Hells Angels

This article is about the motorcycle club. For other uses, called “Hell’s Angels”.[17] In 1930, the Howard Hughes see Hells Angels (disambiguation). film Hell’s Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, and it is believed that the World War II The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is a world- groups who used that name based it on the film. wide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typ- Some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear, ically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organiza- and accounts differ. According to Ralph 'Sonny' Barger, tion is considered an organized crime syndicate by the founder of the Oakland chapter, early chapters of the U.S. Department of Justice.[5][6][7][8] In the United States club were founded in San Francisco, California, Gardena, and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Fontana, California, Oakland, California and elsewhere, Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. Common nick- with the members usually being unaware that there were names for the club are the “H.A.”, “Red & White”, and other clubs. One of the lesser known clubs existed “81”.[9] in North Chino/South Pomona, California, in the late 1960s. Other sources claim that the Hells Angels in San Fran- 1 History cisco were organized in 1953 by Rocky Graves, a Hells Angel member from San Bernardino (“Berdoo”) imply- ing that the “Frisco” Hells Angels were very much aware of their forebears.[18] The “Frisco” Hells Angels were re- organized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, orig- inal logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by Barger, used a larger version of the “Death’s Head” patch nicknamed the “Barger Larger”, which was first used in 1959. It later became the club standard. The Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James-Younger Gang: free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Cor- man film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang and This B-17F, tail number 41-24577, was named Hell’s Angels af- a scourge on society.[19] ter the 1930 Howard Hughes movie about World War I fighter pilots.[10][11] The club became prominent within, and established its notoriety as part of, the 1960s counterculture move- The Hells Angels were started on March 17, 1948, by ment in San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury scene, playing a the Bishop family, American war immigrants in Fontana, part at many of the movement’s seminal events. Mem- California[12] followed by an amalgamation of former bers were directly connected to many of the counter- members from different motorcycle clubs, such as the culture’s primary leaders, such as Ken Kesey and the Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington.[13][14] The Hells Merry Pranksters, Allen Ginsberg, Jerry Garcia and the Angels’ website[15] denies the suggestion that any misfit Grateful Dead, Timothy Leary, The Beatles, The Rolling or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle Stones, Mick Farren and Tom Wolfe. The club launched club. The website also notes that the name was suggested the career of "Gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thomp- by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had son.[20][21][22][23] served in the Flying Tigers’ “Hell’s Angels” squadron in Criminologist Karen Katz said in 2011 that the Hells An- China during World War II.[16] The name “Hell’s An- gels were the center of a moral panic in Canada involving gels” was inspired by the typical naming of American the media, politicians, law enforcement, and the public squadrons, or other fighting groups, with a fierce, death- that sensationalized the importance of isolated criminal defying title in World Wars I and II, e.g., the Flying Tigers acts.[24] (American Volunteer Group) in Burma and China fielded three squadrons of P-40s and the third Squadron was

1 2 3 INSIGNIA

2 Criminal activities and incidents 1 stand for the respective positions in the alphabet of H and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the Main article: Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and club in deference to club rules which purport to restrict incidents the wearing of Hells Angels imagery to club members. The diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, Numerous police and international intelligence agen- displaying '1%' in red on a white background with a cies classify the Hells Angels as one of the “big four” red merrowed border. The term one-percenter is said motorcycle gangs, along with the Pagans, Outlaws, to be a response to the American Motorcyclist Associ- and Bandidos, and contend that members carry out ation (AMA) comment on the Hollister incident, to the widespread violent crimes, including drug dealing, traf- effect that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citi- ficking in stolen goods, and extortion, and are involved zens and the last 1% were outlaws. The AMA has no in prostitution.[25][26] Members of the organization have record of such a statement to the press, and calls this story [31] continuously asserted that they are only a group of motor- apocryphal. cycle enthusiasts who have joined to ride motorcycles to- gether, to organize social events such as group road trips, fundraisers, parties, and motorcycle rallies, and that any crimes are the responsibility of the individuals who car- ried them out and not the club as a whole.[27][28] Members of the club have been accused of crimes and/or convicted in many host nations.

