DOCSLIB.ORG

Deliberative Democracy, Truth, and Holmesian Social Darwinism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deliberative Democracy, Truth, and Holmesian Social Darwinism SMU Law Review Volume 72 Issue 3 Article 9 2019 Deliberative Democracy, Truth, and Holmesian Social Darwinism Alexander Tsesis Loyola University Chicago, School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr Part of the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Alexander Tsesis, Deliberative Democracy, Truth, and Holmesian Social Darwinism, 72 SMU L. REV. 495 (2019) https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr/vol72/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in SMU Law Review by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, TRUTH, AND HOLMESIAN SOCIAL DARWINISM Alexander Tsesis* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 495 II. MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS FRAMEWORK ........... 496 III. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUTHS VS. DESTRUCTIVE MESSAGES .............................................. 503 IV. TRUTH AND DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY ........ 508 V. CONCLUSION ........................................... 510 I. INTRODUCTION USTICE Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.’s “marketplace of ideas” anal- ogy continues to deeply influence First Amendment doctrine. It pro- Jvides a rational substratum upon which the political or self- realization characterizations of free speech are built. However, typically overlooked is the Social Darwinistic root of the Justice’s thought. He championed the spread of ideas and the political sway of majority opin- ions. That analytical insight is key to many of the Supreme Court’s free speech precedents. On the one hand, the concept is invaluable for de- fending free discussions about philosophy, political science, the arts, hu- manities, pedagogy, and social sciences. In these areas, the marketplace of thoughtful expression will give rise to searching wisdom, understand- ing, culture, taste, achievement, scientific truth, political action, and crea- tivity. On the other hand, market political leverage can drown out minority voices. According to a Holmesian relativist understanding, pop- ulist versions of truth can and should dominate law and its formation. To his mind, the judiciary lacks any power to check “proletarian dictator- ship” from forming in the country.1 Left unqualified, his political perspec- tive on truth allows for abuses of representative governance. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, democratic institutions are be- ing exploited by populist autocrats like Hungary’s Viktor Orban or Tur- key’s Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Populism in the United States, on the right and on the left of the political spectrum, is alarmingly flirting with xeno- phobia, racism, and anti-Semitism. That political reality should give us some pause about expecting libertarianism to yield a just truth. * Raymond & Mary Simon Chair in Constitutional Law and Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law. 1. Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 673 (1925) (Holmes, J., dissenting). 495 496 SMU LAW REVIEW [Vol. 72 Justice Holmes’s Social Darwinistic approach to the marketplace of ideas is fraught with callous notions of preference for powerful speakers. It stands in opposition to a more equalitarian understanding of markets, which recognizes the policy balance governments sometimes undertake to advance important interests that protect open dialogue, while empower- ing indigent and powerless individuals to join the conversation.2 Truth and falsity are manipulable concepts, not generally something courts want to resolve. Falsehood is inevitable in conversation. At a minimum, mistakes are rampant in discourse, therefore as New York Times Co. v. Sullivan championed a “profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide- open.” 3 People living in a deliberative democracy must be given space to joke, speak figuratively, and hyperbolically criticize government without risk of censorship or punishment. Government lacks the authority to re- quire parties to adopt its version of truth.4 This essay first provides a brief doctrinal trajectory of how the Court developed its marketplace of ideas doctrine. It then critiques the construct’s amenability to authoritarian doctrines. At its core, this essay argues against the libertarian view of free speech and for the adoption of a limited balancing test that, along with precedents, requires judges to weigh speech, public policy, a means/ends analysis, and the availability of less intrusive ways of achieving the nar- rowly tailored government aims.5 II. MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS FRAMEWORK Justice Holmes first articulated the marketplace of ideas doctrine in his 1919 dissent to Abrams v. United States.6 He was not the first to come up with that framework for reviewing speech restrictions, rather he relied on John Stuart Mill’s7 and John Milton’s8 works. Neither was Abrams Holmes’s first foray into free speech jurisprudence. Earlier the same year, he had initiated the clear and present danger test into (what should be said was really the creation of) modern First Amendment jurisprudence 2. See Genevieve Lakier, Imagining an Antisubordinating First Amendment, 118 COLUM. L. REV. 2117, 2127 (2018). 