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Chapter 1 Introduction Utilization of Industrial by products in Stabilization Black cotton soil for Rural road construction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Worldwide, the expansive soils are found. Black cotton soil in India is one of the expansive soil types which is covered by about one third of the country. Black cotton soil has poor load bearing capacity due to high potential of soil minerals to absorb water, that causes increased volume or swelling similiarely decreases volume after drying, resulting in high compressibility. As the water is absorbed, the bearing capacity also lowered. It is reported that due to its high plasticity and when saturated it becomes soft due to water occupy cracks and accelerates the softening process leading to reduced shear strength owing to the fact, BC natural state doesn't have sufficient geotechnical properties to be used as road service layers, base layers and as construction material. Shrinkage cracks during the dry season due to reduced water content and uneven bulking up due to swelling of the soil during the rainy season leads the structure to be lifted. Thousands kilometers of roads pass through expansive soil deposits all over India. The soil undergoes volumetric changes leading to distortion, cracking and unevenness of the pavement. It is reported that significant damage to roads and other infrastructure has occurred. In view of this, there is serious concern in the minds of engineers about constructing structures on the soil. The build of a structure on black cotton soil deposits has always been a challenge. Huge quantities of ground material are necessary for road construction, and most cases should be brought from a longer distance to the expansive soil site due to unfavorable behaviors, that cause higher costs. Faster transport and more energy savings play a key role in the construction of rural roads in the 21st century for developing nations, and exploring suitable construction materials is one of the main social, technological and economic engineering challenges. 1.2 Stabilization of black cotton soil Soil stabilization involves the use of stabilizing agents to improve the geotechnical properties of unstable soils. Stabilization technology essentials contain soil or soil minerals and stabilizers or binding agents (cementitious materials). Much of the 1 Utilization of Industrial by products in Stabilization Black cotton soil for Rural road construction stabilization deserves to be undertaken in soft soils in order to obtain desirable engineering properties. Clayey soil is easier to stabilize, owing to the flat and elongated shape of the particle due to a high surface area. Stabilization of expansive soil consists of altering the environment around and within clay particles and offering an efficient system of producing soil gradation, minimizing swelling and shrinking, lowering the plasticity index and enhancing the strength and durability of the soil. Now a day, soil stabilization are becoming the main issue for road infrastructure projects. Soil stabilization is a technology introduced with the key objective to modify the geotechnical properties of the soil, make it easier for ensure compliance with the parameters of the specific engineering projects. In order to modify the geotechnical parameters to fulfill the requirements of the technical specifications of the construction industry, soil stabilization is an economical way and the stabilized soil can be extremely useful building material. In road pavement design, each layer thickness is focused on ensuring desirable strength to provide shearing and deformation resistance so that nullifying the fatigue cracking develops a similar layer or above and below it. Stabilization improves soil properties, allowing the thickness layer to be reduced and the load to be spread over a wide area so that permanent deformation is within safe limits. In recent studies, Combustion residues have shown a great deal of interest in stabilizing expansive soils due to pozzolanic properties. In order to assess the effectiveness of different stabilizing agents, detailed aspects of properties must be properly assessed. Recently, owing to the availability of equipment of all types and the availability of industrial by-products, soils can be effectively stabilized. By the way, the production of huge amounts of by products worldwide faces massive storage and recycling obstacles. The disposal of these wastes may have a negative impact on the environment that causes air pollution, and water pollution ultimately affects local ecosystems. Safe disposal of such waste is therefore a challenging task. In order to render the weak soil to meet the standards of geotechnical engineering, efforts must be made to explore the potential of cost-effective materials available locally from industry by products. To investigate the use of industrial products such as Rice husk ash (RHA), Sugarcane 2 Utilization of Industrial by products in Stabilization Black cotton soil for Rural road construction baggase ash (SCBA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGFBS) in black cotton soil stabilization.The use of these products to enhance weak soil would therefore provide dual benefits, such as a significant reduction in construction costs, as well as the mitigation or prevention of environmental hazards. It should be envisaged for engineers and researchers who will be involved in this field in the future. An important and vital factor is the recovery of valuable materials and their recycling for other applications. Moreover, stabilizing soil with local industrial available by products is an economical solution to enhancing soil properties for strength and durability and ensuring sustainable approach. 1.3 Reaction mechanism 1.3.1 Reaction Mechanism of Hydrated lime Clay minerals that have been present in the soil, retain them in an exchangeable state and absorb certain anions and cations. Existence of a net negative charge induced or adsorbed on the mineral surface of the clay without affecting the basic structure of the mineral of the clay. The ability of clay to preserve cations is considered to be its capacity to exchange cations. When lime is infused in expansive soil, it acts on clay to alter the soil properties, since the calcium cations made available by the hydrated lime replace the cations generally present on the surface of the clay mineral and facilitate the high pH of the lime-water system. If the pH value mixture is above 12, then silica and alumina from clay may become soluble and free from clay mineral and pozzolanic reactions as long as the pH remains high enough to preserve the solubility of silica and alumina. Lowering the alkaline condition would have a detrimental effect on the mechanism of dissolution of the pozzolan. The incorporation of lime into the soil causes rapid hydration with an accelerated cation exchange that flocculates larger lumps of soil particles. The cementation mechanism is mainly responsible for pozzolanic reaction products, such as calcium silicate and aluminum hydrates, to improve the stability of the soil mixture by lowering the pores, along with significant improvements in strength and stiffness. 1.3.2 Reaction Mechanism of Rice Husk Ash Silica is a major RHA mineral that would develop a bonded gel [Ca(SiO3)] when reacted 3 Utilization of Industrial by products in Stabilization Black cotton soil for Rural road construction with lime. Lime reacts with another fine pozzolanic element (such as hydrous silica and RHA minerals) to form calcium-silicate soil. Cementing agents are almost the same thing as cement. The difference is that the calcium silicate gel is formed by the hydration of anhydrous calcium silicate (cement) while the gel is produced with lime only by the removal of silica from the clay minerals. Instantly, the silicate gel coats and binds lumps of clay in the soil and seals the voids in the soil. Over time, this gel gradually crystallizes into well defined calcium silicate hydrates. 1.3.3 Reaction Mechanism of SCBA SCBA is chemically rich in silica (SiO2) particles, but also contains calcium phosphate, mullite potassium carbonate, christobalite and hematitis as an accessory mineral. This is a non-plastic element that has a significant impact on the granulometric and plastic behavior of the clay. SCBA Pozzolanic activity adversely affects silica crystallinity and unburned carbon content. Enhance the presence of amorphous silica due to high specific area prior to grinding in the factory, and limit the carbon content. Pozzolanic reactions, cation exchange capability, carbonation and cementation regulated by SCBA grain size, shape and particle size distribution show noticeable changes in expansive soil behaviour. 1.3.4 Reaction Mechanism of GGBFS Granulated blast furnace slag has low reactive potential, its hydraulic reactivity depends on the chemical composition, the glass phase content, the particle size distribution and the morphology of the surface. As the CaO / SiO2 ratio increases, the GGBS reactivity rate also increases to a limiting point as the CaO content increases, resulting in a granulation of the glass phase content. When GGBS and lime have been introduced to pure clay soil, lime-activated GGBS hydration has been used to produce calcium alumina silicate hydrate gel (C -A-S-H) and hydrotalcite type hydrate and calcium silicate hydrate (C -S-H), (C -A-H) and (C -A-S-H) reactions. This enhanced C-S-H occupies pore spaces, normally occupied by calcium hydroxide in the hydration of the pozzolanic reaction occurring in mixtures
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