First World War Open-Air Museums Museums Open-Air War World First Discovering FIRST WORLD WAR WORLD FIRST Chronological Line the First World War
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12 HOW AND WHERE HOW 11 and itineraries in Friuli Venezia Giulia Venezia Friuli in itineraries and Discovering First World War open-air museums museums open-air War World First Discovering FIRST WORLD WAR WORLD FIRST Chronological Line The First World War Year 1914 10 09 28th June 1914 30th July 1914 3rd August 1914 During a visit to Sarajevo, Archduke Franz Russia, politically and ethnically close to Although it was part of the Triple Alliance, Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria- Serbia, mobilizes its troops. Italy proclaims itself neutral and does not Hungary, is assassinated with his wife by take part in the first year of war. Gavrilo Princip, a young Serbian nationalist. 1st August 1914 Germany, tied to Austria-Hungary by the 4th August 1914 28th July 1914 Triple Alliance, alerts its army and declares After the German attack to Belgium (that Austria-Hungary, convinced of Serbia’s in- war on Russia and on its ally, France. had declared itself neutral), Great Britain, volvement in this attack, declares war on the too, enters the war next to the Triple Entente latter after the expiration of the hard ultima- (with France and Russia). tum sent 5 days before. Year 1915 26th April 1915 the ridge between the Isonzo and Judrio riv- Hungarian counterattack is victorious and While tough battles are taking place on Eu- ers and the municipalities of Cormons, Cer- the positions do not change. Other actions rope’s eastern and western fronts, a heated vignano and Grado. are concentrated in the areas of Mount Sab- debate between neutralists and interven- otino and of Mount Nero. tionists begins in Italy. This ends with the 9th June 1915 signing of the Treaty of London in which Italy The so-called “White war” begins, that is to 18th October / 4th November 1915 joins the Triple Entente. In case of victory, say, the fights on the front of Adamello, char- The 3rd Battle on the Isonzo includes a new Italy was to obtain various territorial gains, acterised by very harsh ground and climate Italian attack in the areas of Doberdò del among which Trento, Trieste, the Julian considering the altitudes (about 3000 metres). Lago, Monfalcone and of Mounts Podgora, March, Istria (except for Rijeka) and part of San Michele and Sabotino. Once again the Dalmatia. 23rd June / 7th July 1915 Austro-Hungarian army repels the attack The 1st Battle on the Isonzo takes place, the despite the great losses. 08 07 23rd May 1915 objectives of which were the attack towards Italy officially declares war on the Austro-Hun- Tolmino, Gorizia and the Karst. The Austro- 10th November / 2nd December 1915 garian Empire. A new front opens, which goes Hungarian defence is very effective, letting The 4th Battle on the Isonzo takes place from the Stelvio to the Karst. The Commander people predict that on this front a war of along the whole river line. Gorizia, consid- of the Italian army is Gen. Luigi Cadorna. attrition - and not of movement - would be ered an important supply centre for the fought. troops of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire is 24th May 1915 heavily bombed by the Italians. The arrival of At the beginning of the hostilities the Ital- 18th July / 3rd August 1915 winter interrupts the operations on the front. ian troops break through almost anywhere The 2nd Battle on the Isonzo features the across the border. On the Isonzo front they conquest, for one night, of Mount San conquer the valley of Caporetto (Kobarid), Michele by the Italian troops. The Austro- AUSTRIA AUSTRIA Year 1916 Arta Terme Tarvisio th th A23 9 March / 15 March 1916 the Isonzo front. In spite of this, the Austro- aimed at directing the objective towards Tri- Tolmezzo The 5th Battle on the Isonzo lasts one week Hungarian army uses some cylinders of este. However, the attack on the Karst, in only considering the weather and ground toxic gases against the Italian army causing the area of Castagnevizza did not lead to any Gemona del Friuli SLOVENIA about 2500 dead and 4000 injured people in significant result. Dolomiti Friulane Europa conditions. The main attacks (on the Karst, in San Martino and in the area of Tolmino) very short time. have no effect. 