DOCSLIB.ORG

Tc Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iktisat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tc Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iktisat T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İKTİSAT ANABİLİM DALI KİŞİSEL BİLGİSAYAR BİLEŞENLERİ ENDÜSTRİSİNDE OLİGOPOL ETKİLERİN İNCELENMESİ VEDAT BAYDAR 1040202015 Doktora Tezi Danışman Yrd.Doç.Dr.Aliye ATAY KAYIŞ ISPARTA 2017 i Tez Savunma Sınav Tutanağı 2 ii T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü YEMİN METNİ Doktora tezi olarak sunduğum “Kişisel Bilgisayar Bileşenleri Endüstrisinde Oligopol Etkilerin İncelenmesi” adlı çalışmanın, tezin proje safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadar ki bütün süreçlerde bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurulmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin Bibliyografya’da gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu belirtir ve onurumla beyan ederim. iii ÖZET KİŞİSEL BİLGİSAYAR BİLEŞENLERİ ENDÜSTRİSİNDE OLİGOPOL ETKİLERİN İNCELENMESİ VEDAT BAYDAR SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ İKTİSAT BÖLÜMÜ DOKTORA TEZİ, 163 SAYFA, Şubat 2017 Danışman: Yrd.Doç.Dr.Aliye ATAY KAYIŞ Bilgisayarlar günlük hayatımızın ve iş hayatımızın vazgeçilmez araçlarıdır. Kişisel bilgisayar sektörü az sayıda firmadan oluşan oligopol bir piyasa olmasının yanında, işlemci, ekran kartı, anakart gibi bilgisayar bileşen piyasaları da oligopol piyasa yapısındadır. Bu tez çalışmasında merkezi işlem birimi ve grafik işlem birimi piyasalarının oligopol yapıları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı merkezi işlem birimi ve grafik işlem birimi piyasalarının yapısını ve tarihsel gelişimini incelemek, eldeki veriler ile yapılacak analizler doğrultusunda bu piyasalardaki firmaların aralarında nasıl bir etkileşim olduğunu saptamak ve böylece bu piyasaların gelecekte nasıl bir yapıya bürünebileceğini tahmin etmektir. Hem merkezi işlem birimi hem de grafik işlem birimi piyasalarının birlikte analiz edilmesi vasıtasıyla literatüre katkı yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda merkezi işem birimi fiyatları bakımından Intel ve AMD arasında negatif ilişkinin olduğu, performans bakımından ise pozitif ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Grafik işlem birimi piyasasında ise hem grafik işlem birimi fiyatları hem de performansları bakımından Nvidia ve ATI arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: CPU, GPU, Oligopol, Yapısal VAR iv ABSTRACT THE ANALYSIS OF OLIGOPOLISTIC EFFECTS IN PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONENT INDUSTRY VEDAT BAYDAR SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Ph.D.Thesis, 163 Pages, Fabruary 2017 Supervisor: Assist.Prof.Dr.Aliye ATAY KAYIŞ Computers are indispensable tools of our daily and work life. Although the personal computer industry is an oligopolistic industry which consists of a few firms, the components of the computers such as processor, graphics card, mainboard industries are oligopolistic too. In this study oligopoly structure of central processing unit and graphics processing unit industries are analysed. The aim of this study is to analyse the structure and historical development of central processing unit and graphics processing unit markets, to find out the kind of relationships between these firms and thus to foresee the future structure of these markets. It is aimed to contribute the literature by analysing both central processing unit and graphics processing unit markets. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that there is a negative relationship between Intel and AMD in terms of processor prices and there is a positive relationship between these firms in terms of processor performance. It has been seen that there is a positive relationship between Nvidia and ATI in terms of processor price and performance in graphics processing unit market. Keywords: CPU, GPU, Oligopoly, Structural VAR v İÇİNDEKİLER YEMİN METNİ .......................................................................................................... ii ÖZET ......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ......................................................................................... vii TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................................... viii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................................... x GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM PİYASA KAVRAMI VE PİYASA ÇEŞİTLERİ 1.1.TAM REKABET PİYASASI .............................................................................. 3 1.2.EKSİK REKABET PİYASALARI ...................................................................... 6 1.2.1.Monopol Piyasa ............................................................................................. 