3. N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270 (1964). 4. Totalitarian regimes equate official statements of truth with state policy and re- press any views contrary to political dogma. For an excellent literary depiction of official truth used to manipulate the ideas of citizens, see ARTHUR KOESTLER, DARKNESS AT NOON 236–37 (Daphne Hardy trans., The Modern Library 1941) (expressing Soviet cyni- cism about the existence of any objective truth other than the totalitarian government’s political definition of it). 5. I am borrowing the basic aspects of this standard from United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 730 (2012) (Breyer, J., concurring). In addition to the four balancing factors Jus- tice Breyer lists, traditional and doctrinal reasons are also relevant to the exercise of judi- cial judgment. 6. 250 U.S. 616, 630–631 (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting). 7. JOHN STUART MILL, UTILITARIANISM, LIBERTY AND REPRESENTATIVE GOVERN- MENT 105 (1957). 8. JOHN MILTON, AREOPAGITICA 58 (1918). 2019] Deliberative Democracy 497 in Schenck v. United States,9 Frohwerk v. United States,10 and Debs v. United States.11 Those cases accepted that government can restrict speech when it poses a clear and present danger to national security. Consistent with those three cases, in Abrams, Holmes stated, “It is only the present danger of immediate evil or an intent to bring it about that warrants Congress in setting a limit to the expression of opinion where private rights are not concerned.”12 Holmes’s dissent should be read con- textually with the events that led to the conviction of a group of Russian immigrants, who were sympathetic to the Bolshevik revolution in the So- viet Union. The five-person clique of Russian emigres living in New York opposed sending U.S. troops into the U.S.S.R., urging “the persons to whom it was addressed to turn a deaf ear to patriotic appeals in behalf of the government of the United States, and to cease to render it assistance in the prosecution of the war.”13 Holmes dissented to the conviction of these small-time pamphleteers, who posed no clear and present danger to the government, nor even to U.S. conscription.14 He believed, instead, that government prosecuted Abrams and his co-publishers for their un- popular communist beliefs.15 Holmes’s statement of the marketplace of ideas is pithy: [M]en . may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas—that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried out. That at any rate is the theory of our Constitution.16 While this powerful statement is often cited and quoted, too rarely no- ticed in literature about his dissent to Abrams is the relativistic nature of Holmes’s marketplace of ideas. He made its underlying cynicism clear in a 1925 dissent to Gitlow v. New York: “If in the long run the beliefs ex- pressed in proletarian dictatorship are destined to be accepted by the dominant forces of the community, the only meaning of free speech is that they should be given their chance and have their way.”17 Holmes recognized that government can act against immediate threats to its con- tinued existence; he thinks even the establishment of a “proletarian dicta- torship” to be within the legitimate authority of the masses. Tragic twentieth century examples of popular dictatorships that benefitted from 9. 249 U.S. 47, 52 (1919). 10. 249 U.S. 204, 206 (1919). 11. 249 U.S. 211, 216 (1919). 12. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 628 (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting). 13. Id. at 620–21 (majority opinion). 14. Id. at 628 (Holmes, J., dissenting). 15. Id. at 629–30. The Court has repeatedly ruled that there is a difference between advocacy of abstract theories justifying the use of violence and actual preparations taken in furtherance of such theories. See, e.g., Noto v. United States, 367 U.S. 290, 297–98 (1961). 16. Abrams, 250 U.S. at 630 (Holmes, J., dissenting). 17. Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 673 (1925) (Holmes, J., dissenting). 498 SMU LAW REVIEW [Vol. 72 charismatic orators—in Nazi Germany, Maoist China, Soviet Union, and Khmer Rouge Cambodia—should give us pause about Holmes’s perfunc- tory assumption about truth being the eventual outcome of deliberative discourse. In those historical cases, it was not the most reasonable groups that ascended to power but the most ruthless, narrow-minded, and ideo- logically inflexible ones who established autocratic governments by the power of their rhetoric.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Declaration of Interdependence: Peace, Social Justice, and the “Spirit Wrestlers” John Elfers Sofia University
