Handbook of Psychocardiology

Marlies E. Alvarenga • Don Byrne Editors

With 95 Figures and 36 Tables Editors Marlies E. Alvarenga Don Byrne MonashHEART, Monash Cardiovascular ANU Medical School Research Centre College of Medicine Biology and Monash Health and Department of Medicine Environment, Australia National University (SCS at Monash) Canberra, ACT, Australia Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia

ISBN 978-981-287-205-0 ISBN 978-981-287-206-7 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-287-207-4 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-206-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936690

# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. Foreword

The phrase “hearts and minds” rolls off the tongue with ease and a conviction that the two are faithfully linked. Risk factors for heart, stroke, and vascular disease have deeply rooted social and behavioral determinants. People with depression or other major psychiatric illness are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease either de novo or as a consequence of the treatment they receive. People with acute cardiac disease are faced with the possibility of mortality or future disability and it is no surprise this carries a significant psychological burden. This is a complex two-way relationship. Our knowledge of psychocardiology is increasing rapidly as new tools become available and the new biology including imaging, omics, and other techniques are applied to help unravel the links between brain function, the autonomic nervous system, and the circulation. This book is very timely in addressing a fast moving field where there are significant challenges for the future. The burden of cardiovascular disease is increasing worldwide associated with development, the stresses associated with globalization, and the socioeconomic gradients that occur. Obesity is on the rise and its metabolic consequences including diabetes are closely related to behavior and to future cardiac and vascular diseases. In developed economies, increasing longevity is giving rise to concerns about the future burden of dementia. About half of dementia is vascular in origin and the risk factors for the other half overlap closely with the classical cardiovascular risk factors. These and many other subjects are dealt with in this book. Professor Byrne and Dr. Alvarenga have made significant contributions to the field themselves and they have assembled an impressive list of authors to produce a comprehensive resource for all those interested in the field. The book provides a firm basis for the development of the science of cardiac psychology in the opening section, providing a historical perspective, an outline of the causes, pathophysiology, and role of tobacco smoking, alcohol, and other lifestyle aspects. This is followed by an account of the psychopathology associated with cardiovascular disease, including depression, anxiety, and stress as well as psychoses and more specific and contemporary issues such as posttraumatic stress, occupational stress, and the stress associated with cardiac disease itself and its various remedies, particularly surgery. Special populations are particularly

v vi Foreword susceptible to both cardiovascular disease and depression, and there are chapters on indigenous populations, refugees, the poor, and the homeless. These well-known social determinants of cardiovascular disease are most likely linked by stress, depression, and associated factors. Controversies on personality and propensity to develop heart disease are the subject of other chapters of the book. Finally, there is an ambitious attempt to explain these associations through the neurobiology of psychology and of cardiovascular disease. This is a comprehensive examination of a complex but important issue, and the editors have not shirked any of the innate, social, psychological, or biomedical factors involved. It will no doubt ﬁnd a place as a valuable resource for all those interested in the ﬁeld, crossing disciplinary boundaries and stimulating new work in the area.