3 Insignia

Insignia of the Hells Angels from Karlsruhe chapter, with the New York Hells Angels patch. '1%' patch Most members wear a rectangular patch (again, white The Hells Angels’ official website attributes the official background with red letters and a red merrowed border) “death’s head” insignia design to Frank Sadilek, past [29] identifying their respective chapter locations. Another president of the San Francisco chapter. The colors similarly designed patch reads “Hells Angels”. When and shape of the early-style jacket emblem (prior to applicable, members of the club wear a patch denot- 1953) were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter [29] ing their position or rank within the organization. The Squadron and the 552nd Medium Bomber Squadron. patch is rectangular and, similar to the patches described The Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to above, displays a white background with red letters and a military medals. Although the specific meaning of each red merrowed border. Some examples of the titles used patch is not publicly known, the patches identify specific are President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and or significant actions or beliefs of each biker.[30] The offi- Sergeant at Arms. This patch is usually worn above the cial colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed 'club location' patch. Some members also wear a patch on a white background—hence the club’s nickname “The with the initials “AFFA”, which stands for “Angels For- Red and White”. These patches are worn on leather or ever; Forever Angels”, referring to their lifelong mem- denim jackets and vests. bership in the biker club (i.e., “once a member, always a Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on member”). many patches, as in “Support 81, Route 81”. The 8 and The book Gangs, written by Tony Thompson (a crime 3

correspondent for The Observer), states that Stephen and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice. Cunningham, a member of the Angels, sported a new As of December 2013, the Hells Angels sells its branded patch after he recovered from attempting to set a bomb, merchandise at a retail store in Toronto, Canada.[46] Over consisting of two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the seven years, it has defended its brand and label against use words 'Filthy Few'. Some law enforcement officials claim in clothes, jewelry, posters, and yo-yos.[46] that the patch is only awarded to those who have commit- ted, or are prepared to commit murder on behalf of the club. According to a report from the R. v. Bonner and Lindsay case in 2005 (see related section below), another 4 Membership patch, similar to the 'Filthy Few' patch is the 'Dequiallo' patch. This patch “signifies that the wearer has fought law enforcement on arrest.”[32] There is no common conven- tion as to where the patches are located on the members’ jacket/vest.

3.1 Intellectual property rights

In March 2007 the Hells Angels filed suit against the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group alleging that the film entitled Wild Hogs used both the name and distinc- tive logo of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation without permission.[33] The suit was eventually volun- tarily dismissed,[34] after the Angels received assurances from Disney that the references would not appear in the film.[35] In October 2010 the Hells Angels filed a lawsuit against Alexander McQueen for “misusing its trademark winged death heads symbol”[36] in several items from its Au- tumn/Winter 2010 collection. The lawsuit is also aimed at Saks Fifth Avenue and Zappos.com, which stock the jacquard box dress and knuckle duster ring which bear the symbol which has been used since at least 1948 and is protected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.[37] A handbag and scarf was also named in lawsuit.[38] The lawyer representing Hells Angels claimed “This isn't just about money, it’s about membership. If you've got one of these rings on, a member might get really upset that you're an impostor.”[39] Saks refused to comment, Zap- pos had no immediate comment and the company’s par- A club member at a biker gathering in Australia, 2008. ent company, PPR, could not be reached for comment.[40] In order to become a Hells Angels prospect, candidates The company settled the case with the Hells Angels after agreeing to remove all of the merchandise featuring the must have a valid driver’s license, a motorcycle over 750cc, and have the right combination of personal qual- logo from sale on their website, stores and concessions and recalling any of the goods which have already been ities. It is said the club excludes child molesters and in- sold and destroying them.[41][42][43] dividuals who have applied to become police or prison officers.[47] In fall 2012 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, Hells Angels sued Toys After a lengthy, phased process, a prospective member “R” Us for trademark infringement, unfair competition, is first deemed to be a “hang-around”, indicating that the and dilution in relation to the sale of yo-yos manufac- individual is invited to some club events or to meet club tured by Yomega Corporation, a co-defendant, which al- members at known gathering places. legedly bear the “Death Head” logo. In its complaint,[44] If the hang-around is interested, he may be asked to be- Hells Angels asserted that the mark used on the yo-yos come an “associate”, a status that usually lasts a year is likely to confuse the public into mistakenly believing or two. At the end of that stage, he is reclassified as that the toys originate with Hells Angels and Yomega filed “prospect”, participating in some club activities, but not counterclaims against Hells Angels for cancellation of the having voting privileges while he is evaluated for suitabil- “Death Head” registrations on grounds of alleged fraud in ity as a full member. The last phase, and highest mem- the procurement of the registrations.[45] The case settled bership status, is “Full Membership” or "Full-Patch".[48] 4 6 RACIAL POLICIES