    International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 32 | Issue 2 Article 12 7-1-2013 A Declaration of Interdependence: Peace, Social Justice, and the “Spirit Wrestlers” John Elfers Sofia University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, Religion Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Elfers, J. (2013). Elfers, J. (2013). A declaration of interdependence: Peace, social justice, and the “spirit wrestlers.” International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 32(2), 111–121.. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 32 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ ijts.2013.32.2.111 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Declaration of Interdependence: Peace, Social Justice, and the “Spirit Wrestlers” John Elfers Sofia University Palo Alto, CA, USA The struggle between the Doukhobors, a nonviolent society committed to communal values, and the Canadian Government epitomizes the tension between values of personal rights and independence on the one hand, and social obligation on the other. The immigration of the Doukhobors from Russia to the Canadian prairies in 1899 precipitated a century- long struggle that brings issues of social justice, moral obligation, political authority, and the rule of law into question. The fundamental core of Western democracies, founded on the sanctity of individual rights and equal opportunity, loses its potency in a community that holds to the primacy of interdependence and an ethic of caring.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualizing the “Marketplace of Ideas” in Libraries
    Contextualizing the “Marketplace of Ideas” in Libraries Nailisa Tanner and Grant Andersen ABSTRACT: “The marketplace of ideas” is frequently invoked in debates concerning the merits of free, unrestricted speech; as social and information centres of their communities, libraries are often implicated in these debates. If we suppose that libraries are supporters of civic debate, what does it mean to take the “free market of ideas” as the principle by which the free speech debate is organized? This paper contextualizes the tendency to imagine the public sphere as a free market in ideas within jurisprudence and the neoliberal arts of government, consulting democratic theory to question which frameworks libraries might draw from to reimagine their contribution to the public sphere. Keywords: civic space; democracy; free speech; markets; neoliberalism This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Journal of Radical Librarianship, Vol. 4 (2018) pp. 53–73. Published 12 September 2018. Introduction: Free Speech and the “Marketplace of Ideas” in Library Spaces In June 2017, the Toronto Public Library (TPL) gained widespread attention and criticism for permitting a memorial service for Barbara Kulaszka, a lawyer who had represented neo- Nazis and Holocaust Deniers, to be held in one of its rooms.1 In the wake of the controversy, Vickery Bowles, City Librarian for the TPL, was awarded the Ontario Library Association’s Les Fowlie Intellectual Freedom Award at the beginning of 2018.2 Shortly afterwards, Bowles announced the launch of the event series On Civil Society, the largest system-wide series the TPL had ever hosted.3 The purpose of the series was to provoke thought and spark public debate about divisive social and political issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalism, the New Journalism, and the Tradition of the Modern American Fact-Based Homicide Novel
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml48106-1346 USA 3131761-4700 800!521-0600 Order Number 9406702 Naturalism, the new journalism, and the tradition of the modern American fact-based homicide novel Whited, Lana Ann, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • 1/10/77 - Remarks at the Closing of the Ceremony Presenting Medals of Freedom” of the President’S Speeches and Statements: Reading Copies at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 42, “1/10/77 - Remarks at the Closing of the Ceremony Presenting Medals of Freedom” of the President’s Speeches and Statements: Reading Copies at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 42 of President's Speeches and Statements: Reading Copies at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library CLOSING REMARKS FOR MEDAL OF FREEDOM PRESENTATION -I- LET ME CONGRATULATE EACH AND EVERY ONE OF YOUe - 4 ·~ I REGRET THAT IRVING BERLIN, THE LATE ALEXANDER CALDER\ AND GEORG lA O'KEEFFE WERE UNABLE TO BE REPRESENTED HERE TODAY. ~ WE WILL W PREEE11Tif4S THEIR MEDALS TO THEM.......- OR TO THEIR FAMILIES AT A LATER DATE. -2- IN ClOSING\lET ME VOICE OUR COUNTRY'S GRATITUDE\ NOT ONLY T~ Y~ \BUT TO ALL THOSE WHO HELPED YOU ACHIEVE WHAT YOU Dl De EACH OF YOU HAS HAD FRIENDS AND C~WORKERS\(_AMMATES AND -~~MILIES WHO S~E IN YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS \\AND IN OUR PRIDE TODAYe ONCE AGAIN, \ CONGRATUlATI ONSe -3- NOW BETTY AND I WILL JOIN THE HO\JOREES IN THE GRAND HALL TO .MEET....
    [Show full text]
  • Speech, Truth, and the Free Market for Ideas
    i.tga177ltOry,2 (1996), ]-32. Printed in the United Statesof America Cop)1ight@ Cambridge Uni\"e~il}. Press 0361-6843/96 $5.00 + .00 SPEECH, TRUTH, AND THE FREE MARKET FOR IDEAS Alvin i... Goldman University of Arizona Department of Philosophy JamesC. Cox University of Arizona Department of Economics This article examines a thesis of interest to social epistemology and some articula- tions of First Amendment legal theory: that a free market in speech is an optimal institution for promoting true belief. Under our interpretation, the market-for- speech thesis claims that more total truth possession will be achieved if speech is regulated only by free market mechanisms; that is, both government regulation and private sector non market regulation are held to have information-fostering properties that are inferior to the free market. After discussing possible counterex- amples to the thesis, the article explores the actual implications of economic theory for the emergence of truth in a free market for speech. When confusions are removed about what is maximized by perfectly competitive markets, and when adequate attention is paid to market imperfections, the failure of the market- for-speech thesis becomes clear. The article closes by comparing the properties of a free market in speech with an adversaria.l system of discourse. I. INTRODUCTION The topic of this article lies at a certain intersection of philosophy, econom- ics, and the law. Within philosophy, it falls under the heading of "social epistemology," at least the conception of social epistemology articulated else\vhereby the first author.l According to this conception, epistemology in general tries to identify methods and practices that promote the acquisi- tion of kno\vledge, i.e., true belief, as opposed to error or ignorance.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Speech and Justified True Belief
    VOLUME 133 DECEMBER 2019 NUMBER 2 © 2019 by The Harvard Law Review Association ARTICLES FREE SPEECH AND JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF Joseph Blocher CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 440 I. THE EPISTEMIC FIRST AMENDMENT ............................................................................ 447 A. The Standard Account: The Marketplace of Ideas Maximizes Truth ......................... 448 B. The Standard Critiques .................................................................................................... 451 1. Internal: Speech Does Not Maximize Truth .............................................................. 451 2. External: Truth Is Not the Central Value of Free Speech. ....................................... 455 C. The Road to Larissa ......................................................................................................... 459 II. THE CONSTITUTIONAL VALUE AND DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE ..................... 464 A. Knowledge as a First Amendment Value ....................................................................... 465 1. Knowledge as a Means to the Intrinsic Good of Truth ............................................ 465 2. Knowledge as a Guide to Action ................................................................................ 470 3. Truth, Knowledge, and Character .............................................................................. 472 4. Truth and the Role of the State ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Research Papers Graduate School Spring 4-13-2009 Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psycholgy and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling James B. Benziger Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp Recommended Citation Benziger, James B., "Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psycholgy and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling" (2009). Research Papers. Paper 1. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Papers by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING: A HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGY AND SPIRITUALLITY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR INTEGRATING THEM IN INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, AND FAMILY COUNSELING by Brad Benziger Bachelor of Arts in English Literature A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Education Graduate Program in Counselor Education Department of Educational Psychology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2009 AN ABSTRACT of the RESEARCH PAPER of Brad Benziger for the Master of Science in Counseling Degree in Educational Psychology, presented April 10, 2009, at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. TITLE: Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psychology and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brandeis Gambit: the Making of America's "First Freedom," 1909-1931