Garry Jennings Melbourne, Australia Preface

In September 2008, the inaugural Heart and Mind: Psychogenic Cardiovascular Disease Conference was held in the beautiful town of Prato in central Italy. The conference was held under the auspices of the (then) Baker Heart Research Institute (now the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute) in Melbourne, Australia, and was the product of a fruitful collaboration between an eminent cardiologist (Professor Murray Esler) and a clinical psychologist (Dr. Marlies E. Alvarenga). The conference brought together a truly international participation of around 150 active scientists and clinicians from diverse disciplinary backgrounds to consider the evidence linking psychological factors with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the proceed- ings were published in a Special Issue of the journal Stress and Health (Volume 24, Issue 3) under the editorship of Professor Graham Burrows, a psychiatrist. Two further meetings of what had by then become simply and fondly known as the Prato Conference were held in 2010 and 2012, and extended this collegial sharing of knowledge and wisdom to define in clear terms the new and exciting field of psychocardiology. The two editors of this current volume had the significant privilege (and the great pleasure) of taking part in both the inaugural and subsequent Prato Conferences, and from those meetings – and many other discussions we had between 2008 and 2010 – the idea that this knowledge and wisdom should be tapped, documented, and put between hard covers was born. The Handbook of Psychocardiology then is to our knowledge the only currently available compendium of evidence and practice which has both systematically and comprehensively addressed the role of psychological and behavioral factors, broadly defined, in the genesis, clinical course, and management of CVD. In bringing this about, the Handbook has striven to address four areas in the overall domain of CVD – epidemiology, stress and psychopathology, psychobiological mechanisms, and patient management – which, on the face of it, may appear to be quite separate, but which (we believe) are intricately interrelated to one another. And in brining this material together, we have held as our dominant objective the establishment of psychocardiology as an emerging force majeure in the field of CVD. To achieve this, it has been our aim from the very beginning – and one in which we believe we have well succeeded – to seek chapters from scientists and clinicians of preeminent international distinction in each of the fields of the basic biomedical sciences, cardiology and cardiovascular biology (of course), psychiatry and psychology, and

vii viii Preface epidemiology. We have sought to question the rigidity of the boundaries between these disciplinary areas and to suggest, instead, that those boundaries are in fact surprisingly porous. We (as the Handbook’s editors) see the field of psychocardiology as a truly constructive intermingling of these seemingly separate areas of investigation and discourse – a new field in which the Gestalt principle is beautifully illustrated, that the whole is indeed greater than the sum of the parts. But naturally, the success of this objective will be for the reader to judge. In our respective careers in psychocardiology, we have each, at various times, been so fortunate to have been in the company of some real giants in the area. One of us (MA) has had the benefit of working closely with Professor Murray Esler, and his quite pioneering research on bringing cardiology together with psychology has been inspirational. And for the other of us (DB), the opportunity some time ago to have researched and published with one of the true (perhaps grand) parents of cardiac psychology, the late Dr. Ray Rosenman, was an undeserved but deeply appreciated privilege, and a formative experience never to be forgotten. A number of colleagues generously reviewed chapter content for us, and we are grateful in particular to Professor Murray Esler (Prof. Murray D. Esler, Senior Director, BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia) and Dr. Miguel A. Fernandez Rubio (Dr. Miguel A. Fernandez Rubio, Unit Head, Youth ELMHS, and Consultant Psychiatrist, RAPP Team, Monash Health, Mel- bourne, Australia) for clear reviews of chapters where the formal content exceeded our levels of expertise. At a more informal level, very useful comments on some chapters were given to us by a number of friends and colleagues in the area, and we are also grateful to each for their valuable input. We also consider it a matter of great fortune to have been accepted by a publisher as prominent in the field as Springer. The Handbook was commissioned by Dr. Mokshika Gaur and we are grateful indeed that she first saw merit in the work and then placed her faith in us to bring it to a successful conclusion. The Springer editorial team (Ms. Keerthi Sudevan, Ms. Nivedita Baroi, and Ms. Indu MG) have been an outstanding support to us throughout the publication process – and we could not have been blessed with a more consummately professional group. Their organi- zational skills, editorial acumen, attention to details which had escaped us, and so importantly their exceptional patience when progress did not seem to be happening at our end of the enterprise was so often able to allay our own frequent anxiety that the work would never quite come together. And so we thank you – each of you – so much! A work such as this Handbook would not, however, have come together at all had it not been for the scholarly efforts of our authors. As one might expect from a work of this magnitude, there are so many of them to thank. As working scientists and clinicians ourselves, we well know the pressures that face eminent and productive people in universities and health care facilities across the world. There are always often dauntingly large numbers of students to teach and supervise, grant applications to write, data to collect and papers to publish, patients to treat with great skill and care, and seemingly endless administrative tasks to complete. Yet in the face of this workload, our authors generously shared with us their scholarship, their experience, Preface ix and their own particular visions for psychocardiology. And from our own experience, where scholarly writing has often taken precedence over relaxation, we confidently predict that their contributions to the Handbook were so often done “out of hours.” We are sincerely grateful to them for this – and it is on such willingly shared wisdom that the Handbook’s value to cardiac psychology will ultimately stand.

