Ethylene Glycol Ethers
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Zheng31sympa.Pdf
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31 (2007) 1215–1222 www.elsevier.com/locate/proci High temperature ignition and combustion enhancement by dimethyl ether addition to methane–air mixtures q Zheng Chen, Xiao Qin, Yiguang Ju *, Zhenwei Zhao, Marcos Chaos, Frederick L. Dryer Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Abstract The effects of dimethyl ether (DME) addition on the high temperature ignition and burning properties of methane–air mixtures were studied experimentally and numerically. The results showed that for a homo- geneous system, a small amount of DME addition to methane resulted in a significant reduction in the high temperature ignition delay. The ignition enhancement effect by DME addition was found to exceed that possible with equivalent amounts of hydrogen addition, and it was investigated by using radical pool growth and computational singular perturbation analysis. For a non-premixed methane–air system, it was found that two different ignition enhancement regimes exist: a kinetic limited regime and a transport limited regime. In contrast to the dramatic ignition enhancement in the kinetic limited regime, the ignition enhancement in the transport limited regime was significantly less effective. Furthermore, laminar flame speeds as well as Markstein lengths were experimentally measured for methane–air flames with DME addi- tion. The results showed that the flame speed increases almost linearly with DME addition. However, the Markstein length and the Lewis number of the binary fuel change dramatically at small DME concentra- tions. Moreover, comparison between experiments and numerical simulations showed that only the most recent DME mechanism well reproduced the flame speeds of both DME–air and CH4–air flames. -
The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and Its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I
The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I Technical Report No. 95 ISSN-0773-8072-95 Brussels, February 2005 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man ECETOC TECHNICAL REPORT No. 95 © Copyright – ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility or liability and does not provide a warranty for any use or interpretation of the material contained in the publication. ECETOC TR No. 95 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man CONTENTS - VOLUMES I AND II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3 Recommendations for further work 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Conversion factors and physico-chemical properties 14 1.2 Production and use 14 1.2.1 Manufacture of ethylene-series glycol ethers 14 1.2.2 Manufacture of propylene-series glycol ethers 15 1.2.3 Uses 15 2. -
Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether.Pdf
SIGMA-ALDRICH sigma-aldrich.com Material Safety Data Sheet Version 4.0 Revision Date 03/14/2010 Print Date 09/08/2010 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name : 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Product Number : 259527 Brand : Sigma-Aldrich Company : Sigma-Aldrich 3050 Spruce Street SAINT LOUIS MO 63103 USA Telephone : +18003255832 Fax : +18003255052 Emergency Phone # : (314) 776-6555 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview OSHA Hazards Flammable liquid, Target Organ Effect, Reproductive hazard Target Organs Liver, Kidney, Blood, Central nervous system, Female reproductive system., Male reproductive system. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements Pictogram Signal word Danger Hazard statement(s) H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapour. H303 May be harmful if swallowed. H332 Harmful if inhaled. H360 May damage fertility or the unborn child. Precautionary statement(s) P201 Obtain special instructions before use. P210 Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. P308 + P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. HMIS Classification Health hazard: 1 Chronic Health Hazard: * Flammability: 3 Physical hazards: 0 NFPA Rating Health hazard: 0 Fire: 3 Reactivity Hazard: 0 Potential Health Effects Inhalation May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. Skin May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. Eyes May cause eye irritation. Sigma-Aldrich - 259527 Page 1 of 6 Ingestion May be harmful if swallowed. 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Synonyms : Monoglyme Dimethylglycol mono-Glyme Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Formula : C4H10O2 Molecular Weight : 90.12 g/mol CAS-No. EC-No. Index-No. Concentration Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 110-71-4 203-794-9 603-031-00-3 - 4. -
Formulating Water-Based Systems Y,Ith Propylene-Oxide Based Glycol Ethers