    William & Mary Law Review Volume 40 (1998-1999) Issue 2 Article 7 February 1999 The Brandeis Gambit: The Making of America's "First Freedom," 1909-1931 Bradley C. Bobertz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the First Amendment Commons Repository Citation Bradley C. Bobertz, The Brandeis Gambit: The Making of America's "First Freedom," 1909-1931, 40 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 557 (1999), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol40/iss2/7 Copyright c 1999 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr THE BRANDEIS GAMBIT: THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S "FIRST FREEDOM," 1909-1931 BRADLEY C. BOBERTZ* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................. 557 I. FREE SPEECH AND SOCIAL CONFLICT: 1909-1917 ..... 566 II. WAR AND PROPAGANDA ......................... 576 III. JUSTICE HOLMES, NINETEEN NINETEEN ............ 587 IV. THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S "FIRST FREEDOM. ....... 607 A. Free Speech as Safety Valve ................ 609 B. Bolshevism, Fascism, and the Crisis of American Democracy ...................... 614 C. Reining in the Margins .................... 618 D. Free Speech and Propagandain the "Marketplace of Ideas"..................... 628 V. THE BRANDEIS GAMBIT ........................ 631 EPILOGUE: SAN DIEGO FREE SPEECH FIGHT REVISITED .... 649 INTRODUCTION A little after two o'clock on the sixth afternoon of 1941, Frank- lin Roosevelt stood at the clerk's desk of the U.S. House of Rep- resentatives waiting for the applause to end before delivering one of the most difficult State of the Union Addresses of his * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimentation and the Marketplace Theory of the First Amendment
    EXPERIMENTATION AND THE MARKETPLACE THEORY OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT GARY L. FRANCIONEt TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................... 418 I. EXPERIMENTATION AS EXPRESSIVE CONTENT ...... 426 A. The General View .......................... 427 B. Experimentation as Protected Expression ....... 430 1. Experimentation as Communicative Conduct 431 2. Experimentation as Communication ........ 445 a. Information-GeneratingEvents as Com- munication ........................ 445 b. Use of "Scientific Method" as Communi- cation ............................ 448 c. The Public Nature of Experimentation as Communication .................. 448 d. The Awareness of Acting as Involving Communication .................... 449 e. Experimentation Incidental to "Basic Science" as Protected Expression ...... 450 C. Summary ................................. 458 II. EXPERIMENTATION AS A NONCOMMUNICATIVE "PRE- CONDITION" TO THE DISSEMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC EXPRESSION ........................................ 459 "Copyright © 1987 by Gary L. Francione. All rights reserved. Associate Profes- sof Law, University of Pennsylvania. My colleagues Steve Burbank, Michael Fitts, Susan Sturm, and Clyde Summers read and commented on earlier drafts of the manu- script. My colleagues C. Edwin Baker, Frank Goodman, Seth Kreimer, and Michael Madow provided generous amounts of time and valuable advice throughout the entire research and writing process. Regina Austin and Alan Watson not only commented on the manuscript, but also expressed continuous support and encouragement for the pro- ject. Dr. Robert Kohler of the Department of the History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania was extremely helpful in guiding me to appropriate source materials. Our research librarians provided expert assistance in helping me to obtain materials and advice. Lorraine Vance and Deborah Neary exerted extraordinary efforts to type promptly the various versions of the manuscript. Special thanks to Anna Charlton, class of 1989, for her assistance, guidance, and most of all, her patience.
