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Botanical Studies on Some Astragalus Species 79 Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 9(2): 79-88, 2013 ISSN 1816-1561 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLES Comparative Systematic Studies of Astragalus L. In Flora of Arab Republic of Egypt and Syrian Arab Republic: Seed Features and Germination El-Sahhar, K. F., Emara, Kh. S. and Ali, W.A. Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT This paper is the first of a series of studies which aimed at comparing the differences in characters of the same species of some Astragalus plant species, originated from the flora of Egypt and their corresponding species in the flora of Syria, when grown under the Egyptian habitat, to evaluate the effect of variation in origin of species on plant characters. Three species were chosen for this study; namely, Astragalus annularis Forssk., A. boeticus L. and A. hamosus L. The present study dealt with seed morphology, seed surface sculptures by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), anatomical characters of seed, physico–mechanical features of seeds, in addition to germination tests. Data of all the above mentioned seed characters were coded and applied in numerical analysis by using a Single Linkage Clustering technique, which represents the similarity or dissimilarity of studied species in a form of dendrogram, which reflected that, A. annularis is the most influenced species by variation of habitat, as Egyptian and Syrian genotypes of it split away in two different clusters of the numerical analysis. However, both genotypes of A. boeticus of different origins, Egypt and Syria, are more close to each other compared with other studied species. Key words: Astragalus, Flora of Egypt, Flora of Syria, Germination, Habitat and Seed. Introduction Astragalus L. (Fam. Fabaceae) is most commonly used as forage for livestock and wild animals, although 32 species of it have been recognized as of use in foods, medicines, cosmetics, as substitutes for tea or coffee, or as sources of vegetable gums (Rios and Waterman, 1997). Astragalus L. is a genus of the 57 "big" plant genera; i.e., those having 500 or more species. Astragalus is being on top of these seed plants genera with 3270 species of herbaceous perennial and annual plants (Frodin, 2004). It is distributed primarily in cold arid and semiarid mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The genus is most diversified in the Irano-Turkish region of South-Werstern Asia, the Sino- Himalayan Plateau of South Central Asia and the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau of Western North America (Chaudhary and Srivastava, 2007). Iran alone has more than 840 species and is one of the main centers of diversity of the genus. Astragalus has been divided into approximately 150 sections (Ranjbar, 2009). Many detailed investigations about seed characters and tests of germination of the numerous Astragalus species are available. Hammouda and Bakr (1969) investigated some aspects of germination of desert seeds. The study included two sets of seeds from the desert east of Cairo, (12 species) and the semi-desert, west of Alexandria, (29 species). Laboratory experiments in inculators together with observations on pots in the outside were made. The roles of different factors including temperature, rainfall, light and salinity were elucidated. They considered dormancy in desert seeds as adaptation to meet the hard conditions of the natural habitats. Hard seed coats cause dormancy in many leguminous seeds as Astragalus hamosus. Kaye (1999) found that germination of Astragalus australis var. olympicus was affected by scarification, temperature, and moisture availability. About 11% of seeds damaged by predispersal seed predators (weevil larvae) remained viable and were released from dormancy. Patane and Gresta (2006) mentioned that Milk vetch (Astragalus hamosus) and button medic (Medicago orbicularis) are two annual forage legumes very interesting for agricultural purposes in Mediterranean pastures. As other legumes, they exhibit dormancy, which delays and reduces germination. The germination response of these species to mechanical, physical and chemical scarification, applied for overcoming dormancy, was studied. The almost full and rapid germination achieved by hand scarification with sandpaper, demonstrated that dormancy is exclusively imposed by seed coat (hardseededness). Soaking in hot water partially removed coat- imposed dormancy in A. hamosus, but temperatures beyond 80oC increased seeds injured up to 97.9%. In M. orbicularis even after 2 min. at 100oC 97.9% of seeds still remained hard. Ultra-low temperature (-196 oC) Corresponding Author: Kassem Fouad El-Sahhar, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt