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Nomination Background: Methylal (CASRN: 109-87-5)
SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION METHYLAL CAS NO. 109-87-5 BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE CSWG The nomination of methylal to the CSWG is based on high production volume and exposure potential. Dr. Elizabeth Weisburger, a member of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) TLV Committee as well as the Chemical Selection Working Group (CSWG), provided a list of 281 chemical substances with ACGIH recommended TLVs for which there were no long term studies cited in the supporting data and no designations with respect to carcinogenicity. She presented the list to the Chemical Selection Planning Group (CSPG) for evaluation as chemicals which may warrant chronic testing: it was affirmed at the CSPG meeting held on August 9, 1994, that the 281 "TLV Chemicals" be reviewed as a Class Study. As a result of the class study review, methylal is presented as a candidate for testing by the National Toxicology Program because of: • potential for occupational exposures based on high production volume (1.2-64 million lbs) and estimate of worker exposure • evidence of occupational exposures based on TLV and other literature documentation • potential for general population exposures based on use as a solvent in consumer products and occurrence in environmental media • suspicion of carcinogenicity based on potential for metabolic release of formaldehyde and positive mutagenicity data • lack of chronic toxicity data. SELECTION STATUS ACTION BY CSWG : 9/25/96 Studies requested : - Carcinogenicity Priority : Moderate to High Rationale/Remarks : - Potential for human exposure - Inhalation route recommended for testing - Consider transgenic mouse model (p53 or TGAC) INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INDUSTRY Dr. -
Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME)
Korean J. Chem. Eng., 34(2), 463-469 (2017) pISSN: 0256-1115 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0265-5 eISSN: 1975-7220 INVITED REVIEW PAPER Measurement and correlation of the isothermal VLE data for the binary mixtures of cyclopentene (CPEN)+cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) Wan Ju Jeong and Jong Sung Lim† Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, C.P.O. Box 1142, Seoul 04107, Korea (Received 2 August 2016 • accepted 20 September 2016) Abstract−The isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems of cyclopentene (1)+cyclopentyl methyl ether (2) were measured at 313.15, 323.15, 333.15, 343.15 and 353.15 K using a dynamic-type equilibrium apparatus and online gas chromatography analysis. For all the measured VLE data consistency tests were performed for the verifi- cation of data using Barker’s method and the ASPEN PLUS Area Test method. All the resulting average absolute val- δ γ γ ues of residuals [ ln ( 1/ 2)] for Barker’s method and D values for the ASPEN PLUS area test method were com- paratively small. So, the VLE data reported in this study are considered to be acceptable. This binary system shows neg- ative deviation from Raoult’s law and does not exhibit azeotropic behavior at whole temperature ranges studied here. The measured data were correlated with the P-R EoS using the Wong-Sandler mixing rule. The overall average relative deviation of pressure (ARD-P (%)) between experimental and calculated values was 0.078% and that of vapor phase compositions (ARD-y (%)) was 0.452%. Keywords: Vapor Liquid Equilibria (VLE), Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME), Cyclopentene (CPEN), Peng-Robinson Equation of State (PR-EoS), Wong-Sandler Mixing Rule (WS-MR) INTRODUCTION however, have some disadvantages because they use dimethyl sul- fate and methyl iodide as a reactant, respectively, which are muta- Ethers are widely used in organic chemistry and biochemistry. -
The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and Its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I