The term “Full-Patch” refers to the complete four-piece crest, including the “Death Head” logo, two rockers (top rocker: “Hells Angels"; bottom rocker: state or territory claimed) and the rectangular “MC” patch below the wing of the Death’s Head. Prospects are allowed to wear only a bottom rocker with the state or territory name along with the rectangular “MC” patch.

The Hells Angels clubhouse at 77 East 3rd Street between First and Second Avenues in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City

ter renewing the already existing 1950 South London Hells Angels clubhouse in Oakland, California chapter—and the other for “East London”, but by 1973 the two charters came together as one, called “London”. To become a full member, the prospect must be voted The London Angels provided security at a number of UK on unanimously by the rest of the full club members.[49] Underground festivals including Phun City in 1970 orga- Prior to votes being cast, a prospect usually travels to ev- nized by anarchist, International Times writer and lead ery chapter in the sponsoring chapter’s geographic juris- singer with The Deviants, Mick Farren. They awarded diction (state/province/territory) and introduces himself Farren an “approval patch” in 1970 for use on his first solo to every Full-Patch member. This process allows each album Mona, which also featured Steve Peregrin Took voting member to become familiar with the subject and (who was credited as “Shagrat the Vagrant”).[55] to ask any questions of concern prior to the vote. Some In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a major expansion of form of formal induction follows, wherein the prospect the club into Canada. The Quebec Biker war was a vio- affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final lent turf war that began in 1994 and continued until late logo patch (top “Hells Angels” rocker) is then awarded at 2002 in Montreal. The war began as the Hells Angels in this initiation ceremony. The step of attaining full mem- Quebec began to make a push to establish a monopoly on bership can be referred to as “being patched”. street-level drug sales in the province. A number of drug Even after a member is patched-in, the patches them- dealers and crime families resisted and established groups selves remain the property of HAMC rather than the such as the “Alliance to fight the Angels”. The war re- member. On leaving the Hells Angels, or being ejected, sulted in the bombings of many establishments and mur- they must be returned to the club.[50] ders on both sides. It has claimed more than 150 lives[56] and led to the incarceration of over 100 bikers.[57] The Spanish Chapter was involved in killing and 5 Worldwide chapters trialed.[58] A list of acknowledged chapters can be found on the The HAMC acknowledges more than one hundred chap- HAMC’s official website.[59] ters spread over 29 countries. The Hells Angels motorcy- cle club founded a chapter in Auckland, New Zealand in 1961 and has since taken over gangs in Wanganui. New 6 Racial policies Zealand had the first chapter of the Hells Angels out- side the US.[51] Europe did not become widely home to the Hells Angels until 1969 when two London chapters The club claims not to be a racially segregated organization,[60][61] although at least one chapter allegedly were formed. The Beatles' George Harrison invited some [62] members of the HAMC San Francisco to stay at Apple requires that a candidate be a white male, and Sonny Records in London in 1968.[52][53] According to Chris Barger stated in a BBC interview in 2000 that “The club, as a whole, is not racist but we probably have enough O'Dell, only two members showed up at Apple Records, [49] [54] racist members that no black guy is going to get in it”. Frisco Pete and Bill “Sweet William” Fritsch. Two [49] people from London visited California, “prospected”, and At that time the club had no black members. ultimately joined. Two charters were issued on July 30, However there have been black members of puppet clubs, 1969; one for “South London”—the re-imagined chap- notably Gregory Wooley, a high-ranking member of the 5