7 1.2.2.Monopollü Rekabet Piyasası .......................................................................... 8 1.2.3. Oligopol Piyasa........................................................................................... 10 1.2.3.1.Klasik Oligopol Modelleri:..................................................................... 12 1.2.3.2.Anlaşmalı Oligopol Modelleri: ............................................................... 16 1.3.OYUN TEORİSİ: .............................................................................................. 17 2.BÖLÜM MERKEZİ İŞLEM BİRİMİ VE GRAFİK İŞLEM BİRİMİ PİYASALARI 2.1.KİŞİSEL BİLGİSAYARLARIN TARİHÇESİ................................................... 24 2.2.BİLGİSAYARLARIN EKONOMİDEKİ YERİ ................................................. 25 2.3.MERKEZİ İŞLEM BİRİMİ (CPU) .................................................................... 26 2.3.1.İşlemci Üretimi ............................................................................................ 26 2.3.2.Merkezi İşlem Birimi Piyasası ..................................................................... 27 2.3.3.Geçmişten Günümüze Intel – AMD Duopol Mücadelesi .............................. 28 2.4.GRAFİK İŞLEM BİRİMİ (GPU) PİYASASI .................................................... 68 2.4.1.Geçmişten Günümüze ATI – Nvıdıa Duopol Mücadelesi ............................. 69 3.BÖLÜM MERKEZİ İŞLEM BİRİMİ VE GRAFİK İŞLEM BİRİMİ PİYASALARININ ANALİZİ 3.1.LİTERATÜR TARAMASI................................................................................ 97 3.2.MERKEZİ İŞLEM BİRİMİ VE GRAFİK İŞLEM BİRİMİ PİYASALARININ ANALİZİ .............................................................................................................. 101 3.2.1.Ekonometrik Yöntem: ................................................................................ 103 vi 3.2.2.Ampirik Çalışma........................................................................................ 105 3.2.2.1.Merkezi İşlem Birimi Yapısal VAR Analizi ......................................... 106 3.2.2.2.Grafik İşlem Birimi Yapısal VAR Analizi ............................................ 121 SONUÇ ................................................................................................................ 137 KAYNAKÇA ....................................................................................................... 143 ÖZGEÇMİŞ......................................................................................................... 162 vii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ AGP Accelerated Graphics Port ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit API Application Programming Interface APU Accelerated Processing Unit CPU Central Processing Unit DVI Digital Video Interface Ghz Gigahertz GPU Graphics Processing Unit HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface LGA Land Grid Array Mhz Megahertz PC Personal Computer PCI Peripheral Component Interface VGA Video Graphics Array viii TABLOLAR DİZİNİ Tablo 1: Suçluların İtiraf veya İnkar Durumunda Alacakları Cezalar ........................... 18 Tablo 2: Kasım 2001 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ...................................................... 38 Tablo 3: Kasım 2002 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ...................................................... 40 Tablo 4: Mayıs 2005 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ....................................................... 46 Tablo 5: Ekim 2006 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ........................................................ 49 Tablo 6: AMD ve Intel İşlemci Piyasası Pazar Payları 2005-2007 ............................... 51 Tablo 7: Aralık 2007 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ...................................................... 52 Tablo 8: Ekim 2009 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ........................................................ 55 Tablo 9: Aralık 2010 İşlemci Performans Tablosu....................................................... 56 Tablo 10: Aralık 2011 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ..................................................... 57 Tablo 11: Aralık 2013 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ..................................................... 61 Tablo 12: Aralık 2014 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ..................................................... 63 Tablo 13: Aralık 2015 İşlemci Performans Tablosu ..................................................... 65 Tablo 14: Eylül 1999 Grafik İşlemci Performans Tablosu ........................................... 73 Tablo 15: Kasım 2001 Grafik İşlemci Performans Tablosu ......................................... 78 Tablo
