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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96 (2014) 353–360

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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96 (2014) 353–360 Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96 (2014) 353–360 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Geological variation in S-wave velocity structures in Northern Taiwan and implications for seismic hazards based on ambient noise analysis ⇑ Ya-Chuan Lai a, , Bor-Shouh Huang a, Yu-Chih Huang a,b, Huajian Yao c, Ruey-Der Hwang d, Yi-Ling Huang e, Wen-Yen Chang f a Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan b Taiwan Volcano Observatory at Tatun, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan c Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China d Department of Geology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan e Institute of Applied Geosciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan f Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan article info abstract Article history: Ambient noise analysis in Northern Taiwan revealed obvious lateral variations related to major geological Received 21 March 2014 units. The empirical Green’s functions extracted from interstation ambient noise were regarded as Ray- Received in revised form 20 August 2014 leigh waves, from which we analyzed the group velocities for period from 3 to 6 s. According to geological Accepted 29 August 2014 features, we divided Northern Taiwan into seven subregions, for which regionalized group velocities were Available online 17 September 2014 derived by using the pure-path method. On average, the group velocities in mountain areas were higher than those in the plain areas. We subsequently inverted the S-wave velocity structure for each subregion Keywords: down to 6 km in depth. Following the analysis, we proposed the first models of geology-dependent shal- Ambient noise low S-wave structures in Northern Taiwan. Overall, the velocity increased substantially from west to east; Empirical Green’s function (EGF) Rayleigh wave specifically, the mountain areas, composed of metamorphic rocks, exhibited higher velocities than did the Group velocity coastal plain and basin, which consist of soft sediment. At a shallow depth, the Western Coastal Plain, Tai- pei Basin, and Ilan Plain displayed a larger velocity gradient than did other regions. At the top 3 km of the model, the average velocity gradient was 0.39 km/s per km for the Western Coastal Plain and 0.15 km/s per km for the Central Range. These S-wave velocity models with large velocity gradients caused the seis- mic waves to become trapped easily in strata and, thus, the ground motion was amplified. The regional- ized S-wave velocity models derived from ambient noises can provide useful information regarding seismic wave propagation and for assessing seismic hazards in Northern Taiwan. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction addition, the Tatun Volcano Group and the Taipei Basin in Northern Taiwan are the crucial local geological structures. Taiwan is an active tectonic region, where the orogeny is cre- P-wave tomography is an efficient method for examining the ated by the convergence between the Eurasian plate and the Phil- features of plate tectonics (Kim et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2007b; ippine Sea plate. In Northern Taiwan, the Philippine Sea plate Kuo-Chen et al., 2012). However, the resolution for regional seismic subducts northward to create complex tectonics and geological tomography is limited by the geometric configuration between the features (Fig. 1), as validated according to seismicity (Tsai, 1986; earthquake locations and seismic stations; specifically, the depth Wang and Shin, 1998) and seismic tomography (cf. Kim et al., resolutions of regional seismic tomography in the mantle and a 2005; Wu et al., 2007b; Kuo-Chen et al., 2012). In Taiwan, plate few kilometers of shallow structures are also low. Regarding seis- convergence strongly controls principle geological structures, mic hazard assessment, the underground structures are crucial for resulting in a northeastward tendency. The primary units from predicting the ground motion in an actively seismicity region, par- west to east are the Western Coastal Plain, Western Foothills, ticularly for the shallow S-wave velocity structures near the surface. Hsueshan Range, Central Range, and Coastal Range (Ho, 1986). In Consequently, conducting S-wave tomography is quite important but difficult, because of its inexact picking in the S-wave arrival. Regional short-period surface waves (Chung and Shin, 1999; ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.-C. Lai). Hwang et al., 2003) and microtremor array analyses have typically http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.039 1367-9120/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 354 Y.