The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I Technical Report No. 95 ISSN-0773-8072-95 Brussels, February 2005 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man ECETOC TECHNICAL REPORT No. 95 © Copyright – ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility or liability and does not provide a warranty for any use or interpretation of the material contained in the publication. ECETOC TR No. 95 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man CONTENTS - VOLUMES I AND II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3 Recommendations for further work 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Conversion factors and physico-chemical properties 14 1.2 Production and use 14 1.2.1 Manufacture of ethylene-series glycol ethers 14 1.2.2 Manufacture of propylene-series glycol ethers 15 1.2.3 Uses 15 2. -
Formulating Water-Based Systems Y,Ith Propylene-Oxide Based Glycol Ethers
Formulating Water-Based Systems y,ith Propylene-Oxide Based Glycol Ethers Carmen l. Rodriguez and Julia Weathers-lyondell Chemical Company· Bernadette Corujo-Engineered Polymer Solutions Patricia Peterson-Avecia To camply with environmental regulations, formulators have reformulated to water-based systems using non-hazardous air pollutants (non-HAP) cosolvents and developed new resin technology. In fully formulated water-based systems, however, changing the solvent system to meet environmental regulations has wide ranging effects on viscosity, surface defects, film shrinkage, adhesion, and durability. Formulators often adjust paint viscosity by balancing the levels of cosolvents, surfactants, and rheology modifiers. Reformulating with non-HAPs solvents such as propylene oxide-based glycol ethers (PG-glycol ethers) helps reduce volah1e organic content WOC) to meet environmental compliance and eliminates HAPs reporting requirements. When replacing ethylene oxide-based glycol ethers (EG-glycol ethers) with their PG-glycol ethers, reformulation seems simple enough, particularly if evaporation rates and solubility parameters are matched. A drop-in replacement, however, requires optimization. This study compares the use ofPG-glycol ethers in four architectural latex paints and assesses their effects on rheology, drying, and some key performance attributes. INTRODUCTION ing a suitable coalescent solvent for a solvent in the filmis stronglydependent waterborne coating.1 However, chang on the end use. The principal positive The primary reason for reformulating a ing the solvent package in a coating for effect of solvent entrapment is the in solventsystemis to meet environmental mulation may also necessitate optimiza creased fleXIbility of the cured coating compliance in volatile organic content tion of the other paint components. and possibly superior cure. -
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Ethoxyethanol Product Number E 2632 Store at Room Temperature Product Description Precautions and Disclaimer Molecular Formula: C4H10O2 For Laboratory Use Only. Not for drug, household or Molecular Weight: 90.12 other uses. CAS Number: 110-80-5 Boiling point: 135 °C Preparation Instructions Melting point: -70 °C Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is miscible with water Density: 0.931 g/ml and organic solvents. Synonyms: Ethyl glycol, Cellosolve, ethylcellosolve, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 2EE References 1. The Merck Index, 13th ed., Entry# 3786. 2-Ethoxyethanol is used as a component or solvent for 2. Aasmoe, L., and Aarbakke, J., Sex-dependent nitrocellulose, a wide variety of dyes, inks, cleaning induction of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in rats. agents, resins, paints, and varnishes. It is used for Biochem. Pharmacol., 57(9), 1067-1072 (1999). increasing the stability of emulsions.1 3. Hoflack, J. C., et al., Glycol ethers induce death and necrosis in human leukemia cells. Biochem. The teratogenic effects of 2EE are due to the Cell Biol., 75(4), 415-425 (1997). alkoxyacetic acid metabolites formed via the alcohol 4. Zhao, S. P., et al., Effect of simvastatin on the dehydrogenase pathway.2 The effect of 2EE on apparent size of LDL particles in patients with type human leukemic cells lines HL-60, MOLT3, and K562 IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin. Chim. Acta, has been described.3 203(2-3), 109-117 (1991). 2-Ethoxyethanol has been used as a destaining Coomassie is a registered trademark of Imperial solution for lipoproteins on polyacrylamide gels stained Chemical Industries PLC. with Sudan Black B. Gels were destained with a GRS/ALF/RXR 10/03 solution of 50% ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in water for 2 hours. -
Reticulocytosis in Screen-Printing Workers Exposed to 2