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Computer Graphics on Mobile Devices
    Computer Graphics on Mobile Devices Bruno Tunjic∗ Vienna University of Technology Figure 1: Different mobile devices available on the market today. Image courtesy of ASU [ASU 2011]. Abstract 1 Introduction Computer graphics hardware acceleration and rendering techniques Under the term mobile device we understand any device designed have improved significantly in recent years. These improvements for use in mobile context [Marcial 2010]. In other words this term are particularly noticeable in mobile devices that are produced in is used for devices that are battery-powered and therefore physi- great amounts and developed by different manufacturers. New tech- cally movable. This group of devices includes mobile (cellular) nologies are constantly developed and this extends the capabilities phones, personal media players (PMP), personal navigation devices of such devices correspondingly. (PND), personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, tablet per- sonal computers, notebooks, digital cameras, hand-held game con- soles and mobile internet devices (MID). Figure 1 shows different In this paper, a review about the existing and new hardware and mobile devices available on the market today. Traditional mobile software, as well as a closer look into some of the most important phones are aimed at making and receiving telephone calls over a revolutionary technologies, is given. Special emphasis is given on radio link. PDAs are personal organizers that later evolved into de- new Application Programming Interfaces (API) and rendering tech- vices with advanced units communication, entertainment and wire- niques that were developed in recent years. A review of limitations less capabilities [Wiggins 2004]. Smartphones can be seen as a that developers have to overcome when bringing graphics to mobile next generation of PDAs since they incorporate all its features but devices is also provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Programmable Shading in Opengl
    Computer Graphics - Programmable Shading in OpenGL - Arsène Pérard-Gayot History • Pre-GPU graphics acceleration – SGI, Evans & Sutherland – Introduced concepts like vertex transformation and texture mapping • First-generation GPUs (-1998) – NVIDIA TNT2, ATI Rage, Voodoo3 – Vertex transformation on CPU, limited set of math operations • Second-generation GPUs (1999-2000) – GeForce 256, GeForce2, Radeon 7500, Savage3D – Transformation & lighting, more configurable, still not programmable • Third-generation GPUs (2001) – GeForce3, GeForce4 Ti, Xbox, Radeon 8500 – Vertex programmability, pixel-level configurability • Fourth-generation GPUs (2002) – GeForce FX series, Radeon 9700 and on – Vertex-level and pixel-level programmability (limited) • Eighth-generation GPUs (2007) – Geometry shaders, feedback, unified shaders, … • Ninth-generation GPUs (2009/10) – OpenCL/DirectCompute, hull & tesselation shaders Graphics Hardware Gener Year Product Process Transistors Antialiasing Polygon ation fill rate rate 1st 1998 RIVA TNT 0.25μ 7 M 50 M 6 M 1st 1999 RIVA TNT2 0.22μ 9 M 75 M 9 M 2nd 1999 GeForce 256 0.22μ 23 M 120 M 15 M 2nd 2000 GeForce2 0.18μ 25 M 200 M 25 M 3rd 2001 GeForce3 0.15μ 57 M 800 M 30 M 3rd 2002 GeForce4 Ti 0.15μ 63 M 1,200 M 60 M 4th 2003 GeForce FX 0.13μ 125 M 2,000 M 200 M 8th 2007 GeForce 8800 0.09μ 681 M 36,800 M 13,800 M (GT100) 8th 2008 GeForce 280 0.065μ 1,400 M 48,200 M ?? (GT200) 9th 2009 GeForce 480 0.04μ 3,000 M 42,000 M ?? (GF100) Shading Languages • Small program fragments (plug-ins) – Compute certain aspects of the
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of Various Systems on Chips Embedded in Mobile Devices
    Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.7, 2013 - National Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Instrumentation & Communication Engineering Comparative Study of Various Systems on Chips Embedded in Mobile Devices Deepti Bansal(Assistant Professor) BVCOE, New Delhi Tel N: +919711341624 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Systems-on-chips (SoCs) are the latest incarnation of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. A single integrated circuit can contain over 100 million transistors. Harnessing all this computing power requires designers to move beyond logic design into computer architecture, meet real-time deadlines, ensure low-power operation, and so on. These opportunities and challenges make SoC design an important field of research. So in the paper we will try to focus on the various aspects of SOC and the applications offered by it. Also the different parameters to be checked for functional verification like integration and complexity are described in brief. We will focus mainly on the applications of system on chip in mobile devices and then we will compare various mobile vendors in terms of different parameters like cost, memory, features, weight, and battery life, audio and video applications. A brief discussion on the upcoming technologies in SoC used in smart phones as announced by Intel, Microsoft, Texas etc. is also taken up. Keywords: System on Chip, Core Frame Architecture, Arm Processors, Smartphone. 