September 2015 Don Byrne Canberra Marlies E. Alvarenga Melbourne

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Foundations of Cardiac Psychology ...... 1

Psychogenesis and Heart Disease Now: The Thinking Heart in Action ...... 3 Don Byrne and Marlies E. Alvarenga Cardiac Psychology: Ancient and Modern History ...... 13 Murray Esler and Rosemary Schwarz Fundamentals of Cardiology for the Non-Cardiologist ...... 21 Bo Xu, Michael Stokes, and Ian Meredith Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease ...... 45 Christopher Reid and Alice Owen Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Role of Lifestyle ...... 65 Gautam Vaddadi Smoking and Cardiovascular Risk: Role of Stress in the Genesis of Smoking Behavior ...... 79 Don Byrne and Jason Mazanov Smoking and Cardiovascular Risk: Role of Personality in Adolescent Smoking ...... 99 Jason Mazanov and Don Byrne Alcohol and Cardiovascular Risk ...... 119 Shalini Arunogiri and Dan Lubman

Part II Stress, Psychopathology, and Cardiovascular Disease .... 141

Stress: Concepts, Models, and Measures ...... 143 Unni Karin Moksnes and Geir Arild Espnes

xi xii Contents

Stress and Cardiovascular Reactivity ...... 163 Anna C. Phillips

Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: Psychobiological Mechanisms ...... 179 Arup Kumar Dhar, Gavin William Lambert, and David Anthony Barton

Stress, Depression, and Cardiovascular Risk in Children ...... 191 Don Byrne, Lisa Olive, and Rohan Telford

Childhood Stress, Emotional Distress, and Cardiovascular Function in Adolescents ...... 213 Lisa Olive, Don Byrne, Richard Telford, Walter Abhayaratna, and Rohan Telford

Bereavement and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease ...... 229 Roger Bartrop, Thomas Buckley, and Geoffrey H. Toﬂer

Anxiety and Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology and Proposed Mechanisms ...... 247 Marlies E. Alvarenga and Don Byrne

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease . . . 265 Viola Vaccarino and J. Douglas Bremner

Natural Disasters and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease ...... 283 Julie Zarifeh and Roger Mulder

Psychoses and Cardiovascular Disease: The Heart and Mind of the Matter ...... 303 Peter Bosanac and David Castle

Occupational Stress and Cardiovascular Disease ...... 317 Don Byrne and Geir Arild Espnes

Disorders of Sleep and Cardiovascular Disease ...... 335 Matthew T. Naughton

Psychogenic Hypertension ...... 361 Murray Esler

Stress Cardiomyopathy ...... 375 Ilan S. Wittstein

Congenital Heart Diseases ...... 407 Massimo Chessa and Fatma Aboalsoud Taha

Psychosocial Aspects of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease ...... 439 Edward Callus and Emilia Quadri Contents xiii

The Interaction Between Psychological Health and Valvular Heart Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Course, and Treatment ...... 453 Robert Gooley, Ian Meredith, and James Cameron The Psychosocial Impact of Syncope ...... 475 Gautam Vaddadi and Marlies E. Alvarenga Psychological Responses to Acute Coronary Syndrome ...... 487 Alyna Turner and Adrienne O’Neil Anxiety, Depression, and Psychological Adjustment After an Acute Cardiac Event ...... 511 Barbara M. Murphy, Rosemary O. Higgins, and Alun C. Jackson Quality of Life in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction ...... 533 Magdalena Anna Lazarewicz, Dorota Wlodarczyk, and Geir Arild Espnes Psychological Consultation for Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Deﬁbrillator: Confounding Challenges of Cardiac Disease, Technology, and the Patient Experience ...... 551 Amanda Whited, Samuel F. Sears, John Cahill, and Mihail G. Chelu Psychological Effects of Invasive Cardiac Surgery and Cardiac Transplantation ...... 567 Marra G. Ackerman and Peter A. Shapiro Cognitive Impairment After Cardiac Surgery: Confounding Factors and Recommendations for Improved Practice ...... 585 Kathryn M. Bruce, Gregory W. Yelland, Julian A. Smith, and Stephen R. Robinson

