Chapter 3 Engineering Classification of Earth Materials
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Determination of Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil From
DETERMINATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL FROM RESISTIVITY IMAGING (RI) by GOLAM KIBRIA Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2011 Copyright © by Golam Kibria 2011 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like express my sincere gratitude to my supervising professor Dr. Sahadat Hos- sain for the accomplishment of this work. It was always motivating for me to work under his sin- cere guidance and advice. The completion of this work would not have been possible without his constant inspiration and feedback. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. Laureano R. Hoyos and Dr. Moham- mad Najafi for accepting to serve in my committee. I would also like to thank for their valuable time, suggestions and advice. I wish to acknowledge Dr. Harold Rowe of Earth and Environmental Science Department in the University of Texas at Arlington for giving me the opportunity to work in his laboratory. Special thanks goes to Jubair Hossain, Mohammad Sadik Khan, Tashfeena Taufiq, Huda Shihada, Shahed R Manzur, Sonia Samir,. Noor E Alam Siddique, Andrez Cruz,,Ferdous Intaj, Mostafijur Rahman and all of my friends for their cooperation and assistance throughout my Mas- ter’s study and accomplishment of this work. I wish to acknowledge the encouragement of my parents and sisters during my Master’s study. Without their constant inspiration, support and cooperation, it would not be possible to complete the work. -
Lecture 13: Earth Materials
Earth Materials Lecture 13 Earth Materials GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Hooke’s law of elasticity Force Extension = E × Area Length Hooke’s law σn = E εn where E is material constant, the Young’s Modulus Units are force/area – N/m2 or Pa Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was a virtuoso scientist contributing to geology, σ = C ε palaeontology, biology as well as mechanics ij ijkl kl ß Constitutive equations These are relationships between forces and deformation in a continuum, which define the material behaviour. GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Shear modulus and bulk modulus Young’s or stiffness modulus: σ n = Eε n Shear or rigidity modulus: σ S = Gε S = µε s Bulk modulus (1/compressibility): Mt Shasta andesite − P = Kεv Can write the bulk modulus in terms of the Lamé parameters λ, µ: K = λ + 2µ/3 and write Hooke’s law as: σ = (λ +2µ) ε GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Young’s Modulus or stiffness modulus Young’s Modulus or stiffness modulus: σ n = Eε n Interatomic force Interatomic distance GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Shear Modulus or rigidity modulus Shear modulus or stiffness modulus: σ s = Gε s Interatomic force Interatomic distance GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Hooke’s Law σij and εkl are second-rank tensors so Cijkl is a fourth-rank tensor. For a general, anisotropic material there are 21 independent elastic moduli. In the isotropic case this tensor reduces to just two independent elastic constants, λ and µ. -
A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used As a Training Tool
A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used as a Training Tool Item Type Report Authors Darrow, Margaret M.; Huang, Scott L.; Obermiller, Kyle Publisher Alaska University Transportation Center Download date 26/09/2021 04:55:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7546 A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used as a Training Tool Final Report December 2011 Prepared by PI: Margaret M. Darrow, Ph.D. Co-PI: Scott L. Huang, Ph.D. Co-author: Kyle Obermiller Institute of Northern Engineering for Alaska University Transportation Center REPORT CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 REVIEW OF UNSTABLE SOIL SLOPES IN PERMAFROST AREAS ............................... 1 3.0 THE NELCHINA SLIDE ..................................................................................................... 2 4.0 THE RICH113 SLIDE ......................................................................................................... 5 5.0 THE CHITINA DUMP SLIDE .............................................................................................. 6 6.0 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 9 7.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 10 i A STUDY OF UNSTABLE SLOPES IN PERMAFROST AREAS 1.0 INTRODUCTION -
Frequency and Magnitude of Selected Historical Landslide Events in The
Chapter 9 Frequency and Magnitude of Selected Historical Landslide Events in the Southern Appalachian Highlands of North Carolina and Virginia: Relationships to Rainfall, Geological and Ecohydrological Controls, and Effects Richard M. Wooten , Anne C. Witt , Chelcy F. Miniat , Tristram C. Hales , and Jennifer L. Aldred Abstract Landsliding is a recurring process in the southern Appalachian Highlands (SAH) region of the Central Hardwood Region. Debris fl ows, dominant among landslide processes in the SAH, are triggered when rainfall increases pore-water pressures in steep, soil-mantled slopes. Storms that trigger hundreds of debris fl ows occur about every 9 years and those that generate thousands occur about every 25 years. Rainfall from cyclonic storms triggered hundreds to thousands of debris R. M. Wooten (*) Geohazards and Engineering Geology , North Carolina Geological Survey , 2090 US Highway 70 , Swannanoa , NC 28778 , USA e-mail: [email protected] A. C. Witt Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy , Division of Geology and Mineral Resources , 900 Natural Resources Drive, Suite 500 , Charlottesville , VA 22903 , USA e-mail: [email protected] C. F. Miniat Coweeta Hydrologic Lab , Center for Forest Watershed Research, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station , 3160 Coweeta Lab Road , Otto , NC 28763 , USA e-mail: [email protected] T. C. Hales Hillslope Geomorphology , School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK e-mail: [email protected] J. L. Aldred Department of Geography and Earth Sciences , University of North Carolina at Charlotte , 9201 University City Blvd. , Charlotte , NC 28223 , USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 203 C.H. -