1. Introduction: What Is SoC? We first need to define system-on-chip (SoC). A SoC is a complex integrated circuit that implements most or all of the functions of a complete electronic system.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardware Developments V E-CAM Deliverable 7.9 Deliverable Type: Report Delivered in July, 2020
    Hardware developments V E-CAM Deliverable 7.9 Deliverable Type: Report Delivered in July, 2020 E-CAM The European Centre of Excellence for Software, Training and Consultancy in Simulation and Modelling Funded by the European Union under grant agreement 676531 E-CAM Deliverable 7.9 Page ii Project and Deliverable Information Project Title E-CAM: An e-infrastructure for software, training and discussion in simulation and modelling Project Ref. Grant Agreement 676531 Project Website https://www.e-cam2020.eu EC Project Officer Juan Pelegrín Deliverable ID D7.9 Deliverable Nature Report Dissemination Level Public Contractual Date of Delivery Project Month 54(31st March, 2020) Actual Date of Delivery 6th July, 2020 Description of Deliverable Update on "Hardware Developments IV" (Deliverable 7.7) which covers: - Report on hardware developments that will affect the scientific areas of inter- est to E-CAM and detailed feedback to the project software developers (STFC); - discussion of project software needs with hardware and software vendors, completion of survey of what is already available for particular hardware plat- forms (FR-IDF); and, - detailed output from direct face-to-face session between the project end- users, developers and hardware vendors (ICHEC). Document Control Information Title: Hardware developments V ID: D7.9 Version: As of July, 2020 Document Status: Accepted by WP leader Available at: https://www.e-cam2020.eu/deliverables Document history: Internal Project Management Link Review Review Status: Reviewed Written by: Alan Ó Cais(JSC) Contributors: Christopher Werner (ICHEC), Simon Wong (ICHEC), Padraig Ó Conbhuí Authorship (ICHEC), Alan Ó Cais (JSC), Jony Castagna (STFC), Godehard Sutmann (JSC) Reviewed by: Luke Drury (NUID UCD) and Jony Castagna (STFC) Approved by: Godehard Sutmann (JSC) Document Keywords Keywords: E-CAM, HPC, Hardware, CECAM, Materials 6th July, 2020 Disclaimer:This deliverable has been prepared by the responsible Work Package of the Project in accordance with the Consortium Agreement and the Grant Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Troubleshooting Guide Table of Contents -1- General Information
    Troubleshooting Guide This troubleshooting guide will provide you with information about Star Wars®: Episode I Battle for Naboo™. You will find solutions to problems that were encountered while running this program in the Windows 95, 98, 2000 and Millennium Edition (ME) Operating Systems. Table of Contents 1. General Information 2. General Troubleshooting 3. Installation 4. Performance 5. Video Issues 6. Sound Issues 7. CD-ROM Drive Issues 8. Controller Device Issues 9. DirectX Setup 10. How to Contact LucasArts 11. Web Sites -1- General Information DISCLAIMER This troubleshooting guide reflects LucasArts’ best efforts to account for and attempt to solve 6 problems that you may encounter while playing the Battle for Naboo computer video game. LucasArts makes no representation or warranty about the accuracy of the information provided in this troubleshooting guide, what may result or not result from following the suggestions contained in this troubleshooting guide or your success in solving the problems that are causing you to consult this troubleshooting guide. Your decision to follow the suggestions contained in this troubleshooting guide is entirely at your own risk and subject to the specific terms and legal disclaimers stated below and set forth in the Software License and Limited Warranty to which you previously agreed to be bound. This troubleshooting guide also contains reference to third parties and/or third party web sites. The third party web sites are not under the control of LucasArts and LucasArts is not responsible for the contents of any third party web site referenced in this troubleshooting guide or in any other materials provided by LucasArts with the Battle for Naboo computer video game, including without limitation any link contained in a third party web site, or any changes or updates to a third party web site.