Song et al. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2017) 29:54 DOI 10.1186/s40557-017-0210-z RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Reticulocytosis in screen-printing workers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2- ethoxyethanol Seng-Ho Song, Seong-Kyu Kang*, Won-Jun Choi, Kyeong Min Kwak, Dong-Hoon Lee, Dyuk-Yoon Kang and Sang-Ha Lee Abstract Background: Studies on the hematologic toxicity of ethylene glycol ethers in humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to solvents (containing 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol) and hematological effects. Methods: Thirty-four screen-printing workers who were exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol and 37 non- exposed clerical workers were selected using data from the health care facilities that provided regular health screening services. Student’s t-tests and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to compare differences in hematological parameters between the exposed and the control groups. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multiple logistic regression models to adjust for other variables. Results: The chi-square test showed the reticulocyte percentages and corrected reticulocyte counts to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The t-tests showed a significant increase in white blood cell counts, reticulocyte percentages, and corrected reticulocyte count (i.e., reticulocyte index) in the exposed group, with p-values of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the odds ratio for the corrected reticulocyte counts to be 16.30 for the exposed group, when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: Exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol was significantly associated with reticulocytosis, necessitating the implementation of preventive measures for workers prone to occupational exposure to ethylene glycol ethers. -
Guidance Document Peroxide-Forming Chemicals
Guidance Document Peroxide-Forming Chemicals Some chemicals can form peroxides under normal storage conditions. Some of the peroxide chemicals are unstable, especially when dried or concentrated, and can explode violently when subjected to heat, light or mechanical shock. In addition, some of the inadvertently formed peroxides can initiate other unexpected violent reactions (e.g. polymerizations) with other chemicals. When possible and practical for your work, purchase chemicals that have inhibitors added by the manufacturer. Label peroxide-forming chemicals with date received and date opened. Store peroxide-formers in airtight opaque containers with screw caps. Consider oxygen exclusion methods such as purging with inert gas or sealing containers with parafilm. Inspect containers for signs of peroxide formation. Do not open a container which has crystals or a visible cloudiness. Call EHS to come remove it. The friction caused by opening a lid can cause an explosion. Liquids can be tested for presence of peroxide. This is especially important prior to distilation. Most explosions of peroxide forming chemicals occur when a material is distilled to dryness. Peroxide test kits are available from chemical vendors. Contact EHS for additional guidance. Classification Table for Peroxide-Forming Chemicals Class I:: Unsaturated materials, especially those of low molecular weight, may polymerize violently and hazardously due to peroxide initiation. These chemicals can spontaneously decompose, becoming explosive after exposure to air with concentration. Discard unopened containers within 3 months. Opened containers should be tested for peroxides every 2 months. Acrylic acid Tetrafluoroethylene Acrylonitrile Vinyl acetate 1,3-Butadiene Vinyl acetylene Chlorobutadiene (chloroprene) Vinyl chloride Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl pyridine Methyl methacrylate Vinylidiene chloride Styrene Class II: The following chemicals are a peroxide hazard upon concentration (distillation/evaporation). -
Alcohols & Glycols Kleinschmidt