9th October / 12th October 1916 San Daniele Cividale 06 Piancavallo del Friuli del Friuli Regione 4th August / 17th August 1916 In the 8th Battle on the Isonzo, always in the Spilimbergo Friuli Venezia Giulia UDINE SLOVENIA 15th May / 27th June 1916 In the 6th Battle on the Isonzo the Italian area of Doberdò, the Austro-Hungarian army Palù di Livenza PORDENONE Italia On the plateau of Asiago, after a long prepa- army conquers the city of Gorizia after at- falls back some hundreds of metres, stop- Palmanova GORIZIA 05 ration, an Austrian offensive breaks out, tacking the surrounding rises, in particular ping in the area of Mount Ermada. A28 A4 which is defined Strafexpedition (punitive Mount Podgora. TREVISO Aeroporto FVG st h A4 Ronchi dei Legionari expedition). With much difficulty the Italian 31 October / 4t November 1916 Aquileia troops manage to re-establish the front and 28th August 1916 The 9th Battle on the Isonzo is the third at- VENEZIA block the important action that aimed at de- Declaration of war to Germany. tempt by the Italian Army to break through Lignano SLOVENIA scending in the Venetian plain. the Karst area of the Valley of Brestovizza, Grado Sabbiadoro TRIESTE 14th September / 18th September 1916 between Doberdò and Mount Ermada, but 29th June 1916 The 7th Battle on the Isonzo is a new Italian without significant results. offensive that, after the conquest of Gorizia, - Aquileia - - Dolomiti Friulane - - Cividale del Friuli - - Palù di Livenza - 04 In June minor actions are carried out on IO M NIO M ON U O UN ONIO MU NIO M M N IM D M N O UN I D R I D IM D R I T IA R I R T A T A T IA A L A L A L • A L • P P • P • • • P • W W • W W L L L L O O A O A A O A I I I R R I R R D D L L D L D L D D N N D N D N O H O H O H H O E M E M E M R R E M E I E R E R IT T N I I E A IN A I TA IN T N G O G O G O A I E • IM E • IM E • M G O PATR PATR PATRI E • PATRIM Year 1917 United Nations Archaeological Area and United Nations The Dolomites United Nations Longobards in Italy. United Nations Prehistoric Pile dwellings Educational, Scientific and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia Educational, Scientific and inscribed on the World Educational, Scientific and Places of the power (568-774 A.D.) Educational, Scientific and around the Alps Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Cultural Organization Heritage List in 2009 Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998 Heritage List in 2011 Heritage List in 2011 12th May / 5th June 1917: With the 10th Battle most imposing due to the number of men, 28th October 1917: The Austro-Hungarian on the Isonzo the Italian attack begins again features a new Italian attack along the whole troops enter Udine. HOW TO GET THERE 03 with the aim of reaching Trieste and strength- frontline. Nevertheless, the Austro-Hungar- ening the occupation of Gorizia. With an at- ian defence resists, especially in the areas of 30th October / 2nd November 1917 BY CAR BY PLANE BY TRAIN tack along the whole line the Italian troops Mounts San Gabriele and Ermada. The last attempt to stop the enemy advance Motorways Regional Airport of Trieste www.trenitalia.it 02 01 advance slowly but a powerful enemy coun- is carried out in Ragogna. However, the Ital- A4 Torino - Trieste 40 km from Trieste and Udine Call Centre 89.20.21 terattack makes these conquests vain. 24th October 1917 ian army is defeated again and, therefore, A23 Palmanova - Udine - Tarvisio 15 km from Gorizia An Austro-Hungarian offensive, supported the front is moved even further back, on the 80 km from Pordenone A28 Portogruaro - Conegliano 10th / 25th June 1917: the battle of Ortigara by the German ally, manages to break Piave River. www.aeroporto.fvg.it tries to break through the Austro-Hungarian through the Italian line in the area of Capo- MAP KEY defence line in the Seven Communities to retto (Kobarid) and to head towards the Nati- 9th November 1917: General Cadorna is re- Design and Creation: Five Zone Udine _ Cartography: LAC Firenze_ Printing: Grafiche Risma - Pordenone _Texts by Agenzia TurismoFVG Translation by: D’Agostini Organizzazione Dipartimento linguistico Dagoservice_Photographs: Archivio Turismo FVG, G. Menis, M. Mantini, S. Stok, P. Bumbaca, M. Piteo. reconquer some areas lost after the Straf- sone Valleys and Friuli’s plain. It is defined placed with Armando Diaz. Border in the year 1915 expedition. However, the attack is not suc- as the defeat of Caporetto. cessful and for various days a real slaughter 13th November / 26th November 1917 takes place. Over 6 thousand Italian soldiers 27th October 1917 After the retreat from Cadore as well, the TOURIST INFORMATION Front after 1st - 2nd Battle on the Isonzo die on the last day of battle. The chaotic retreat of the Italian Army and, at Italian Army manages to oppose a new the same time, of the civil population as well, Austrian offensive that aimed at the area of AGENZIA TURISMOFVG INFOPOINT TURISMOFVG di Gorizia INFOPOINT TURISMOFVG di Tolmezzo Front after 6th Battle on the Isonzo 17th August / 31st August 1917 begins.