    [Show full text]
  • EVGA Geforce GT 730
    EVGA GeForce GT 730 Part Number: 01G-P3-3736-KR Speed up your PC experience when you upgrade from integrated graphics to the new NVIDIA GeForce GT 730 dedicated card. Enjoy all your videos and pictures at HD resolutions, with faster video editing, faster photo editing, and faster web browsing compared to integrated graphics. Discover faster gaming performance than integrated graphics, making all your gameplay richer and smoother. You can even get the latest drivers and optimize game settings with a single click using GeForce Experience. The GeForce GT 730 is everything you need for a better, faster PC experience. SPECIFICATIONS KEY FEATURES REQUIREMENTS Base Clock: 700 MHZ NVIDIA PhysX technology 300 Watt or greater power supply with a Memory Clock: 3200 MHz Effective PCI Express 2.0 support minimum of 20 Amp on the +12 volt rail.**** CUDA Cores: 96 NVIDIA SMX Engine PCI Express, PCI Express 2.0 or PCI Express Bus Type: PCI-E 2.0 NVIDIA Adaptive Vertical Sync 3.0 compliant motherboard with one graphics Memory Detail: 1024MB GDDR5 Microsoft DirectX 12 API (feature level 11_0) slot. Memory Bit Width: 128 Bit Support Windows 8 32/64bit, Windows 7 32/64bit, Windows Vista 32/64bit, Windows XP 32/64bit Memory Bandwidth: 51.2 GB/s NVIDIA 3D Vision Ready*** NVIDIA CUDA Technology DIMENSIONS OpenGL 4.4 Support OpenCL Support Height: 4.376in - 111.15mm NVIDIA FXAA Technology Length: 6.096in - 154.84mm NVIDIA TXAA Technology NVIDIA PureVideo HD Technology **Support for HDMI includes GPU-accelerated Blu-ray 3D support (Blu-ray 3D playback requires the purchase of a compatible software player from CyberLink, ArcSoft, Corel, or Sonic), x.v.Color, HDMI Deep Color, and 7.1 digital surround sound.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable 7.7 Deliverable Type: Report Delivered in June, 2019
    Hardware developments IV E-CAM Deliverable 7.7 Deliverable Type: Report Delivered in June, 2019 E-CAM The European Centre of Excellence for Software, Training and Consultancy in Simulation and Modelling Funded by the European Union under grant agreement 676531 E-CAM Deliverable 7.7 Page ii Project and Deliverable Information Project Title E-CAM: An e-infrastructure for software, training and discussion in simulation and modelling Project Ref. Grant Agreement 676531 Project Website https://www.e-cam2020.eu EC Project Officer Juan Pelegrín Deliverable ID D7.7 Deliverable Nature Report Dissemination Level Public Contractual Date of Delivery Project Month 44(31st May, 2019) Actual Date of Delivery 25th June, 2019 Description of Deliverable Update on "Hardware Developments III" (Deliverable 7.5) which covers: - Report on hardware developments that will affect the scientific areas of inter- est to E-CAM and detailed feedback to the project software developers (STFC); - discussion of project software needs with hardware and software vendors, completion of survey of what is already available for particular hardware plat- forms (CNRS); and, - detailed output from direct face-to-face session between the project end- users, developers and hardware vendors (ICHEC). Document Control Information Title: Hardware developments IV ID: D7.7 Version: As of June, 2019 Document Status: Accepted by WP leader Available at: https://www.e-cam2020.eu/deliverables Document history: Internal Project Management Link Review Review Status: Reviewed Written by: Alan Ó Cais(JSC) Contributors: Jony Castagna (STFC), Godehard Sutmann (JSC) Authorship Reviewed by: Jony Castagna (STFC) Approved by: Godehard Sutmann (JSC) Document Keywords Keywords: E-CAM, HPC, Hardware, CECAM, Materials 25th June, 2019 Disclaimer:This deliverable has been prepared by the responsible Work Package of the Project in accordance with the Consortium Agreement and the Grant Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative AMD Handheld Technology – the Ultimate Visual Experience™ Anywhere –
