Gardens of Birjand, Case Study: Akbarieh and Rahim Abad Garden
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601 The structure of the Kiosks in Khorasan gardens; a model for permanent residence Mohammadreza Mehrabani Golzar, Mehdi Fatemi gardens of Birjand, Case Study: Akbarieh and Natanz, Tehran: Community of cultural heritage. Rahim Abad Garden, Master’s thesis, Tehran : • Ranjbar, E., Mehrbani golzar, M.R. and Fatemi, Tarbiat Modarres University. M. (2005). an introduction to recognitionof his- • Hekmati, J. (2002). Park and garden design. toric gardens of Birjand. Bagh_e Nazar, 4: 50- Tehran: Farhang publication. 71. • Khansari, M. Moghtader, M. R. & Yavari, M. • Rezaei, J. (2002). Birjandname. Tehran: publi- (2004). Iranian garden, a reflection of Heaven. cation of Hirmand. Tehran: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organi- • Tariveh, S. (2010). historical and physical eval- zation. uation of Fin Garden. Manzar online architectur- • Naeima, AR. (2006). Iranian gardens, Tehran: al publication. Payam. • Vafaiefard, M. (2005). discovering the identity • Naraghi, H. (1995). monuments of Kashan and of Birjand city, Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. 591 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016 view of Birjand gardens shows that the garden gardens is not of this kind and in the garden mansions of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi of Amirabad, Moud and Masumieh, a kiosk is mostly arein kiosk modes. present similar to many Persian gardens.How- Evaluation of four examples of Birjand gar- ever, historic priority and posteriority of gar- dens, including Akbarieh, Bahlgerd, Shaukat dens show that pre-Ghajar gardens have been Rahim Abad gardens implies that there were subject to a permanent settlement patterns an extensive mansion in an east to west direc- while the gardens encompassing kiosks were tion that expresses permanent residence in it. prior and were constructed from Qajar era on- Moreover, rural tissues were established wards. Therefore, the gardening tradition of nearthe gardens, which were possibly subject this part of Iran could be associated with per- to the feudalism, and the gardens were as a cen- manent residence and it’s characteristics such ter of government, and seating of Khan.How- as inside and outside yard, being castle-garden ever, the pattern of mansion in of Birjand’s all and being adjacent to a rural tissues. Fig. 15. Akbarieh mansion Plan. Source: Vafaiefard, 2005:197. Reference List • Ahmadian, M. A. (1995). Historical Geography sity, Fine Arts College. of Birjand, Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Press • Aryanpour, A R. (1986). Research in recogni- • Alaei, A. (2009). Diversity in architectural de- tion of historical gardens and gardens of Shiraz, sign of Shiraz’s historic gardens – Eram, Jahan- Tehran: Publication of Farhangsara nama and delgosha gardens. Journal of soffeh, • Behnia, M.R. (2002). Birjand,the jewel of des- 5-20. ert. Tehran: Tehran University. • Ansari, M. (1999). Persian Garden Values (Sa- • Fatemi, M. (2008). Landscape design, rec- favid - Isfahan), doctoral thesis. Tehran Univer- reational - tourism between the two historic 581 The structure of the Kiosks in Khorasan gardens; a model for permanent residence Mohammadreza Mehrabani Golzar, Mehdi Fatemi Table 1.kiosks characteristics of Birjand gardens compared to Iranian other gardens. source: authors. Table 1: kiosks characteristics of Birjand gardens compared to Iranian other gardens, source: authors Row Title of the garden Location of Structure of the kiosk Shape of the Internal yard Connection to the kiosk kiosk the rural tissue 1 Fin garden of center Vision to all four compact No No Kashan directions 2 garden of Prince center Two-sided vision compact Yes No Mahan 3 Nightingale and center Vision to all four compact No No hasht behesht directions gardens of Isfahan 4 Jahannama garden center Vision to all four wide No No of shiraz directions 5 Akbarieh garden of End of the Single side vision wide Yes Yes Birjand garden 6 Shaukat abad End of the Single side vision wide Yes garden of Birjand garden 7 Rahim abad garden End of the Single side vision wide Yes of Birjand garden 8 Behlgard garden of End of the Single side vision wide Yes Birjand garden Conclusion In despite that Birjand Gardens has a lot in garden reveals that the mansionswereperma- common with other Iranian gardens and con- nent living places and this fact is not unrelated sidered as”Persian Garden” butis different in to being governmental citadel.It is important some components with the conventional and to bear in mind that most of kiosks, which are well-known Persian garden patterns. existed in Persian gardenshave seasonal and The prevailingimage of internal structure in- recreational usage that is why they are more ternal structure of main Iranian orchards is a concise and compact than the Birjand kiosks. kioskin the intersection of the main parts. Ak- Mansions east to west directions are also be- barieh, Rahim abad, shaukat abad and Bahlg- cause of maximum use of Birjand’s prevailing erd gardens have added a special formation of winds.It is