Volume 2

Part III Personality, the Social Environment, and Cardiovascular Disease ...... 629

Personality and Cardiovascular Disease: Overview ...... 631 George D. Bishop Type A Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease ...... 645 Geir Arild Espnes and Don Byrne Anger, Hostility, and Cardiovascular Disease in the Context of Interpersonal Relationships ...... 665 Ephrem Fernandez and Timothy W. Smith Gender Differences in Psychological Risk Factors for Development of Heart Disease ...... 685 Geir Arild Espnes, Camilla Nguyen, and Don Byrne xiv Contents

Stress and Social Support in Cardiovascular Disease ...... 701 Kristina Orth-Gomér Mental Health and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Refugees ...... 713 Harry Minas Social Disadvantage and Cardiovascular Disease Risk ...... 727 Steinar Krokstad, Erik R. Sund, Linda Ernstsen, and Jostein Holmen

Part IV Psychology and Cardiovascular Biology: The Linking Mechanisms ...... 745

Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Cardiovascular Disease ...... 747 Gavin Lambert and Murray Esler Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Stress, and Cardiovascular Risk ...... 759 Yrsa Bergmann Sverrisdóttir Immunology, Inﬂammation, Mental Disorders, and Cardiovascular Risk ...... 769 Bernhard T. Baune Genetics and Epigenetics in Cardiac Psychology ...... 789 Richard Bayles and Assam El-Osta Gene-Environment Interactions, Stress, and Depression ...... 807 Sarah Cohen-Woods and Kaitlin Nicole Harkess Diabetes, Depression, and Cardiovascular Risk ...... 831 Marcel Adriaanse and Frans Pouwer Insulin Resistance, Glucose Regulation, Obesity, and Mood ...... 849 Richard Keegan and Nenad Naumovski Animal Models of Psychogenic Cardiovascular Disorders ...... 873 Eugene Nalivaiko, Luca Carnevali, Angela J. Grippo, and Andrea Sgoifo Nonlinear Analyses of Data in Cardiovascular Physiology and Epidemiology ...... 897 Robert A.M. Gregson

Part V Psychological Management of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease ...... 913

Psychosocial Interventions for Patients After a Cardiac Event ...... 915 Alun C. Jackson, Barbara M. Murphy, Chantal F. Ski, and David R. Thompson Contents xv

Treatment of Anxiety Within the Practice of Cardiology ...... 935 Aanchal Sood, Marlies E. Alvarenga, and James A. Blumenthal Psychological and Behavioral Contributions to Rehabilitation and Recovery in Heart Disease ...... 957 David M. Clarke, Dinali N. Perera, and Melissa F. Casey Adding Psychological Intervention to High-Tech Care for Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Deﬁbrillators ...... 981 Lindsey Rosman, Amanda Whited, Jessica H. Ford, Raj Nekkanti, John Cahill and Samuel F. Sears In-Hospital Management of Psychological Responses to Acute Cardiac Events ...... 997 Marian Una Worcester Mindfulness- and Meditation-Based Healthcare Approach Implications for Prevention, Detection, and Treatment in Cardiology ...... 1023 Graham Meadows and Frances Shawyer Psychopharmacology in the Treatment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease ...... 1043 Scott R. Beach, Christopher M. Celano, Jeff C. Huffman, and Theodore A. Stern Impact of Cardiac Medications on Mood ...... 1061 Geoffrey A. Head

Part VI Lifestyle Management in Cardiovascular Disease: Prevention and Secondary Intervention ...... 1075 Changing Lifestyle Behaviors to Improve the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease ...... 1077 Brian Oldenburg, Shaira Baptista, Fiona Cocker, and Adrienne O’Neil Physical Activity and Recovery from Cardiovascular Disease: A Psychological Perspective ...... 1095 Vicki Myers and Yariv Gerber Obesity: Its Relationship with Cardiovascular Disease and Management ...... 1109 Elizabeth Rieger