Rockers MC in Montreal who was the protégé[63] and [6] Lockyer, Bill (2003). “ORGANIZED CRIME IN CAL- bodyguard of Hells Angel boss Maurice Boucher (who IFORNIA” (PDF). CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF had been labeled a white supremacist by the media). JUSTICE. Retrieved January 23, 2010. Wooley became an associate of the Hells Angels Mon- [64] [7] “ORGANIZED CRIME IN OREGON” (PDF). Oregon treal chapter in the 1990s and later tried uniting street State Department of Justice. September 2006. Retrieved [65] gangs in Quebec after Boucher was imprisoned. January 23, 2010. In another interview with leader Sonny Barger in 2000 he [8] “ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST remarked “if you're a motorcycle rider and you're white, ACTIVITY IN CANADA, 1999–2002” (PDF). Federal you want to join the Hell’s Angels. If you [sic] black, you Research Division. Library of Congress. July 2003. Re- want to join the Dragons. That’s how it is whether anyone trieved January 23, 2010. likes it or not. We don't have no blacks and they don't have no whites.”[66] When asked if that could change [9] “Hells Angels MC World FAQ”. Hells-angels.com. Re- Barger replied “Anything can change, I can't predict the trieved March 27, 2012. [66] future”. Tobie Levingston who formed the black mo- [10] Bishop, Cliff T. (1986). Fortresses of the Big Triangle torcycle club East Bay Dragons MC wrote in his book that First, East Anglia Books. ISBN 1-869987-00-4, pp.160, he and Sonny Barger have a long-lasting friendship and 236. that the Hells Angels and Dragons have a mutual friend- ship and hang out and ride together.[67] [11] “Hells Angels vs. Memphis Belle, Historical Information” (PDF). 303rd Bomb Group Association. Retrieved 11 In a 1966 article about motorcycle rebels in the African- August 2008. American community magazine Ebony, the Chosen Few MC stated that they see no racial animosity in the Hells [12] Drewery, George (Spring 2003). “3 Skulls, Wings & Angels and that when they come into Chosen Few terri- Outlaws – Motorcycle Club Insignia & Cultural Identity” tory they all get together and just party.[68] A Hells Angel (PDF). Inter-Cultural Studies; A Forum on Social Change member interviewed for the magazine insisted there was & Cultural Diversity 3 (2). p. 29. ISSN 1445-1190. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2006. no racial prejudice in any of their clubs and stated “we don't have any negro members” but maintained there have [13] History Channel episode, Hell’s Angels not been any blacks who have sought membership.[68] At one point in the 1970s the Hells Angels were looking to [14] History Documentary Hell’s Angels Time Index approxi- consolidate the different motorcycle clubs and offered ev- mately 00.05 minutes into the program ery member of the Chosen Few MC a Hells Angel badge, [15] "http://affa.hells-angels.com/". hells-angels.com. Re- [69] but the Chosen Few turned down the offer. trieved November 30, 2014. External link in |title= (help)

[16] “Hells Angels MC World”. Hells-angels.com. Retrieved 7 See also February 15, 2011. [17] Rossi, J.R. “Flying Tiger Association Unit Rosters”. The Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air • Motorcycling Force. • River Run Riot [18] Birney Jarvis for Male magazine, 1964. Reprinted in Hells Angels by Hunter S. Thompson

[19] Bagnall, Sam (January 2, 2004). “Programmes | This 8 References World | Hells Angels: Easy-riders or criminal gang?". BBC News. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [1] Frank Reynolds, Michael McClure (1967) Freewheelin Frank: Secretary of the Angels, Grove Press, 1967, p.73 [20] “The Fall of the Counterculture : Preview”. Bu.digication.com. Retrieved 30 November 2014. [2] Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). Women in outlaw [21] Hell’s Angels and the Illusion of the Counterculture; motorcycle gangs. Journal of Contemporary Ethnogra- Wood, John. 30 Sept 2003. The Journal of Popular Cul- phy, 18(4), p.385. ture, Volume 3