-C. Lai et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96 (2014) 353–360 been used to investigate shallow S-wave structures (Satoh et al., the lateral variations in structures as well as the shallow S-wave 2001; Huang and Wu, 2006; Lin et al., 2009; Wu and Huang, velocity, facilitating ground-motion prediction and, thus, seismic 2013). However, the spatial resolution for regional short-period hazard assessment. In addition, the regionalized models can also surface waves and microtremor array analyses is too low for acquir- be applied to local earthquake location and constraint of regional ing a dense and uniform ray-path distribution. To enhance the spa- tomography. tial resolution, interstation short-period surface waves (i.e., empirical Green’s function, EGF) are extracted from the ambient 2. Data noise and have served as a helpful tool for exploring shallow S-wave structures in the past decade (Shapiro and Campillo, 2004; Sabra In addition to seismic recordings acquired from two linear et al., 2005; Shapiro et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2006). Recent studies arrays of the TAIGER project (cf. Wu et al., 2007a, 2014; Okaya have shown that ambient noise not only increases the spatial reso- et al., 2009) and Broadband Array in Taiwan for Seismology (BATS), lution but also improves the retrieval of short-period surface waves data from one temporary array in the Northern Taiwan area oper- down to a few seconds (cf. Huang et al., 2010, 2012; You et al., ated by the Institute of Earth Sciences (IES, Academia Sinica, Tai- 2010). Early, the short-period group velocity map of Northern Tai- wan) were also included. A total of fifty-one broadband stations wan developed previously by You et al. (2010) indicated a high con- (Fig. 1) throughout Northern Taiwan were used to create good path sistency between the velocity variation and geological units. Here, coverage by station pairs. We collected vertical-component contin- we did not make tomography, but regionalizing Northern Taiwan uous recordings for three months, from February to April, 2008. on the basis of the major geological units to illustrate the average Several procedures prior to the ambient noise analysis were con- group velocity and its corresponding S-wave structure. ducted. First, we divided the continuous raw data into daily In 2008–2009, the TAiwan Integrated GEodynamic Research records and then visually checked the data quality. The daily ones (TAIGER) project, which is focused on investigating plate tectonics that have large periodic impulse were thus removed. Second, after in Taiwan, has established numerous seismic stations throughout removing the instrumental response, the sampling rate of record- Taiwan (cf. Wu et al., 2007a, 2014; Okaya et al., 2009). The data col- ing was changed to 1 Hz. Finally, the daily continuous seismic data lected through the TAIGER project provide an excellent opportunity was band-pass filtered between 3 and 20 s. To retrieve reasonable to examine shallow-depth S-wave structures by conducting an dispersion curves, the interstation distance must be three times ambient noise analysis. In this study, we combined the stations from larger than the longest wavelength (cf. Yao et al., 2006; Bensen the TAIGER project and several permanent stations (Fig. 1), at which et al., 2007). Therefore, we adopted only the station pairs with Rayleigh waves were captured from the vertical-component record- interstation distances exceeding 40 km. ings, to complete the ambient noise analysis. We subsequently determined the interstation Rayleigh-wave group velocity and derived the regional group velocities based on the geological fea- 3. Analysis and results tures in Northern Taiwan. Finally, the S-wave velocity structure of each geological unit was inverted. Such geology-based 1-D velocity 3.1. Empirical Green’s function derived from ambient noise analysis structure would be useful for ground motion simulation to address the sensitivity of model parameters, such like low-velocity sedi- The empirical Green’s function, EGF, of surface waves extracted ments, velocity contrast, and velocity gradient. Our work revealed from the time derivative of the ambient noise cross-correlation Fig. 1. The upper left diagram shows the tectonic setting of Taiwan. The rectangle marks the survey area. The broadband seismic stations used are marked by triangles (IES and CGS), squares (BATS), and diamonds (TAIGER). The major geologic units in Northern Taiwan are (1) Tatun Volcano Group, (2) Taipei Basin, (3) Western Coastal Plain, (4) Western Foothills, (5) Hsueshan Range, (6) Ilan Plain, and (7) Central Range. Y.-C. Lai et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96 (2014) 353–360 355 function has been demonstrated by Lobkis and Weaver (2001) and coefficient between daily EGF and aEGF for each station pair was extensively applied to seismology (Shapiro and Campillo, 2004; calculated to judge whether the daily EGF was available or not. Sabra et al., 2005; Shapiro et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2006). The EGF, Certain EGFs exhibited a low cross-correlation coefficient, which b GðtÞ, can be expressed as follows. might be related to time and polarity problems (You et al., 2010).
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