Part VII The Summing Up: From Evidence to Practice ...... 1125 Psychocardiology Now and Where the Evidence Promises to Take Us in the Future: A Summing Up ...... 1127 Marlies E. Alvarenga and Don Byrne Index ...... 1145

About the Editors

Marlies E. Alvarenga Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre Monash Health and Department of Medicine (SCS at Monash) Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Marlies E. Alvarenga is a Clinical Psychologist, a Senior Lecturer with the School of Public Health, Monash University, and consultant cardiac psychologist at the Monash Cardiovascular Centre and MonashHEART within Monash Health and the Department of Medicine. She is the former Director of the Monash Clinical Psychology Centre at Monash University and current Director of the Medipsych Clinical Psychology Clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Alvarenga holds a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, a Masters in Public Health as well as undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Science and Education. She is a member of the Australian Psychological Society and the College of Clinical Psychology. Her main area of interest is in cardiac neurosciences and psychosomatic research. Dr. Alvarenga has published on national and international journals focusing on the link between stress, mental illness, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. She also lectures and supervises in the area of cardiac psychology, both within the School of Medicine and Psychology at various universities in Australia. She is also a past co-convener of the BakerIDI’s Heart and Mind International Conference on psychogenic heart disease. Dr. Alvarenga is also an active practicing clinician.

xvii xviii About the Editors

Don Byrne ANU Medical School Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia

Don Byrne is a Clinical Psychologist, and is now an Emeritus Professor of the Australian National Univer- sity in Canberra and a Visiting Fellow in the ANU Medical School. Prior to his retirement in July 2014, he was Foundation Director of the Research School of Psychology at the ANU, and over the past two decades he has held a number of senior positions in academic administration in the Univer- sity, including Head of the School of Psychology, Director of the School of Health and Psychological Sciences, and Interim Dean of the Faculty of Science. Professor Byrne holds doctorates from both the University of Adelaide (Ph.D.) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Doctor Honoris Causa). He is an elected Fellow of both the Australian Psychological Society and the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, and he has authored, coauthored, or coedited 13 books (the Handbook of Psychocardiology makes the 14th) and around 150 commissioned book chapters or peer-reviewed papers in scholarly journals both in psychology and medicine. Professor Byrne’s research has focused largely on the interface between psychology and physical illness, much of this related to identifying and treating psychological risk for cardiovascular disease. He continues to be active in research and currently sits on the Advisory Board of the Centre for Research in Health Promotion at the Norwegian University of Science and Technol- ogy in Trondheim, where he is also an Honorary Professor. List of Contributors

Walter Abhayaratna ANU Medical School, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Garran, Canberra, ACT, Australia Academic Unit of Internal Medicine, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Canberra, ACT, Australia Marra G. Ackerman New York–Presbyterian Hospital, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Marcel Adriaanse Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marlies E. Alvarenga MonashHEART, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Health and Department of Medicine (SCS at Monash), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Shalini Arunogiri Turning Point, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia Shaira Baptista Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The Univer- sity of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia David Anthony Barton Human Neurotransmitters Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Nursing Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Roger Bartrop Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School–Northern, St Leonards, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Mental Health, Blacktown–Mt Druitt Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia Bernhard T. Baune Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

xix xx List of Contributors

Richard Bayles Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm UMR-S1148, Paris, France Scott R. Beach Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Warren 605, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA George D. Bishop Division of Social Science, Yale–NUS College, Singapore, Singapore Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore James A. Blumenthal Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA Peter Bosanac St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia J. Douglas Bremner Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Mental Health Research, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Kathryn M. Bruce Department of Surgery, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia Thomas Buckley Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Don Byrne ANU Medical School, College of Medicine Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia ANU Medical School, Research School of Psychology, Australian National Univer- sity, Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia John Cahill Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Edward Callus Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato University Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Lombardy, Italy James Cameron MonashHeart, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Luca Carnevali Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy List of Contributors xxi