Formulating Water-Based Systems y,ith Propylene-Oxide Based Glycol Ethers Carmen l. Rodriguez and Julia Weathers-lyondell Chemical Company· Bernadette Corujo-Engineered Polymer Solutions Patricia Peterson-Avecia To camply with environmental regulations, formulators have reformulated to water-based systems using non-hazardous air pollutants (non-HAP) cosolvents and developed new resin technology. In fully formulated water-based systems, however, changing the solvent system to meet environmental regulations has wide ranging effects on viscosity, surface defects, film shrinkage, adhesion, and durability. Formulators often adjust paint viscosity by balancing the levels of cosolvents, surfactants, and rheology modifiers. Reformulating with non-HAPs solvents such as propylene oxide-based glycol ethers (PG-glycol ethers) helps reduce volah1e organic content WOC) to meet environmental compliance and eliminates HAPs reporting requirements. When replacing ethylene oxide-based glycol ethers (EG-glycol ethers) with their PG-glycol ethers, reformulation seems simple enough, particularly if evaporation rates and solubility parameters are matched. A drop-in replacement, however, requires optimization. This study compares the use ofPG-glycol ethers in four architectural latex paints and assesses their effects on rheology, drying, and some key performance attributes. INTRODUCTION ing a suitable coalescent solvent for a solvent in the filmis stronglydependent waterborne coating.1 However, chang on the end use. The principal positive The primary reason for reformulating a ing the solvent package in a coating for effect of solvent entrapment is the in solventsystemis to meet environmental mulation may also necessitate optimiza creased fleXIbility of the cured coating compliance in volatile organic content tion of the other paint components. and possibly superior cure. -
Selective Carbonylation of Dimethyl Ether to Methyl Acetate on Ferrierite
Catalysis Communications 75 (2016) 28–31 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catalysis Communications journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catcom Short communication Selective carbonylation of dimethyl ether to methyl acetate on Ferrierite So Young Park a, Chae-Ho Shin b,JongWookBaea,⁎ a School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea b Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CNU), Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea article info abstract Article history: Synthesis of methyl acetate (MA) by carbonylation of dimethyl ether (DME) was investigated using laboratory- Received 19 August 2015 made H-form Ferrierite (FER) zeolite with different Si/Al molar ratios. The synthesized H-FER with a Si/Al ratio of Received in revised form 6 November 2015 12 (FER(12)) revealed a higher DME conversion as well as MA selectivity. The observed higher catalytic perfor- Accepted 9 December 2015 mance on the FER(12) was mainly attributed to a higher ratio of Bronsted to Lewis acid sites as well as the higher Available online 10 December 2015 crystallinity with the less coke formation. The superior properties of the FER(12) having a higher ratio of Bronsted fi Keywords: to Lewis acid sites and crystallinity ef ciently suppressed the formation of inactive coke precursors. Carbonylation © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Dimethyl ether Methyl acetate Ferrierite Coke formation 1. Introduction can be finally regenerated by forming an adsorbed methyl group [12, 13]. Interestingly, the micropores of the H-form Ferrierite (H-FER), Carbonylation reaction of dimethyl ether (DME) with CO has been which has one-dimensional channels of 8-MR with perpendicularly largely investigated to selectively synthesize an important petrochemi- intersected channels of 10-MR structures, seem to be effective for cal intermediate or alternative clean fuels [1,2]. -
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Ethoxyethanol Product Number E 2632 Store at Room Temperature Product Description Precautions and Disclaimer Molecular Formula: C4H10O2 For Laboratory Use Only. Not for drug, household or Molecular Weight: 90.12 other uses. CAS Number: 110-80-5 Boiling point: 135 °C Preparation Instructions Melting point: -70 °C Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is miscible with water Density: 0.931 g/ml and organic solvents. Synonyms: Ethyl glycol, Cellosolve, ethylcellosolve, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 2EE References 1. The Merck Index, 13th ed., Entry# 3786. 2-Ethoxyethanol is used as a component or solvent for 2. Aasmoe, L., and Aarbakke, J., Sex-dependent nitrocellulose, a wide variety of dyes, inks, cleaning induction of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in rats. agents, resins, paints, and varnishes. It is used for Biochem. Pharmacol., 57(9), 1067-1072 (1999). increasing the stability of emulsions.1 3. Hoflack, J. C., et al., Glycol ethers induce death and necrosis in human leukemia cells. Biochem. The teratogenic effects of 2EE are due to the Cell Biol., 75(4), 415-425 (1997). alkoxyacetic acid metabolites formed via the alcohol 4. Zhao, S. P., et al., Effect of simvastatin on the dehydrogenase pathway.2 The effect of 2EE on apparent size of LDL particles in patients with type human leukemic cells lines HL-60, MOLT3, and K562 IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin. Chim. Acta, has been described.3 203(2-3), 109-117 (1991). 2-Ethoxyethanol has been used as a destaining Coomassie is a registered trademark of Imperial solution for lipoproteins on polyacrylamide gels stained Chemical Industries PLC. with Sudan Black B. Gels were destained with a GRS/ALF/RXR 10/03 solution of 50% ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in water for 2 hours. -