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
Soil Stratification Using the Dual- Pore-Pressure Piezocone Test
68 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1235 Soil Stratification Using the Dual Pore-Pressure Piezocone Test ILAN JURAN AND MEHMET T. TUMAY Among in situ testing techniques presently used in soil stratification urated soil to dilate or contract during shearing. The pore and identification, the electric quasistatic cone penetration test water pressures measured at the cone tip and the shaft imme (QCPT) is recognized as a reliable, simple, fast, and economical diately behind the cone tip were found to be highly dependent test. Installation of pressure transducers inside cone penetrometers upon the stress history, sensitivity, and stiffness-to-strength to measure pore pressures generated during a sounding has added ratio of the soil. Therefore, several charts dealing with soil a new dimension to QCPT-the piezocone penetration test (PCPT). classification and stress history [i.e., overconsolidation ratio In this paper, some of the major design, testing, de-airing, and interpretive problems with regard to a new piezocone penetro· (OCR)] have been developed using the point resistance and meter with dual pore pressure measurement (DPCPT) are addressed. the excess pore water pressures measured immediare/y behind Results of field investigations indicate that DPCPT provides an the tip (18-20) and at the cone tip (6,16), respectively. enhanced capability of identifying and classirying minute loose or Interpretation of excess pore water pressures (ilu = u, - dense sand inclusions in low-permeability clay deposits. u0 , where u0 is hydrostatic water pressure) measured in sandy soils, and their use in soil classification, are more complex The construction of highway embankments and reclamation because the magnitude of these pore water pressures is highly projects in deltaic zones often requires continuous soil pro dependent upon the ratio of the penetration rate to hydraulic filing to establish the stratification of heterogeneous soil conductivity of the soil. -
Earth Materials Summary
GRADES 3–4 OVERVIEW EARTH MATERIALS GOALS The Earth Materials Module consists of four sequential investigations dealing with observable characteristics of solid materials from the earth—rocks and minerals. The focus is on taking materials apart to ○○○○○ find what they are made of and putting materials together to better ○○○○○○○○○○○ understand their properties. The module introduces fundamental OVERVIEW CONTENTS concepts in earth science and takes advantage of the students’ Goals 1 intrinsic interest in the subject matter and in the physical world FOSS and National Science around them. Education Standards 2 FOSS EXPECTS STUDENTS TO Science Background 3 • Develop an interest in earth materials. Working in Collaborative • Gain experiences with rocks and minerals. Groups 8 • Understand the process of taking apart and putting together Encouraging Discourse 9 to find out about materials. Guiding FOSS Investigations 10 • Use measuring tools to gather data about rocks. Assessing Progress 11 • Collect and organize data about rocks. Integrating the Curriculum 12 • Observe, describe, and record properties of minerals. FOSS for All Students 13 •Organize minerals on the basis of the property of hardness. The FOSS Teacher Guide • Investigate the effect of vinegar (acid) on a specific mineral, Organization 14 calcite. The FOSS Investigation Folio • Use evaporation to investigate rock composition. Organization 15 • Learn that rocks are composed of minerals and that minerals Scheduling the Earth cannot be physically separated into other materials. Materials Module 16 • Compare their activities to the work of a geologist. Safety in the Classroom 17 • Acquire vocabulary used in earth science. Earth Materials Module • Exercise language and math skills in the context of science. -
Earth Materials
Grade 4 Science, Quarter 1, Unit 1 Earth Materials Overview Number of instructional days: 10 (1 day = 45 minutes) Content to be learned Science processes to be integrated • Identify the four basic materials of the earth • Use physical properties to describe, compare, (water, soil, rocks, air). and sort objects. • Describe, compare, and sort rocks, soils, and • Make, record, and analyze observations and minerals by similar and different physical data. properties. • Cite evidence to support classification of • Record and analyze observations/data about objects. physical properties. • Identify and determine the uses of materials • Cite evidence to support why rocks, soils, or based on their physical properties. minerals are or are not classified together. • Support explanations using observations and • Determine and support explanations of the uses data. of earth materials. Essential questions • In what ways can we identify, describe, sort, • How can we use earth materials? and classify earth materials? Bristol-Warren, Little Compton, Portsmouth, Tiverton Public Schools, C-1 in collaboration with the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin Grade 4 Science, Quarter 1, Unit 1 Earth Materials (10 days) Written Curriculum Grade-Span Expectations ESS1 - The earth and earth materials as we know them today have developed over long periods of time, through continual change processes. ESS1 (K-4) INQ –1 Given certain earth materials (soils, rocks or minerals) use physical properties to sort, classify, and describe them. ESS1 (3-4) –1 Students demonstrate an understanding of earth materials by … 1d identifying the four basic materials of the earth (water, soil, rocks, air). 1a describing, comparing, and sorting rocks, soils, and minerals by similar or different physical properties (e.g., size, shape, color, texture, smell, weight, temperature, hardness, composition). -
