLAM, DAN SEJARAH .......... 1 A. Definisi Sastra .................................................................. 1 B. Sastra dan Islam ............................................................... 6 C. Sejarah Sastra Arab ......................................................... 16 1. Sejarah ...................................................................... 16 2. Kedudukan Sejarah ................................................ 17 3. Pengertian Sastra .................................................... 18 4. Sejarah Sastra Arab ................................................ 19 5. Periodesasi Sejarah Kesusastraan Arab .............. 21 BAB II. BANGSA DAN JAZIRAH ARAB ............. 25 A. Kondisi Sosio Kultural Historis Bangsa Arab .......... 25 1. Bangsa Semit Rumpun Induk Bangsa Arab .... 25 2. Semit sebagai Satu Keluarga Linguistik ............ 26 ix 3. Jazirah Arabia .......................................................... 29 4. Penduduk Negeri Arabia ...................................... 31 5. Kerajaan-Kerajaan Arab ...................................... 33 6. Kondisi Arab Pada Masa Jahiliyah ..................... 40 B. Tradisi Arab pada Masa Jahiliyah ................................ 44 C. Karakter Bangsa Arab Jahiliyah ................................... 50 1. Karakter Negatif ..................................................... 50 2. Karakter Positif ....................................................... 58 D. Tradisi Arab di Masa Islam ........................................... 66 1. Prinsip Ruhaniah .................................................... 67 2. Prinsip Rasionalitas ................................................ 67 3. Prinsip Sosial ........................................................... 68 4. Prinsip Kemanusiaan ............................................. 69 BAB III. PERKEMBANGAN PUISI PADA MASA JAHILIYAH ........................................ 75 A. Batasan Masa Jahiliyah .................................................. 75 B. Faktor-Faktor yang Mendorong Perkembangan Sastra Jahiliyah ................................................................. 78 1. Pasar Sastra (al-Aswaq)......................................... 79 2. Ayyam al-‘Arab ....................................................... 83 C. Perkembangan Puisi Pada Masa Jahiliyah ................. 85 1. Definisi Puisi pada Masa Jahiliyah ..................... 86 2. Tujuan Puisi Masa Jahiliyah ............................... 89 3. Tingkatan Penyair Masa Jahiliyah ...................... 101 4. Al-Mu’allaqot .......................................................... 103 D. Para Penyair Masa Jahiliyah .......................................... 104 1. Imru’ul Qays ............................................................ 104 2. Zuhair Bin Abi Sulma ........................................... 108 3. Nabighah Zibyani .................................................. 114 x Sastra Arab • 4. A’sya Bin Qays ......................................................... 118 5. Lubaid Bin Rabiah ................................................. 122 6. Amr Bin Kaltsum ................................................... 127 7. Tharfah Bin Abd‘ .................................................... 130 8. Al-Haris bin Hilza ................................................. 133 9. Abid al-Abros al-Asadi ......................................... 134 10. Khansa’ ..................................................................... 137 E. Para Penyair al-Fursan (Perwira) ................................. 140 F. Para Penyair Sha’alik ....................................................... 148 1. Syanfara .................................................................... 149 2. Urwah bin al-Ward ............................................... 152 3. Ta’abbata Syarran ................................................... 154 G. Kelompok Penyair Lain ................................................. 156 1. Samauel bin Gharidh ............................................ 157 2. Umayyah bin Abi Shult ........................................ 158 BAB IV. PERKEMBANGAN PROSA PADA MASA JAHILIYAH ........................................ 161 A. Pengertian Prosa (Natsr) ................................................ 161 B. Macam-Macam Prosa (Natsr) ...................................... 162 1. Khutbah (Pidato) ................................................... 162 2. Wasiat ....................................................................... 173 3. Amtsal ....................................................................... 180 4. Hikmah ............................................................ 200 5. Qasas (Kisah-Kisah Jahiliyah) ............................. 204 6. Saj’u al-Kuhhan ...................................................... 208 C. Ciri-ciri Umum Sastra Jahiliyah .................................. 210 ~ Masa Jahiliyah dan Islam xi BAB V. SASTRA ARAB MASA SHADR ISLAM DAN DINASTI UMAYYAH ....................... 213 A. Seni Sastra Islam ............................................................. 213 1. Al-Quran Sebagai Karya Sastra Agung ............ 213 2. Hakikat Keagungan Sastra Al-Quran ............... 215 B. Pengaruh Al-Quran Pada Seni Sastra ........................ 220 C. Kondisi Arab Serta Pengaruhnya dalam Bidang Sastra .................................................................................. 221 1. Definisi Masa Shadr Islam dan Masa Umayyah .................................................................. 221 2. Pengaruh Islam Dalam Kehidupan Arab .......... 223 3. Keadaan dan Kondisi Arab Masa Shadr Islam dan Dinasti Umayyah ............................................ 225 BAB VI. PERKEMBANGAN PUISI MASA SHADR ISLAM ..............................................
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