Reticulocytosis in Screen-Printing Workers Exposed to 2
Song et al. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2017) 29:54 DOI 10.1186/s40557-017-0210-z RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Reticulocytosis in screen-printing workers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2- ethoxyethanol Seng-Ho Song, Seong-Kyu Kang*, Won-Jun Choi, Kyeong Min Kwak, Dong-Hoon Lee, Dyuk-Yoon Kang and Sang-Ha Lee Abstract Background: Studies on the hematologic toxicity of ethylene glycol ethers in humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to solvents (containing 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol) and hematological effects. Methods: Thirty-four screen-printing workers who were exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol and 37 non- exposed clerical workers were selected using data from the health care facilities that provided regular health screening services. Student’s t-tests and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to compare differences in hematological parameters between the exposed and the control groups. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multiple logistic regression models to adjust for other variables. Results: The chi-square test showed the reticulocyte percentages and corrected reticulocyte counts to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The t-tests showed a significant increase in white blood cell counts, reticulocyte percentages, and corrected reticulocyte count (i.e., reticulocyte index) in the exposed group, with p-values of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the odds ratio for the corrected reticulocyte counts to be 16.30 for the exposed group, when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: Exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol was significantly associated with reticulocytosis, necessitating the implementation of preventive measures for workers prone to occupational exposure to ethylene glycol ethers. -
Alcohols & Glycols Kleinschmidt
8/13/14 Alcohols," Glycols, &" “Cat”cols Kurt Kleinschmidt, MD Section Chief and Program Director, Medical Toxicology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas Alcohols and Glycols • “Iso” means branching of carbon chain • “Glycol” means 2 hydroxyl groups • Ethylene glycol Antifreeze • Propylene glycol Refrigerant • Polyalkylene glycol Refrigerant oil • Physiochemical behavior • If small hydrocarbon group, acts like water • If large hydrocarbon group, acts like the HC-group Alcohols and Glycols: Glycol Ethers • Clear, Syrupy liquid; Inoffensive odors; Low Vapor pressure; Non-flammable • Water & Organic soluble … Very Nice!...”Couplers”! • Do not bioaccumulate b/c undergo rapid hydrolysis • Rapid Dermal, inhalation, and oral absorption • Molecular Weight êèé Dermal absorption • Uses: Solvents Household cleaning products (windows) Humectant and plasticizer Semiconductor industry Brake fluid Diluent Deicers Paints and Coatings 1 8/13/14 Alcohols and Glycols: Glycol Ethers • Two groups: EG Monoalkyl Ethers base: • Ethylene glycol ethers R1OCH2CH2OR2 • Propylene glycol ethers R1=Alkyl gp; R2=H or Acetate • Ethylene Glycol Ethers • Many exist Ethylene Glycol • 2 examples……………. Methyl Ether (EGME) Ethers: R1-O-R2 Ethylene Glycol • Propylene Glycol Ethers Butyl Ether (EGBE) • Many • Example Is a 2o alcohol Propylene Glycol (On the 2nd Carbon) Monomethyl Ether Alcohols and Glycols: " Glycol Ethers Metabolism • ADH is key one: è Alkoxyacetic acids • Toxic Metabolite è Reproductive Problems Ethylene • Gap Acidosis Glycol • Minor route & Debatableè ethylene glycol Ether • Oxaluria seen after some methoxyethanol & butoxyethanol ingestions • But… Ether linkage is fairly stable Is No direct evidence to support Propylene • Its 2o –OH è ADH does NOT metabolize Glycol • CYP Metabolism è CO2 (Non-Toxic) Ethers • Replacing the ethylene glycol ethers Alcohols and Glycols " Clinical Glycol Ethers • Reproductive Not/Less • Animal studies è Reproduction Injury (Spont. -
Substance Name(S): 2-Ethoxyethanol EC Number: 203-804-1 CAS Number: 110-80-5
2-ETHOXYETHANOL SVHC SUPPORT DOCUMENT Substance Name(s): 2-Ethoxyethanol EC number: 203-804-1 CAS Number: 110-80-5 MEMBER STATE COMMITTEE SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF 2-ETHOXYETHANOL AS A SUBSTANCE OF VERY HIGH CONCERN BECAUSE OF ITS CMR PROPERTIES Adopted on 25 November 2010 2-ETHOXYETHANOL SVHC SUPPORT DOCUMENT CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ................ 4 1.1 NAME AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS OF THE SUBSTANCE ............................................................................. 4 1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 PHYSICO -CHEMICAL PROPERTIES .......................................................................................................... 5 2 HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING...................................................................... 6 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROPERTIES............................................................................................. 8 4 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................ 8 4.1 TOXICITY FOR REPRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 5 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 8 6 CONCLUSIONS ON THE SVHC PROPERTIES .................................................................................. -
Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression-Ignition Engine Using Ammonia-DME Mixtures Christopher Wolfgang Gross Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 Combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression-ignition engine using ammonia-DME mixtures Christopher Wolfgang Gross Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Gross, Christopher Wolfgang, "Combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression-ignition engine using ammonia-DME mixtures" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12589. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12589 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression- ignition engine using ammonia-DME mixtures by Christopher W. Gross A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Mechanical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Song-Charng Kong, Major Professor Terrence Meyer Stuart Birrell Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Christopher W. Gross, 2012. All rights reserved. ii Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ -
Glycol Ethers Method 2554
GLYCOL ETHERS 2554 (1) CH3OCH2CHOHCH3 MW: 90.1 CAS: 107-98-2 RTECS: UB7700000 (2) CH3OC3H6OC3H6OH 148.2 34590-94-8 JM1575000 (3) CH3OCH2CH(CH3)COOCH3 132.16 108-65-6 AI8925000 METHOD: 2554 EVALUATION: PARTIAL Issue 1: 15 March 2003 OSHA : See Table I PROPERTIES: See Table I NIOSH: See Table I ACGIH: See Table I SYNONYMS: (1) propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-methoxy-1-methylethanol, propylene glycol methyl ether (2) dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (3) propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate SAMPLING MEASUREMENT SAMPLER: SOLID SORBENT TUBE TECHNIQUE: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID (Anasorb® 747, 140 mg/70 mg) ANALYTE: See Table I FLOW RATE: 0.1 to 0.2 L/min DESORPTION: 1 mL of methylene chloride/methanol VOL-MIN: 3 L (85:15) for 30 minutes in ultrasonic bath -MAX: 25 L (at lower flow rates) INJECTION VOLUME: 1 :L SHIPMENT: Keep cold, pack securely for shipping TEMPERATURE SAMPLE -INJECTION: 195°C STABILITY: 14 days @ 5°C for analytes 1 and 3; -DETECTOR: 240°C 7 days @ 5°C for analyte 2 -COLUMN: 90°C (1 min) to 200°C (10°C/min) BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set CARRIER GAS: Helium, 2.8 mL/min COLUMN: Capillary, fused silica, 30 m x 0.32-mm ACCURACY ID; 100% PEG-DA, Stabilwax or equivalent RANGE STUDIED: Not determined. CALIBRATION: Solutions of analytes in desorption BIAS: Not determined. solvent Ö RANGE: (1) 1.5 to 369 :g[3] OVERALL PRECISION ( rT): Not determined. (2) 3.0 to 375 :g[3] ACCURACY: Not determined (3) 1.5 to 369 :g[3] ESTIMATED LOD: (1) 0.5 :g[3] (2) 1.0 :g[3] (3) 0.5 :g[3] þ PRECISION ( r): (1) 0.013[3] (2) 0.031[3] (3) 0.016[3] APPLICABILITY: The working range for propylene glycol monomethyl ether was 0.041 to 10.0 ppm (0.154 to 36.9 mg/m3), for dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether was 0.050 to 6.19 ppm (0.305 to 37.5 mg/m3), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate was 0.030 to 6.83 ppm (0.151 to 36.9 mg/m3) for a 10 L sample . -
CO2 Recycling to Dimethyl Ether: State-Of-The-Art and Perspectives
molecules Review CO2 Recycling to Dimethyl Ether: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives Enrico Catizzone 1,* ID , Giuseppe Bonura 2 ID , Massimo Migliori 1, Francesco Frusteri 2 and Girolamo Giordano 1 1 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (G.G.) 2 CNR-ITAE “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (F.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-098-449-6669 Received: 13 November 2017; Accepted: 22 December 2017; Published: 24 December 2017 Abstract: This review reports recent achievements in dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation. This gas-phase process could be considered as a promising alternative for carbon dioxide recycling toward a (bio)fuel as DME. In this view, the production of DME from catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 appears as a technology able to face also the ever-increasing demand for alternative, environmentally-friendly fuels and energy carriers. Basic considerations on thermodynamic aspects controlling DME production from CO2 are presented along with a survey of the most innovative catalytic systems developed in this field. During the last years, special attention has been paid to the role of zeolite-based catalysts, either in the methanol-to-DME dehydration step or in the one-pot CO2-to-DME hydrogenation. Overall, the productivity of DME was shown to be dependent on several catalyst features, related not only to the metal-oxide phase—responsible for CO2 activation/hydrogenation—but also to specific properties of the zeolites (i.e., topology, porosity, specific surface area, acidity, interaction with active metals, distributions of metal particles, .