Melissa F. Casey Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia David Castle St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Christopher M. Celano Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospi- tal/Warren 605, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Mihail G. Chelu Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Massimo Chessa Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Centre, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato-University Hospital, San Donato Milanese (Milan), Lombardy, Italy David M. Clarke Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia Fiona Cocker Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Sarah Cohen-Woods Matthew Flinders Fellow, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia Arup Kumar Dhar Human Neurotransmitters Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Nursing Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Assam El-Osta Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Epigenomics Proﬁling Facility, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Central Clinical School, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Linda Ernstsen Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Nursing Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Murray Esler Human Neurotransmitters Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Geir Arild Espnes Center for Health Promotion Research, Department of Social Work and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia xxii List of Contributors

Ephrem Fernandez Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Jessica H. Ford Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Yariv Gerber School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel Robert Gooley MonashHeart, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Robert A. M. Gregson Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Angela J. Grippo Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL, USA Kaitlin Nicole Harkess School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia Geoffrey A. Head Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Rosemary O. Higgins Heart Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Jostein Holmen Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway Jeff C. Huffman Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Warren 605, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Alun C. Jackson Heart Research Centre, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia Centre on Behavioral Health, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Richard Keegan Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia Steinar Krokstad Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway Gavin William Lambert Human Neurotransmitters Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Nursing Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia List of Contributors xxiii

Magdalena Anna Lazarewicz Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Dan Lubman Turning Point, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia Jason Mazanov School of Business, UNSW-Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia Graham Meadows Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Clayton, VIC, Australia Ian Meredith MonashHeart, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia Southern Clinical School, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Harry Minas Global and Cultural Mental Health Unit, Melbourne Refugee Studies Program, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Unni Karin Moksnes Center for Health Promotion Research, Norwegian Univer- sity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Roger Mulder Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Barbara M. Murphy Heart Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia Vicki Myers School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel Eugene Nalivaiko School of Biomedical Sciences Flinders Medical Centre, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Matthew T. Naughton Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Nenad Naumovski School of Public Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia Raj Nekkanti Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA xxiv List of Contributors

Camilla Nguyen Center for Health Promotion Research, Department of Social Work and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Brian Oldenburg Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The Uni- versity of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Lisa Olive Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Adrienne O’Neil Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The Uni- versity of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, USA School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, USA IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, USA Kristina Orth-Gomér Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Alice Owen School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, CCRE Therapeu- tics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Dinali N. Perera Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia Anna C. Phillips Health Psychologist and Reader in Behavioural Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Frans Pouwer Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands Emilia Quadri Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Centre, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato University Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Lombardy, Italy Christopher Reid School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, CCRE Ther- apeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Elizabeth Rieger Research School of Psychology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra ACT, Australia Stephen R. Robinson School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia Lindsey Rosman Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Rosemary Schwarz Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia List of Contributors xxv

Samuel F. Sears Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Andrea Sgoifo Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Peter A. Shapiro Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Frances Shawyer Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Chantal F. Ski Centre for the Heart and Mind, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Julian A. Smith Department of Surgery, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia Timothy W. Smith Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Aanchal Sood Voice Psychologists and Allied Professionals, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Theodore A. Stern Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Warren 605, Boston, MA, USA Michael Stokes MonashHeart, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia Erik R. Sund Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway Yrsa Bergmann Sverrisdóttir Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Nufﬁeld Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Fatma Aboalsoud Taha Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt Richard Telford Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia Rohan Telford Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia David R. Thompson Centre for the Heart and Mind, Australian Catholic Univer- sity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Geoffrey H. Toﬂer Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Syd- ney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia xxvi List of Contributors

Alyna Turner IMPACT SRC, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Viola Vaccarino Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Gautam Vaddadi Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Amanda Whited Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Ilan S. Wittstein Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Dorota Wlodarczyk Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Marian Una Worcester School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Bo Xu MonashHeart, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia Gregory W. Yelland School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia Julie Zarifeh Consultation-Liaison Service, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand