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Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology Publishes a Wide Variety of Papers 655 _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2018__________ THE LONGHORN BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) OF THE EASTERN CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS IN UKRAINE Andrew M. Zamoroka* * Vasil Stefanyk Preсarpathian National University, Department of Biology and Ecology, Shevchenko str., 57, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, UKRAINE. E-mail: [email protected] [Zamoroka, A. M. 2018. The longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 13 (2): 655-691] ABSTRACT: In the current study, I presented the most comprehensive list of Cerambycidae for the Eastern Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine which consists 147 species belonging to 6 subfamilies, 29 tribes and 79 genera. These constitute 51.7% of all species currently known in Ukraine. In addition, I provided the main findings on the horizontal and the vertical distribution of Cerambycidae diversity patterns (e.g. climatic, taxonomic, biogeographic and trophic groups) under the elevation environmental gradient. The horizontal diversity patterns of Cerambycidae asymmetrically hifted eastward of the Main Carpathian Watershed Range. The sharp boundary between deciduous and coniferous vegetation belts caused big "biodiversity hiatus" in the west inner zone of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine. The vertical diversity patterns demonstrate decreasing of species richness due to ingreasing of elevation. I also demonstrated changes in the taxonomic, biogeographic and trophic groups composition along the altitudinal environmental gradient. KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Eastern Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine Since the mid-19th century, the multiple studies on the longhorn beetles in the Eastern Carpathians Mountains of Ukraine (hereinafter the ECMU) were conducted. Historically, the four general stages of the studies could be distinguished. On the first stage which lasted during 1859-1939 it was collected faunistic data. The second stage (1947-1960) included studies on strict utilitarian value of the longhorn beetles. For the third stage (1960-1990) it was typical to use the autecological approaches for study of Cerambycidae, their conservation and chorological analysis. The modern synthesis (since 2000 to date) of the faunistic data and the communities of the longhorn beetles for biodiversity estimation and ecosystem conservation is the four historical stage of the studies. The future studies of the longhorn beetles in the ECMU will be based on using molecular data and approaches of landscape genomics for revealing of their cryptic biodiversity, the role of microhabitats for their diversity and for improving of ecosystem conservation and restoration. The first data on the several species of Cerambycidae in the ECMU were included to short Coleoptera list published by M. Nowicki in 1858 (Nowicki, 1858). Latter he published several papers on Coleoptera of Halicia (historical region in Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland) where some data on Cerambycidae was included (Nowicki, 1864, 1873). At the same time, M. Lomnicki had conducted the coleopteran studies in the ECMU. He studied beetles of Chornohora Mts (Łomnicki, 1868) and Gorgany Mts (Łomnicki, 1880, 1882). At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries M. Lomnicki summarized his studies in three catalogs of the beetles of Halicia, the collection of Dzieduszyckich Museum in Lviv and the Polish Coleoptera (Łomnicki, 1884, 1886, 1913). The First World War (WWI) was interrupted the studies which was restated in 1920s. During the WWI L. Hildt published the review of the longhorn beetles of Poland, where data on Cerambycidae of the ECMU were presented (Hildt, 1917). Some data were presented in paper of T. Trella (1925), who studied Coleoptera in surroundings of _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2018__________ 656 Przemysl (Poland) including part of Beskydy Mts. in Ukraine and in Poland. In 1936 J. Roubal published the most comprehensive catalog of Coleoptera of Slovakia and Podkarpatska Rus (Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine) (Roubal, 1936). V. Lazorko studied beetles in Gorgany Mts (Lazorko, 1938, 1953). O. Marcu studied Cerambycidae in Bukovyna (historical region in Western Ukraine and North Romania) (Marcu, 1936, 1939). After the Second World War, based mainly on J. Roubal's catalogue (Roubal, 1930), K. Fasulati published the first annotated list of the longhorn beetles of Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, including west part of the ECMU (Fasulati, 1955). At the same time, I. Zahaykevych began to study the forest pests in Western Ukraine, and in the ECMU in particular, paying attention to the longhorn beetles. He published several papers on the forest pests including Cerambycidae of white fir, Norway spruce, common pine, oak and beech. I. Zahaykevych summarized data on their distribution, larvae food plants and damage effect on forests in Western Ukraine. He proposed entomologically- economic zonation of Western Ukraine with description of forest pest fauna