    [Show full text]
  • Quotes for Sustainable Living By
    Daily Inspirational Quotes for Sustainable Living by www.globalstewards.org Happiness's fundamental meaning is a free breathing of the soul. Helen Keller ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Whilst everything around me is ever changing, ever dying, there is underlying all that change a living power that is changeless, that holds all together, that creates, dissolves and recreates. That informing power or spirit is God....And is this power benevolent or malevolent? I see it as purely benevolent. For I can see that in the midst of death life persists, in the midst of untruth truth persists, in the midst of darkness light persists. Hence I gather that God is Life, Truth, Light. He is Love. He is the supreme Good. Mahatma Gandhi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I change myself, I change the world. Gloria Anzuldúa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Lots of people talk to animals," said Pooh..."Not very many listen, though," he said. Benjamin Hoff ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "One can't believe impossible things." [said Alice]..."I daresay you haven't had much practice," said the Queen.
    [Show full text]
  • S&Ialism and Anarchism
    S&IALISMAND ANARCHISM BY WILL DURANT Price Fifteen Cent8 New York Albert and Charlea Boni 96 Fifth Avenue / 1914 . Copyright 1914 by Will Dnrant SOCIALISM AND ANARCHISM. It is almost two years now since Lola Ridge, on behalf of the executive board of the Francisco Ferrer Association, honored me with the proposal that I become the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School. I remember very distinctly part of the con- versation we had. “But you are almost all Anarchists here,” I said ; “are you sure that you want a Socialist to come and take charge of your school?” I do not remember that Miss Ridge was entirely sure of this. But she was quite confident on another point. “I’m sure,” she said, her eyes all aglow with her own firm faith, “that when you get to know more about anarchism you will become an anarchist too.” It was then less than a year since I had escaped from a Catholic seminary (I had almost said cemetery,- which would have been a very tri- vial error) ; and I could forgive Miss Ridge for im- plying that my ignorance of anarchism was quite encyclopedic. Touched to the marrow of my ego- tism, I resolved that so far as my work should per- mit I would study anarchism and anarchists until blue in the face. I proceeded at once to make the acquaintance of anarchist theory from Zeno to Kro- potkin, and revelled for quite a year in the exhila- 1 .__ .- rating iconoclasm of Stirner and Nietzsche, Tolstoi and Whitman. Incidentally, I made the acquain- tance of anarchist men and women, and found them, for the most part, actuated by such honest revolu- tionary ardor as went straight to my heart (not to my head).
    [Show full text]
  • Sam Dolgoff Papers
    THE SAM DOLGOFF COLLECTION Papers, 1907-1969 (Predominantly, 1922-1935) 1.5 linear feet Accession Number 568 L.C. Number The papers of Sam Dolgoff were placed in the Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs in September and October of 1972 by Mr. Dolgoff and opened for research in July of 1983. Born in 1902, Sam Dolgoff began working at an early age as an itinerant laborer in lumbercamps, steel mills and construction projects. He was involved in radical movements since the age of 15 when he joined the Socialist Party youth organization, later turning toward anarchism. His view of anarchism as a constructive social movement was influenced by his mentor Gregori Maximoff, a Russian anarchist. Using the pen name Sam Weiner, Dolgoff wrote widely in radical and anarchist periodicals. Two of his pamphlets are recognized as important critiques of American labor: Ethics and American Unionism (1958) and The Labor Party Illusion (1961). They are not included in this collection. He also served as a correspondent for a number of radical papers in Europe. The papers of Sam Dolgoff which consist of pamphlets on anarchism, socialism and communism reflect his interest in and involvement with radical unionism and politics. Important subjects covered in the collection are: Industrial Workers of the World Radical unionism Communism An index to subjects will be found on p. 5 Sam Dolgoff - 2 - Contents 3 manuscript boxes Series I, Pamphlets, 1907-1969; Boxes 1-3: Pamphlets and booklets on communism, socialism, and radical unions. Non-manuscript materials One copy of the newspaper The Industrial Worker received with the collection was removed and is available in the Archives Library.
    [Show full text]