8/13/14 Alcohols," Glycols, &" “Cat”cols Kurt Kleinschmidt, MD Section Chief and Program Director, Medical Toxicology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas Alcohols and Glycols • “Iso” means branching of carbon chain • “Glycol” means 2 hydroxyl groups • Ethylene glycol Antifreeze • Propylene glycol Refrigerant • Polyalkylene glycol Refrigerant oil • Physiochemical behavior • If small hydrocarbon group, acts like water • If large hydrocarbon group, acts like the HC-group Alcohols and Glycols: Glycol Ethers • Clear, Syrupy liquid; Inoffensive odors; Low Vapor pressure; Non-flammable • Water & Organic soluble … Very Nice!...”Couplers”! • Do not bioaccumulate b/c undergo rapid hydrolysis • Rapid Dermal, inhalation, and oral absorption • Molecular Weight êèé Dermal absorption • Uses: Solvents Household cleaning products (windows) Humectant and plasticizer Semiconductor industry Brake fluid Diluent Deicers Paints and Coatings 1 8/13/14 Alcohols and Glycols: Glycol Ethers • Two groups: EG Monoalkyl Ethers base: • Ethylene glycol ethers R1OCH2CH2OR2 • Propylene glycol ethers R1=Alkyl gp; R2=H or Acetate • Ethylene Glycol Ethers • Many exist Ethylene Glycol • 2 examples……………. Methyl Ether (EGME) Ethers: R1-O-R2 Ethylene Glycol • Propylene Glycol Ethers Butyl Ether (EGBE) • Many • Example Is a 2o alcohol Propylene Glycol (On the 2nd Carbon) Monomethyl Ether Alcohols and Glycols: " Glycol Ethers Metabolism • ADH is key one: è Alkoxyacetic acids • Toxic Metabolite è Reproductive Problems Ethylene • Gap Acidosis Glycol • Minor route & Debatableè ethylene glycol Ether • Oxaluria seen after some methoxyethanol & butoxyethanol ingestions • But… Ether linkage is fairly stable Is No direct evidence to support Propylene • Its 2o –OH è ADH does NOT metabolize Glycol • CYP Metabolism è CO2 (Non-Toxic) Ethers • Replacing the ethylene glycol ethers Alcohols and Glycols " Clinical Glycol Ethers • Reproductive Not/Less • Animal studies è Reproduction Injury (Spont. -
Substance Name(S): 2-Ethoxyethanol EC Number: 203-804-1 CAS Number: 110-80-5
2-ETHOXYETHANOL SVHC SUPPORT DOCUMENT Substance Name(s): 2-Ethoxyethanol EC number: 203-804-1 CAS Number: 110-80-5 MEMBER STATE COMMITTEE SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF 2-ETHOXYETHANOL AS A SUBSTANCE OF VERY HIGH CONCERN BECAUSE OF ITS CMR PROPERTIES Adopted on 25 November 2010 2-ETHOXYETHANOL SVHC SUPPORT DOCUMENT CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ................ 4 1.1 NAME AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS OF THE SUBSTANCE ............................................................................. 4 1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 PHYSICO -CHEMICAL PROPERTIES .......................................................................................................... 5 2 HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING...................................................................... 6 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROPERTIES............................................................................................. 8 4 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................ 8 4.1 TOXICITY FOR REPRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 5 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 8 6 CONCLUSIONS ON THE SVHC PROPERTIES .................................................................................. -
NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents As Trace Impurities
7512 J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7512-7515 NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities Hugo E. Gottlieb,* Vadim Kotlyar, and Abraham Nudelman* Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel Received June 27, 1997 In the course of the routine use of NMR as an aid for organic chemistry, a day-to-day problem is the identifica- tion of signals deriving from common contaminants (water, solvents, stabilizers, oils) in less-than-analyti- cally-pure samples. This data may be available in the literature, but the time involved in searching for it may be considerable. Another issue is the concentration dependence of chemical shifts (especially 1H); results obtained two or three decades ago usually refer to much Figure 1. Chemical shift of HDO as a function of tempera- more concentrated samples, and run at lower magnetic ture. fields, than today’s practice. 1 13 We therefore decided to collect H and C chemical dependent (vide infra). Also, any potential hydrogen- shifts of what are, in our experience, the most popular bond acceptor will tend to shift the water signal down- “extra peaks” in a variety of commonly used NMR field; this is particularly true for nonpolar solvents. In solvents, in the hope that this will be of assistance to contrast, in e.g. DMSO the water is already strongly the practicing chemist. hydrogen-bonded to the solvent, and solutes have only a negligible effect on its chemical shift. This is also true Experimental Section for D2O; the chemical shift of the residual HDO is very NMR spectra were taken in a Bruker DPX-300 instrument temperature-dependent (vide infra) but, maybe counter- (300.1 and 75.5 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively). -