alsoto deal with destructive east to Mansions to the Iranian gardens that is unique west winds. in the region. Formation of extensive and de- Despite providing this style of mansions, ex- tailed east to west Mansions on the southern amples of kiosk mansions can also be seen in edge of shaukat abad, Akbarieh, and Bahlgerd the Gardens of Amirabad, Masumieh, Tughan gardens and in the northern edge of Rahim abad and the Moud Castle- garden. Historical re- 571 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016 Fig. 13. castle wallof Fin Garden. Photo: Mehdi Fatemi, 2005. Fig. 12. vision of the Akbarieh mansion and gardenfrom Fig. 14. inner courtyard of Bahlgerd garden inBirjand. the sky. Source : Vafaifard, 2005: 197. Photo: Mehdi Fatemi, 2005. After reviewing the historic gardenson the and the kiosk structures, finally we provided edge of deserts and gardens of Birjand and by information in table 1 that can be an appropri- comparing concepts related to the residence ate basis for conclusions and hypothesis. 561 The structure of the Kiosks in Khorasan gardens; a model for permanent residence Mohammadreza Mehrabani Golzar, Mehdi Fatemi Birjand kiosks. Mansions east to west direc- • Being a castle-garden tions are also because of maximum use of Bir- The presence of turrets around the garden or jand’s prevailing winds.It is alsoto deal with surrounding fencesmakes the complex closer destructive east to west winds. to be a castle-garden. they decided to protect residents from natural or human stingingin • Connection to the rural tissues this way. However, the difference is that the Gardens Connectionto the rural tissue in the garden-castles are typically outof the city that given gardens implies the principal-agent makesdefenses reduced (such as Fin Garden model that has been prevailed in the region. in Kashan or Pahlavanpourgarden in Mehriz). The village and its inhabitants were part of a While, in spite of being outside the towns, Bir- plan that the lord or a Khan has selected for jand gardenshave turned themselves intoexten- his under disposal property and land area. The sive residential complexesalong with a back- presence of villagein near connection to the up village (Fig.13). garden is another reason that both distinguish- es the garden patternand highlights the perma- • Addendumcourtyard (inner or private nent residence in the garden (Fig. 12). yard) Dividing internal environments gardeninto two parts, inner (smaller area) and outer spaces (larger area) are another distinctive feature of Birjand gardens in the establishment of kiosks and spaces associated with them. The inner yard is a proof of permanent residence itself, but Separation of garden by the mansion (the mansionis located between inside and outside yard) is a distinctive pattern that we are seeing in the gardens of Birjand (Fig.14). Fig. 10. concisekiosk of Fin Garden in Kashan. Photo: Mohamadreza MehrabaniGolzar, 2005. Fig. 11. Extensive kiosk of Akbarieh garden in Birjand, Photo: Mehdi Fatemi, 2005. 551 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016 The distinctive feature of residential sec- gathering waterfor the style of Iranian gardens. tions of Birjand gardens However, The impact of beauty and creationof • The house pool a pleasant atmosphere of Tabriz’s Elgoli and Any action that provides residential facilities Esfahan’s Farah Abad which in turn is due to in different seasons should be considered. The the abundance of water on the gardens should presence ofmansion pool as part of every gar- not be ignored in the formation of this pattern in den showsthe attention of builderson residents the gardens of Birjand. Interesting point in the comfort in the warmer seasons of the year. use of such daises is that they are implemented House pool is an area that often has been con- in three different forms in three different or- structed in the Iranian desert houses to with- chards of Birjand. The impact of this element stand the heat of summer. Its presence in man- in the architecture of Birjand town was in such sions of Birjand’sgardens differentiatesthem a way that it reflects in the schoolyardof shoka- from other Iranian orchards. tieh, which is aneducational environment. A perfect sample of house pool can be seen in the mansion of Yazd’s Dowlat Abad Garden • Style of the Mansion and kiosk and in the garden ofHasht Behesht. There- While the form of the kiosksaregenerally ex- fore, we can hypothesize that in addition to the troverted, penthouse like and relatively small small pool at the center of the gardens, the two inPersian gardens; Birjand gardens have ex- elements including house pool and dais in the tensive and detailed mansionsthat are located middle of pools playthe major role to guarantee in one of side of the gardens. Their multiple the presence of water in the garden.Although resorts represent a long-term residence in them the water scarcity can be a major factor for this (Figs. 10 & 11). application but the beauty and magnificence of An image we call recall from internal structure these spaces in other Iranian gardens of previ- of main Iranian orchards is a kioskin the inter- ous eras cannot be ignored.