    MEDIA BACKGROUNDER Innovative AMD Handheld Technology – The Ultimate Visual Experience™ Anywhere – AMD Vision AMD has a vision of a new era of mobile entertainment, bringing all the capabilities of a camera, camcorder, music player and 3D gaming console to mobile phones, smart phones and tomorrow’s converged portable devices. This vision is quickly becoming reality. Mass adoption of image and video sharing sites like YouTube, as well as the growing popularity of camera phones and personalized media services, are several trends that demonstrate ever-increasing consumer demand for “always connected” multimedia. And consumers have demonstrated a willingness to pay for sophisticated devices and services that deliver immersive, media-rich experiences. This increasing appetite for mobile multimedia makes it more important than ever for device manufacturers to quickly deliver the latest multimedia features – without significantly increasing design and manufacturing costs. AMD in Mobile Multimedia With the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, AMD expanded beyond its traditional realm of PC computing to become a powerhouse in multimedia processing technologies. Building on more than 20 years of graphics and multimedia expertise, AMD is a leading supplier of media processors to the handheld market with nearly 250 million AMD Imageon™ media processors shipped to date. Furthermore, AMD is a significant source of mobile intellectual property (IP), licensing graphics technology to semiconductor suppliers. AMD provides customers with a top-to-bottom family of cutting-edge audio, video, imaging, graphics and mobile TV products. The scalable AMD technology platforms are based on open industry standards, and are designed for maximum performance with low power consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • ATI Radeon™ HD 2000 Series Technology Overview
    C O N F I D E N T I A L ATI Radeon™ HD 2000 Series Technology Overview Richard Huddy Worldwide DevRel Manager, AMD Graphics Products Group Introducing the ATI Radeon™ HD 2000 Series ATI Radeon™ HD 2900 Series – Enthusiast ATI Radeon™ HD 2600 Series – Mainstream ATI Radeon™ HD 2400 Series – Value 2 ATI Radeon HD™ 2000 Series Highlights Technology leadership Cutting-edge image quality features • Highest clock speeds – up to 800 MHz • Advanced anti-aliasing and texture filtering capabilities • Highest transistor density – up to 700 million transistors • Fast High Dynamic Range rendering • Lowest power for mobile • Programmable Tessellation Unit 2nd generation unified architecture ATI Avivo™ HD technology • Superscalar design with up to 320 stream • Delivering the ultimate HD video processing units experience • Optimized for Dynamic Game Computing • HD display and audio connectivity and Accelerated Stream Processing DirectX® 10 Native CrossFire™ technology • Massive shader and geometry processing • Superior multi-GPU support performance • Enabling the next generation of visual effects 3 The March to Reality Radeon HD 2900 Radeon X1950 Radeon Radeon X1800 X800 Radeon Radeon 9700 9800 Radeon 8500 Radeon 4 2nd Generation Unified Shader Architecture y Development from proven and successful Command Processor Sha S “Xenos” design (XBOX 360 graphics) V h e ade der Programmable r t Settupup e x al Z Tessellator r I Scan Converter / I n C ic n s h • New dispatch processor handling thousands of Engine ons Rasterizer Engine d t c r e r u x ar e c t f
    [Show full text]
  • GPU4S: Embedded Gpus in Space
    © 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. “The final publication is available at: DOI: 10.1109/DSD.2019.00064 GPU4S: Embedded GPUs in Space Leonidas Kosmidis∗,Jer´ omeˆ Lachaizey, Jaume Abella∗ Olivier Notebaerty, Francisco J. Cazorla∗;z, David Steenarix ∗Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain yAirbus Defence and Space, France zSpanish National Research Council (IIIA-CSIC), Spain xEuropean Space Agency, The Netherlands Abstract—Following the same trend of automotive and avion- in space [1][2]. Those studies concluded that although their ics, the space domain is witnessing an increase in the on-board energy efficiency is high, their power consumption is an order computing performance demands. This raise in performance of magnitude higher than the limited power budget of a space needs comes from both control and payload parts of the space- craft and calls for advanced electronics able to provide high system, which is limited to a couple of Watts. computational power under the constraints of the harsh space Interestingly, GPUs entered in the embedded domain to environment. On the non-technical side, for strategic reasons it is satisfy the increasing demand for multimedia-based hand- mandatory to get European independence on the used computing held and consumer devices such as smartphones, in-vehicle technology. In this project, which is still in its early phases, we entertainment systems, televisions, set-top boxes etc.