[3] “Inside the biker gangs: the truth about guns, drugs and or- [22] The Haight-Ashbury: A History; Perry, Charles. 2005 ganized crime”. The Independent (UK). August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [23] “Interview with Sonny Barger”. Pdr.autono.net. Re- trieved 2013-06-18. [4] “Hells Angels Charters Worldwide”. Retrieved 10 De- cember 2014. [24] Katz, Kare (2011-09-01). The Enemy Within: The Out- law Motorcycle Gang Moral Panic. American Journal of [5] “Motorcycle gang”. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved Criminal Justice 36 (Springer Boston). pp. 231–249. January 23, 2010. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9106-6. ISSN 1066-2316. 6 8 REFERENCES

[25] “FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative Report Fiscal [38] “Companies / Personal Goods – Hells Angels sue luxury Year 2000” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on fashion house”. Financial Times. October 27, 2010. Re- 2001-09-13. Retrieved August 13, 2010. trieved February 15, 2011.

[26] Ibrahim, Youssef M. (March 3, 1997). “New York Times, [39] “Hells Angels set for rumble on the catwalk - Business - Sweden’s Courteous Police Spoil a Hell’s Angels Clubouse Retail”. MSNBC. October 27, 2010. Retrieved February Party”. New York Times (Stockholm (Sweden); Sweden). 15, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [40] Jeffrey, Don (October 26, 2010). “Hells Angels Sue Saks, [27] "[Hpn] Hells Angels Mc Salvation Army Shelter Run”. McQueen Design, Over Trademark”. Bloomberg. Re- Hpn.asu.edu. July 6, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2010. trieved February 15, 2011. [41] “Grazia Fashion: McQueen Settles with Hells Angels”. [28] “Under watchful eye, bikers aid charity – Thursday, Sept. Graziadaily.co.uk. Retrieved February 15, 2011. 4, 2008 | midnight”. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved August 9, 2010. [42] Verena von Pfetten (November 3, 2010). “Alexander Mc- Queen – Hell’s Angels – SETTLEMENT”. Styleite. Re- [29] “History”. Hells-angels.com. Archived from the original trieved February 15, 2011. on 2008-07-14. [43] Cowles, Charlotte. “Alexander McQueen Settles With [30] Gangs; A Journey into the heart of the British Underworld, Hells Angels by Agreeing to Destroy Merchandise With Tony Thompson, (2004) ISBN 0-340-83053-0 Skull Logo – The Cut”. Nymag.com. Retrieved February 15, 2011. [31] Lindsey, Tom (November 2005). “A Brief History of “Outlaw” Motorcycle Clubs”. International Journal of [44] “Attorney for Plaintiff : HELLS ANGELS MOTORCY- Motorcycle Studies. The Life story caused something of CLE CORPORATION” (PDF). Archive.org. Retrieved a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors 30 November 2014. have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, [45] Weller, Susan Neuberger; Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law- Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. (July 12, 2013). “Hells Angels abiding citizens, and that the AMA’s ranks of motorcy- and Toys “R” Us Settle “Death Head” Trademark Litiga- cle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, tion”. The National Law Review. Cite uses deprecated Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Asso- parameter |coauthors= (help) ciation has no record of ever releasing such a statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA’s Public Information Director, [46] Weiss, Debra Cassens (3 December 2013). “Hells Angels states 'We [the American Motorcyclist Association] ac- club sues often to protect its intellectual property”. ABA knowledge that the term ‘one-percenter' has long been Journal. Retrieved 30 December 2013. (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the Amer- [47] Hall, Neal (June 10, 2005). “Behind the Patch: Angels ican Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to ABCs”. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved August 13, 2010. attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it’s apocryphal.' delete character in |quote= [48] NDIC Document, US Department of Justice Report on at position 545 (help) OMG HA

[32] HAMC Overview Document, Overview of the Hell’s An- [49] “Born to raise Hell”. BBC News. August 14, 2000. Re- gel’s Motorcycle Club (HAMC) In Canada trieved February 1, 2013.