Glycol Ethers Method 2554
GLYCOL ETHERS 2554 (1) CH3OCH2CHOHCH3 MW: 90.1 CAS: 107-98-2 RTECS: UB7700000 (2) CH3OC3H6OC3H6OH 148.2 34590-94-8 JM1575000 (3) CH3OCH2CH(CH3)COOCH3 132.16 108-65-6 AI8925000 METHOD: 2554 EVALUATION: PARTIAL Issue 1: 15 March 2003 OSHA : See Table I PROPERTIES: See Table I NIOSH: See Table I ACGIH: See Table I SYNONYMS: (1) propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-methoxy-1-methylethanol, propylene glycol methyl ether (2) dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (3) propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate SAMPLING MEASUREMENT SAMPLER: SOLID SORBENT TUBE TECHNIQUE: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID (Anasorb® 747, 140 mg/70 mg) ANALYTE: See Table I FLOW RATE: 0.1 to 0.2 L/min DESORPTION: 1 mL of methylene chloride/methanol VOL-MIN: 3 L (85:15) for 30 minutes in ultrasonic bath -MAX: 25 L (at lower flow rates) INJECTION VOLUME: 1 :L SHIPMENT: Keep cold, pack securely for shipping TEMPERATURE SAMPLE -INJECTION: 195°C STABILITY: 14 days @ 5°C for analytes 1 and 3; -DETECTOR: 240°C 7 days @ 5°C for analyte 2 -COLUMN: 90°C (1 min) to 200°C (10°C/min) BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set CARRIER GAS: Helium, 2.8 mL/min COLUMN: Capillary, fused silica, 30 m x 0.32-mm ACCURACY ID; 100% PEG-DA, Stabilwax or equivalent RANGE STUDIED: Not determined. CALIBRATION: Solutions of analytes in desorption BIAS: Not determined. solvent Ö RANGE: (1) 1.5 to 369 :g[3] OVERALL PRECISION ( rT): Not determined. (2) 3.0 to 375 :g[3] ACCURACY: Not determined (3) 1.5 to 369 :g[3] ESTIMATED LOD: (1) 0.5 :g[3] (2) 1.0 :g[3] (3) 0.5 :g[3] þ PRECISION ( r): (1) 0.013[3] (2) 0.031[3] (3) 0.016[3] APPLICABILITY: The working range for propylene glycol monomethyl ether was 0.041 to 10.0 ppm (0.154 to 36.9 mg/m3), for dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether was 0.050 to 6.19 ppm (0.305 to 37.5 mg/m3), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate was 0.030 to 6.83 ppm (0.151 to 36.9 mg/m3) for a 10 L sample . -
Reassessment of 3 Tolerance Exemptions for Ethylene Glycol
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - +,TE* sr4, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 Q c, OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES, AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES DATE: June 29,2006 ACTION MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Reassessment of 3 Tolerance Exemptions for Ethylene Glycol, Diethylene Glycol, and the Combination of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether, and Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether FROM: Pauline Wagner, Chief F b.~!!<Lo 'v \ 3~~10 b Inert Ingredient Assessment Branch Registration Division (7505P) TO: Lois A. Rossi, Director Registration Division (7505P) 1. FQPA REASSESSMENT ACTION Action: Reassessment of three inert exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance. The reassessment decision is to maintain the inert tolerance exemptions "as-is." Table 1. Tolerance Exemptions Being Reassessed in this Document CM~fl,~aa,it Appeara in the CFR CAS iT01muw Registry Number @.I@,- Bxemption $in$@ Uses Name %SOa ,. Exprmsion. Antifreeze, deactivator for all pesticides 107-21-1 920 Ethylene glycol - - - used before crop emerges from soil and in 1,2-Ethanediol herbicides before or after crop emerges Deactivator, adjuvant for formulations used before crop emerges from soil and 11 1-46-6 920 Diethylene glycol --- deactivator for formulations used before Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis- (9CI) crop emerges from soil, stabilizer Diethylene glycol 1 11-77-3 monomethyl ether Ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)- 920 Diethylene glycol monoethyl - - - Deactivator for formulations used before 1 1 1-90-0 ether crop emerges from soil, stabilizer Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- Diethylene glycol monobutyl 112-34-5 ether Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)- a. Residues listed in 40 CFR 180.920 are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.