for every of zones. His list was included species which damage timber, bark, roots, shoots, foliage and needles of trees. For the ECMU, Zahaykevych demonstrated vertical distribution of the forest pests (Zahaykevych 1954a, 1954b, 1955a, 1955b, 1958). Later, I. Zahaykevych started studies on autecological features of the longhorn beetles. He published series of papers on fecundity, developmental biology, distribution, phenology, ecology and conservation of Cerambycidae (Zahaykevych, 1960, 1961, 1965a,b, 1966, 1968, 1981, 1991). Since 2000, I study the longhorn beetles in the ECMU, focusing mainly on ecological features of cerambycids communities in various types of ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how many cerambycids species are present in the ECMU. Nor paper yet been published summarizing the diversity of the longhorn beetles for the ECMU. Thus, in the current study, I present the most comprehensive list of Cerambycidae for the ECMU based on my own data collected during 15 years and available resources such as collections of Scientific Institutions (see the methods) and available scientific publications. THE AREA OF THE STUDY The macroregion of the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains (ECMU) constitutes the most east part of Carpathian Arc and therefore also named the Eastern Carpathians (Figs. 1A-C). The area of the ECMU is over 24150 sq. km, which constitute 4% of total area of Ukraine, and partly occupies territory of four administrative Regions of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattya (Transcarpathian). Mountains is subdivided into 10 divisions: Beskydy, Gorgany, Pokuttya-Bukovyna Carpathians, Chyvchyn-Hrynyava Mountains, Marmarosh, Chornohora, Svydivets, Polonyny Carpathians, Vulcanic Carpathians and Upper Tysa Hollow. Geomorphlogicaly the ECMU is clearly separated from Precarpathian Lowland on the northeast and Pannonia Plain on the southwest. On the northwest, the ECMU continues into Polish and Slovakian Carpathians and on the south into Romanian Carpathians. The ECMU is 280 km in length and 110 km wide. The mountain ridges are directed from northwest to southeast and they are separated by the same directed deep hollows. The numerous rivers valleys divide them in perpendicular direction. The average altitude of the ECMU is 1500 m. The highest points are located in southeast of the inner part of the ECMU and exceed 2000 m (Mt. Hoverla–2061 m; Mt. Brebeneskul–2035 m; Mt. Pip Ivan Chornohirsky– 2020 m et cet.). The average altitude of northeast part of the ECMU is higher over 657 _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2018__________ 250 m than in southwest part. The area of the ECMU constitutes the Danube (on the south-west) and Dnister (on the northeast) Rivers catchments which are separated by the Main Carpathian Watershed Range. The Main Carpathian Watershed Range divides the mountain area into northeast and southwest macroslopes. Climate of the ECMU is transitional from wet Atlantic to dry continental. The average annular radiation balance is 20 Kcal/sm2. The average annular air humidity is 76%. The average annular rainfall varies in the outer and in the inner parts of the ECMU (fig. 1. E). It also varies depending on exposure of mountains slopes and altitudes. In the northeast outer parts of the ECMU average annular rainfall is 800-950 mm and in the southwest outer part is 1000-1500 mm per year. In the inner, the highest, part of the ECMU rainfall is 1500-2500 mm per year. The temperature decreases on 0.6°C per 100 m of elevation increasing. The average annular temperature also varies due to altitude (Fig. 1D). In the mountains foothills it is +7°C, in the outer low ranges it is +6°C, in the outer middle ranges it is +5°C and in the inner highest ranges it is +4°C. Frequent cyclones and the west and north-west winds prevail here. The dominating vegetation of the ECMU is forests which cover over 70% of area. It separates into mountain vegetation belts which distribution vary on the southwest and northeast macroslopes (Fig. 1. F). On the southwest macroslope from the foothills to the highest ridges the vegetation constitutes next belts: 1. Oak-ash flooding forests (Querceto roboris-Fraxinetum) distributed to 150 m above sea level (asl); 2. Oak-beech forests (Querceto petraeae-Fagetum)–150- 300 m asl; 3. Pure Beech forests (Fagetum sylvaticae)–250-1400 m asl; 4. Beech- fir-spruce forests (Fageto-Abieto-Peceetum)–950-1400 m asl; 5. Fir-spruce forests (Abieto-Piceetum)–1000-1500 m asl; 6. Pure Spruce forests (Piceeta abietis)–1200-1700 m asl; 7. Alpine shrubs (Pinus mugo, Alnus viridis, Juniperus sibirica)–1650-1850 m asl; 8. Alpine meadows–over 1900 m asl. On the northeast macroslope distribution of the vegetation zones is different than on southeast. There are: 1. Oak-beech-fir forests (Querceto roboris-fageto-abietis)–400- 500 m asl; 2. Beech-fir forests (Fageto-abietis)–500-650 m asl; 3. Beech-spruce- fir forests (Fageto-piceeto-abietum)–650-800 m asl; 4. Fir-spruce forests (Abieto-piceetum)–800-950 m asl; 5. Pure spruce forests (Piceeta abietis)–1000- 1500 m asl; 6. Cedar pine-spruce forests (Pineto cembrae-piceetum)–1500- 1700 m asl, 7. Alpine shrubs (Pinus mugo, Alnus viridis, Juniperus sibirica)– 1500-1900 m asl; 8.
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