[33] 'Litigation against movie release' (March 8, 2006) and they [50] A Wayward Angel: The Full Story of the Hells Angels by rule., HAMC vs Walt Disney George Wethern and Vincent Colnett

[34] “Hells Angels Motorcycle Club settled disputes the old- [51] Kemp, p 50 fashioned way, with a swift kick in the groin or a punch in [52] “George Harrison’s memo to Apple staff about the Hell’s the face to the offending party. – Hells Angels”. Zimbio. Angels, 4 December 1968”. Beatlesbible.com. 1968-12- Retrieved February 15, 2011. 04. Retrieved 2013-11-06.

[35] “Companies / Personal Goods – Hells Angels sue luxury [53] Pg. 129, Rock Scully, David Dalton, “Living with the fashion house”. Financial Times. October 27, 2010. Re- Dead: Twenty Years on the Bus with Garcia and the trieved February 15, 2011. Grateful Dead”, Cooper Square Publ Inc, 2001 ISBN 978- 0-8154-1163-5 [36] Ella Alexander (October 27, 2010). “Hells Angels sue Alexander McQueen (Vogue.com UK)". Vogue.co.uk. [54] Chris O'Dell (2009-10-06). Miss O'Dell: My Hard Days Retrieved February 15, 2011. and Long Nights with The Beatles, The Stones, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, and the Women They Loved. p. 68. ISBN [37] Tamara Abraham (October 27, 2010). “Alexander Mc- 1416590935. Queen sued by Hells Angels over winged death head trade- mark | Mail Online”. Daily Mail (UK). Retrieved Febru- [55] “Hells Angels MC London History”. Archived from the ary 15, 2011. original on 2009-05-09. 7

[56] “Biker gangs in Canada”. Cbc.ca. July 13, 2011. Re- • Jerry Langton (2009). Fallen Angel: The Unlikely trieved November 30, 2014. Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells An- gels. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-73994- [57] Archived February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. 5. [58] http://www.abc.es/local-alicante/20140114/ • abci-condenados-nueve-motoristas-angeles-201401141805. Yves Lavigne (2000). Hell’s Angels: Taking Care html of Business. Random House of Canada, Limited. ISBN 978-0-7704-2858-7. [59] “Hells Angels MC World”. Hells-angels.com. Retrieved February 15, 2011. • Yves Lavigne (2011). Hells Angels: Into the Abyss. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1- [60] Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). “Nazi 4434-0411-2. Emblems of 'Way Outs’ Are No Symbols of Hate”. Ebony: 70. ISSN 0012-9011. • Yves Lavigne (2011). Hell’s Angels at War. Harper- [61] 2003 Soul on Bikes: The East Bay Dragons MC and Black Collins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-4434- Biker Set, Tobie Gene Levingston, with Keith and Kent 0410-5. Zimmerman (St. Paul, MN: Motorbikes International • Publishing). The history of the Oakland-based African- William Marsden; Julian Sher (2010). Angels of American Motorcycle Club with a foreword from Sonny Death: Inside the Bikers’ Empire of Crime. Knopf Barger. Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-37032-7.

[62] Wright, Gary L. (2012-06-08). “FBI leads crackdown on • Valerie Smart (2001). The Original Hell’s Angels: area Hells Angels gangs in N.C. and S.C.”. Winston-Salem 303rd Bombardment Group of World War II. Arca- Journal. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Re- dia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-0910-5. trieved 2013-06-18. • Julian Sher; William Marsden (2010). The Road to [63] Eric Thibault (2012-08-16). “Sun News : Dead gang Hell: How the Biker Gangs are Conquering Canada. leader rebuffed top biker prior to assassination: Source”. Knopf Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36586-6. Sunnewsnetwork.ca. Retrieved 2013-06-18. • [64] “Montreal police try to calm mafia war fears after multiple Hunter S. Thompson (1999). Hell’s Angels: A killings”. Global Montreal. Archived from the original on Strange and Terrible Saga. Modern Library. ISBN 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-18. 978-0-679-60331-3.