E-mail:[email protected] 80 Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 9(2):79-88, 2013 exposure in liquid nitrogen enhanced final germination and germination speed in seeds of M. orbicularis only. Chemical scarification with sulphuric acid was also effective in reducing hardseededness but at the highest concentration (70%) and the longest time exposure (60 min) studied. Observations with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed a thicker palisade layer of the seed coat in M. orbicularis when compared to A. hamosus, which may explain the greater resistance of its seeds to chemical and physical scarification in hot water. Keshtkar et al. (2008) carried out an experiment to enhance the germination rate of Astragalus cyclophyllon seeds which have a very low germination rate under normal conditions. The seeds were soaked for 72 h in 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm gibberllic acid (GA3) solution, H2SO4 concentrations (50 and 98%) at two treatment times (5 and 10 min) and 60, 80 and 100oC hot water at two treatment times (5 and 10 min) before placing in Petri dishes. The fresh seeds (non-stratified) of A. cyclophyllon had 55% germination. Analysis of variance indicated that both GA3 and H2SO4 concentrations had significant effects on seed germination and final germination percentage. The highest germination percentage (81%) was obtained when the seeds were treated with 500 ppm GA3. The results showed that hot water treatments are not useful methods for breaking the seeds dormancy. Ranjbar (2009) stated that micromorphology of the seed coat surface of ten Astragalus taxa has been studied by SEM. Considerably different types of sculpturing at species level and similarities between related taxa were observed. Kožuharova et al. (2010) tested the seed germination process, seedling development and the ex-situ seedling behavior of Astragalus alopecurus and Astragalus dasyanthus, both rare and threatened species. The mature seeds of the test plants germinated well within several days, if the seed coat was scarified with sandpaper. Seedling survival was rather poor. Zhou et al. (2012) mentioned that Astragalus membranceus, and two other species, are fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicines and are in great demand. Optimum conditions for seed germination and seedling growth were investigated to increase baseline knowledge of these three valuable species. The optimum temperature or seed germination of A. membranaceus was 10oC. Seed of all three species showed better germination under light conditions than in the dark. Seedlings of A. memberanceus showed the best growth at higher levels of nutrient [25% and 50% Hoagland's nutrient solution (HS)]. This study indicated that supplementary nitrogen to A. membranaceus seedlings can improve seedling quality/growth. Smoke-water markedly improved both seed germination and seedling growth of A.membranceus at normal growth conditions. Smoke-water can be a useful tool in good agriculture practice of some important Chinese medicinal plants. The present study aimed at revealing the differences in characters of the same species of some Astragalus plant species, originated from the flora of Egypt and their corresponding species in the flora of Syria, when grown under the Egyptian habitat, to evaluate the effect of variation in origin of species on plant characters. Egypt and Syria represent two different habitats. According to El-Hadidi and Hosni (2000) phytochoria represented in Egypt are Mediterranean-Sahara regional transition zone, Sahara-Sindian regional zone and Sahel regional transition zone. On the other hand, Syria represents Irano-Turanian elements. This is the first of a series of studies. In this paper seed morphology, seed surface sculptures by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), anatomical characters of seed, physico–mechanical features of seeds, in addition to germination tests are investigated. Plant species chosen for study are as follows: 1. Astragalus annularis Forssk. 2. Astragalus boeticus L. 3. Astragalus hamosus L. Materials and Methods This work aimed at investigating three species belong to the genus Astragalus (Family: Fabaceae). Seeds and seed germination of each species grown in Egypt and Syria were compared with each other under Egyptian habitat. Nomenclature details of studied species (Anon., 2013) are given in (Table 1). Authentic seed samples were secured from Plant Genetic Resources Station at El Sheikh Zuwayed, North Sinai, Egypt and from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. Previous investigations; e.g., Kaye (1999), Patane and Gresta (2006), Keshtkar et al. (2008) and many others suggested various methods to break Astragalus seed
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