    [Show full text]
  • From a Programmable Pipeline to an Efficient Stream Processor
    Computation on GPUs: From a Programmable Pipeline to an Efficient Stream Processor João Luiz Dihl Comba 1 Carlos A. Dietrich1 Christian A. Pagot1 Carlos E. Scheidegger1 Resumo: O recente desenvolvimento de hardware gráfico apresenta uma mu- dança na implementação do pipeline gráfico, de um conjunto fixo de funções, para programas especiais desenvolvidos pelo usuário que são executados para cada vértice ou fragmento. Esta programabilidade permite implementações de diversos algoritmos diretamente no hardware gráfico. Neste tutorial serão apresentados as principais técnicas relacionadas a implementação de algoritmos desta forma. Serão usados exemplos baseados em artigos recentemente publicados. Através da revisão e análise da contribuição dos mesmos, iremos explicar as estratégias por trás do desenvolvimento de algoritmos desta forma, formando uma base que permita ao leitor criar seus próprios algoritmos. Palavras-chave: Hardware Gráfico Programável, GPU, Pipeline Gráfico Abstract: The recent development of graphics hardware is presenting a change in the implementation of the graphics pipeline, from a fixed set of functions, to user- developed special programs to be executed on a per-vertex or per-fragment basis. This programmability allows the efficient implementation of different algorithms directly on the graphics hardware. In this tutorial we will present the main techniques that are involved in implementing algorithms in this fashion. We use several test cases based on recently published pa- pers. By reviewing and analyzing their contribution, we explain the reasoning behind the development of the algorithms, establishing a common ground that allow readers to create their own novel algorithms. Keywords: Programmable Graphics Hardware, GPU, Graphics Pipeline 1UFRGS, Instituto de Informática, Caixa Postal 15064, 91501-970 Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil e-mail: {comba, cadietrich, capagot, carlossch}@inf.ufrgs.br Este trabalho foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES, CNPq e FAPERGS.
    [Show full text]
  • Rendering with 3D Vision Stereo Or Mono: More Case Studies
    Outline NVIDIA 3D Vision™ Stereoscopic driver & HW display solutions Stereoscopy Basics Definitions and equations Rendering with 3D Vision What & how to render in stereo mode Issues and Solutions Issues encountered in real games and our solutions gameworks.nvidia.com What does it offer? How it works? gameworks.nvidia.com 3D Movies 120 Hz LCDs Dimensionalized Experience 3D Pictures 3D DLP HDTVs 3D Games 3D Projectors The programmability of the GPU allows NVIDIA to import any 3D data format and decode, convert, or transform the data for viewing on a 3D-Ready displays. 3D Webcast Anaglyph 3D gameworks.nvidia.com NVIDIA 3D Vision Stereo Support GeForce Stereo Driver Vista & Win7 D3D9 / D3D10 Quadro GeForce features Professional OpenGL Stereo Quad Buffer Multiple synchronized stereo displays Multi-platform 3D Vision and many other stereo displays gameworks.nvidia.com NVIDIA 3D Vision NVIDIA 3D Vision Solutions NVIDIA 3D Vision Discover NVIDIA 3D Vision Bundled with select NVIDIA GPUs for a sneak Sold as a complete kit for full HD Availability peak at stereoscopic 3D stereoscopic 3D 3D Glasses type NVIDIA optmized anaglyph (red/cyan) Wireless Shutter glasses Anaglyph with optimized color and image 3D Mode Page flip 120 Hz & checkerboard pattern 3D processing on the GPU Color Fidelity Limited Color Full Color Display requirements All desktop LCD and CRT displays 3D-Vision-Ready displays NVIDIA GeForce GPU GeForce 8 series and higher GeForce 8 series and higher Microsoft Windows Vista Microsoft Windows Vista Operating System Microsoft Windows 7 Microsoft Windows 7 View 3D pictures Y Y Watch 3D movies Y Y Play real-time 3D games Y Y 3D consumer applicaiton Y Y gameworks.nvidia.com NVIDIA 3D Vision How It Works 3D game data is sent to stereoscopic driver The driver takes the 3D game data and renders each scene twice – once for the left eye and once for the right eye.
    [Show full text]