Ground Modification Methods Reference Manual – Volume I NOTICE
U.S. Department of Transportation Publication No. FHWA-NHI-16-027 Federal Highway Administration FHWA GEC 013 April 2017 NHI Course No. 132034 Ground Modification Methods Reference Manual – Volume I NOTICE The contents of this document reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect policy of the Department of Transportation. This document does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer’s names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. COVER PHOTO CREDITS Upper left: Massachusetts Department of Transportation Upper middle: MixOnSite USA, Inc. Upper right: Bob Lukas, Ground Engineering Consultants, Inc. Lower left: Menard Group USA Lower middle: Subsurface Constructors Lower right: Hayward Baker Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-NHI-16-027 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 13 December 2016 GROUND MODIFICATION METHODS - REFERENCE MANUAL 6. Performing Organization Code VOLUME I 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Vernon R. Schaefer, Ryan R. Berg, James G. Collin, Barry R. Christopher, Jerome A. DiMaggio, George M. Filz, Donald A. Bruce, and Dinesh Ayala 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Ryan R. Berg & Associates, Inc. 2190 Leyland Alcove 11. Contract or Grant No. Woodbury, MN 55125 DTFH61-11-D-00049/0009 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Institute U.S. -
Geomorphic Processes
CHAPTER GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES fter learning about how the earth was forces continuously elevate or build up parts born, how it evolved its crust and other of the earth’s surface and hence the exogenic Ainner layers, how its crustal plates processes fail to even out the relief variations moved and are moving, and other information of the surface of the earth. So, variations remain on earthquakes, the forms of volcanism and as long as the opposing actions of exogenic and about the rocks and minerals the crust is endogenic forces continue. In general terms, composed of, it is time to know in detail about the endogenic forces are mainly land building the surface of the earth on which we live. Let forces and the exogenic processes are mainly us start with this question. land wearing forces. The surface of the earth is sensitive. Humans depend on it for their Why is the surface of the earth uneven? sustenance and have been using it extensively and intensively. So, it is essential to understand The earth’s crust is dynamic. You are well its nature in order to use it effectively without aware that it has moved and moves vertically disturbing its balance and diminishing its and horizontally. Of course, it moved a bit faster potential for the future. Almost all organisms in the past than the rate at which it is moving contribute to sustain the earth’s environment. now. The differences in the internal forces However, humans have caused extensive operating from within the earth which built up damage to the environment through over use the crust have been responsible for the of resources. -
Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface
CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the chapter I will be calling regolith, sediment, and soil. 1.2 I purposely did not specify any previous knowledge of geology as a prerequisite for this course, so it is important, here in the first part of this chapter, for me to provide you with some background on Earth materials. 1.3 We will be dealing almost exclusively with the Earth’s continental surfaces. There are profound geological differences between the continents and the ocean basins, in terms of origin, age, history, and composition. Here I’ll present, very briefly, some basic things about geology. (For more depth on such matters you would need to take a course like “The Earth: What It Is, How It Works”, given in the Harvard Extension program in the fall semester of 2005– 2006 and likely to be offered again in the not-too-distant future.) 1.4 In a gross sense, the Earth is a layered body (Figure 2-1). To a first approximation, it consists of concentric shells: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Figure 2-1: Schematic cross section through the Earth. 73 The core: The core consists mostly of iron, alloyed with a small percentage of certain other chemical elements. -
Slope Stability
Slope stability Causes of instability Mechanics of slopes Analysis of translational slip Analysis of rotational slip Site investigation Remedial measures Soil or rock masses with sloping surfaces, either natural or constructed, are subject to forces associated with gravity and seepage which cause instability. Resistance to failure is derived mainly from a combination of slope geometry and the shear strength of the soil or rock itself. The different types of instability can be characterised by spatial considerations, particle size and speed of movement. One of the simplest methods of classification is that proposed by Varnes in 1978: I. Falls II. Topples III. Slides rotational and translational IV. Lateral spreads V. Flows in Bedrock and in Soils VI. Complex Falls In which the mass in motion travels most of the distance through the air. Falls include: free fall, movement by leaps and bounds, and rolling of fragments of bedrock or soil. Topples Toppling occurs as movement due to forces that cause an over-turning moment about a pivot point below the centre of gravity of the unit. If unchecked it will result in a fall or slide. The potential for toppling can be identified using the graphical construction on a stereonet. The stereonet allows the spatial distribution of discontinuities to be presented alongside the slope surface. On a stereoplot toppling is indicated by a concentration of poles "in front" of the slope's great circle and within ± 30º of the direction of true dip. Lateral Spreads Lateral spreads are disturbed lateral extension movements in a fractured mass. Two subgroups are identified: A.