[65] Giuseppe Valiante. “Sun News : Bust shows connections • Edward Winterhalder; Wil De Clercq (2008). The in criminal underworld in Canada”. Sunnewsnetwork.ca. Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos: Bik- Retrieved 2013-06-18. ers United Against the Hells Angels. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55490-321-4. [66] “Sonny Barger Interview”. Let Them Talk. Retrieved 2013-06-18. [67] “Soul on Bikes: Tobie Levingston: 9780760317471: 10 External links Amazon.com: Books”. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013- 06-18. • Official website – listing many chartered local chap- [68] Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). “Nazi ters, with links Emblems of 'Way Outs’ Are No Symbols of Hate”. Ebony: 66. ISSN 0012-9011. • Hells Angels at DMOZ [69] “Chosen Few Motorcycle Club - Buffalo, NY”. Chosen- • FBI file on Hell’s Angels fewbuffalony.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18. • Never-Seen: Hells Angels, 1965 – slideshow by Life magazine 9 Further reading

• Barnes, Scott (1987). BOHICA (first ed.). Oakland: Daring Pubs. pp. 12–24. ISBN 0-938936-61-1. • Sonny Barger (2009). Hell’s Angel: The Autobiogra- phy of Sonny Barger. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0- 06-184736-3. • Paul Cherry (2005). The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1- 55490-250-7. 8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• Hells Angels Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Angels?oldid=712592017 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Ellmist, Olivier, Freckle- foot, Edward, Liftarn, Jedimike, Skysmith, Lommer, Jengod, Mbstone, Stone, Doradus, Tpbradbury, Lbsterling, Furrykef, Saltine, Jgm, SEWilco, Populus, Topbanana, Wetman, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, Jmabel, Sam Spade, Pingveno, Desmay, Premeditated Chaos, Meelar, Caknuck, Diberri, Davidcannon, DocWatson42, Ich, Foot, Jorm, Catdude, Rdsmith4, Lord dut, DragonflySixtyseven, Bumm13, Bodnot- bod, M4-10, Dcandeto, Khatores, Mike Rosoft, Jayjg, Wfaulk, Discospinster, Brianhe, Solitude, YUL89YYZ, Xezbeth, Justwes, Aar- dark, Closeapple, Pedant, Fee mercury moon, El C, Surachit, Cafzal, Art LaPella, Adambro, Lampbane, Iralith, Martey, John Van- denberg, Shenme, Foobaz, Mh26, Draconiszeta, Themindset, Lokifer, Pearle, Maximusnukeage, Tom Yates, Slightlyslack, Alansohn, Uncle.bungle, Duffman~enwiki, CrunchyFrog, Moanzhu, Andrewpmk, Mceder, Axl, Jaw959, MoraSique, 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11.2 Images

• File:Boeing_B-17F-25-BO_Fortress_42-24577_Hells_Angels.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/ Boeing_B-17F-25-BO_Fortress_42-24577_Hells_Angels.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: United States Army Air Forces via National arhives, from: Yenne, Bill, 2006, B-17 at War, Zenith Press; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0760325227 Original artist: United States Army Air Forces • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:HAMC_BD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/HAMC_BD.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 de Contribu- tors: Own work Original artist: Ikar.us • File:Hells_Angels-02-MJ.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Hells_Angels-02-MJ.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: moving moving moving Original artist: John Lambert Pearson from Berkeley, CA, United States • File:Hells_Angels-03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Hells_Angels-03.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Hells Angels Member on a Motorcycle Original artist: SliceofNYC • File:Hells_Angels-05.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Hells_Angels-05.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Gypsy Joker Protest Run Original artist: Roy Lister from Salisbury North, South Australia • File:Hells_Angels_clubhouse_East_Village.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Hells_Angels_ clubhouse_East_Village.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Beyond My Ken • File:Hells_Angels_logo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Hells_Angels_logo.jpg License: Fair use Contribu- tors: http://www.hells-angels.cz/index1.htm Original artist: ? • File:Simbolo_triada.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Simbolo_triada.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Trabajonacho

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0