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Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Research Papers Graduate School Spring 4-13-2009 Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psycholgy and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling James B. Benziger Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp Recommended Citation Benziger, James B., "Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psycholgy and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling" (2009). Research Papers. Paper 1. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Papers by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING: A HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGY AND SPIRITUALLITY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR INTEGRATING THEM IN INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, AND FAMILY COUNSELING by Brad Benziger Bachelor of Arts in English Literature A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Education Graduate Program in Counselor Education Department of Educational Psychology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2009 AN ABSTRACT of the RESEARCH PAPER of Brad Benziger for the Master of Science in Counseling Degree in Educational Psychology, presented April 10, 2009, at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. TITLE: Spiritually Sensitive Psychological Counseling: A History of the Relationship between Psychology and Spirituality and Suggestions for Integrating Them in Individual, Group, and Family Counseling MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Lyle White The purpose of this study was to research the history of the relationship between the scientific view of psychology and spiritual one in the West from Plato to the present; to determine how and why the two views separated; and to explore ways to combine both in counseling. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude and admiration to Dr Lyle White, my advisor on this research paper. I was concerned that he would not approve this undertaking, that he might think it was too much or insufficiently evidence based. He approved it and with his knowledgeable questions, he pushed me to go deeper and learn more than I had imagined possible. I also wish to thank Dr Gail Mieling, who was both my first and my last teacher at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, and who encouraged me from the start. She has been my mentor as both a teacher and as my practicum and internship supervisor. I wish to thank my father, James George Benziger (1915 – 1996) for introducing me to God in nature, and my mother Patricia Rey Benziger (1917 – 2006) for introducing me to God in people. ii DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my ex-wife Georgann Sketoe Benziger, who read some of the chapters and made helpful suggestions, to my sons Ross and George Benziger, and to my best friend Rebecca Dougan. I treasure you all. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II The History of the Relationship Between Spirituality and Psychology from Plato to the Enlightenment 7 1. Socrates and Aristotle 7 2. Jesus 12 3. The Printing Press and the Reformation 15 4. Francis Bacon 17 5. Immanuel Kant 25 6. Auguste Comte 29 Chapter III The Relationship between Spirituality and Psychology from the Birth of the Science of Psychology to Freud and Jung 31 1. Monism 32 2. Charles Darwin 33 3. Wilhelm Wundt 41 4. William James 43 5. Freud and Jung 51 Chapter IV The Relationship Between Spirituality and Psychology in the 20th Century: Psychiatry, Behaviorism, Cognitive and Social Psychology 59 1. Psychiatry 59 2. Behaviorism 61 iv 3. Cognitive Psychology 62 4. Kübler-Ross 63 5. Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy 64 6. Social Psychology 68 7. The Milgram Obedience Experiment 69 8. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment 71 9. My Lai 74 10 Conclusions 78 Chapter V The Relationship Between Spirituality and Psychology in the 20th Century: Humanistic Psychology 80 1. Carl Rogers 80 2. Abraham Maslow 90 3. Transpersonal Psychotherapy 94 4. The Process of Humanistic Psychotherapy 95 5. The Goals and Values of Humanistic Psychotherapy 96 Chapter VI The Relationship Between Spirituality and Psychology in the 20th Century: Existential Psychology 97 1. Husserl and Phenomenological Psychotherapy 98 2. Heidegger and Ontology 99 3. Martin Buber 103 4. Ludwig Binswanger 104 5. Erich Fromm 109 6. Viktor Frankl 113 7. Rollo May 116 v 8. Emmy van Deurzen 124 9. The Process of Existentialist Psychotherapy 126 10. The Goals and Values of Humanistic and Existentialist Psychotherapy 127 11. Conclusions 132 Chapter VII Group and Family Counseling 135 1. Group Counseling A. Group Work and Spirituality 135 B. Group Types 138 C. The History of Group Counseling 139 D. Carl Rogers and Groups 140 E. Process-focused Groups 142 F. Facilitator-participant: Equality and Dialogue in Groups 144 G. Groups and Native Americans 146 2. Family Counseling A. Family and Spirituality 147 B. Family Therapists’ Attitudes and Beliefs 148 C. Satir and Authentic Communication 150 D. Bowen and the Well-differentiated Self 150 E. Challenges to Integrating Spirituality and Family Counseling 152 F. One Possible Spiritual-Psychological Approach to Family Counseling 154 3. Conclusions 166 vi Chapter VIII Contemporary Theories that Combine Spirituality and Psychology 168 1. Alcoholics Anonymous 169 2. Pastoral Counseling 179 3. Jung and Jungians 188 4. Developmental Counseling and Therapy 200 5. Conclusions 209 Chapter IX The True-Self 210 1. Object-Relations Theory 211 2. Carl Rogers 212 3. Carl Jung 213 4. Alice Miller 213 5. Roberto Assagioli 219 6. The True-Self as Part of a Spiritual-Psychological Approach to Therapy 224 Chapter X The Spiritual Value of Sadness and Pain 225 1. The Value of Negative Experiences 226 2. Elio Frattaroli and a Falling Down that is Good 234 3. The Meaning of Pain 241 Chapter XI The Spiritual Value of Creativity, Conflict, and Immorality 245 1. The Value of Creativity 245 2. Constructive Conflict 245 3. Revolution 246 vii 4. Anger and Justice 247 5. Knowledge, Experience, Truth, and the True-self 250 6. Moral Deliberations and Outcomes 251 7. Existentialist Psychology’s View of Good and Evil 252 8. Evolutionary Psychology’s View of Morality 252 9. C. S. Lewis’s View of Morality 256 10. The Meaning of Immorality 262 11. A Spiritually Sensitive Approach to Morality in Counseling 262 12. Conclusions 264 Chapter XII Spiritual Health and Development 267 1. Spiritual Health Differs from Traditional Psychological Definitions of Mental Health 267 2. Spiritual Development Differs from Traditional Psychological Conceptualizations of Development 269 3. Spiritual Dimensions of Growth 272 4. Conclusions 284 Chapter XIII Research regarding Spirituality 286 1. Spirituality’s Correlation with Physical and Psychological Wellness 286 2. The Meaning of Spirituality for Clients 289 3. Counselor Attitudes toward Spirituality 289 4. Demographics Relevant to a Spiritual-Psychological Approach to Counseling 290 5. Conclusions 291 viii Chapter XIV What I as a Counselor Have Learned from Studying the History of the Relationship between Psychology and Spirituality 293 Research Question 1: What is the history of the relationship between the spiritual worldview of psychology and the scientific? 294 Question 2(a): Were the scientific and spiritual views of the world ever the same? 294 Question 2 (b): When did the scientific and spiritual views diverge? 297 Question 2 (c): What did those who held a spiritual world-view think of those who held a scientific world-view, and vice versa? 297 Question 2 (d): Does antagonism toward religion still dominate psychology? 298 Question 2 (e): Is the science of psychology becoming more open to the value of spirituality? 299 Question 3 (a): What, if anything, is missing from the spiritual view that the scientific view contributes? 299 Question 3 (b): What, if anything, is missing from the scientific view that the spiritual view includes? 301 Question 4: Are there approaches to the study and practice of psychology that include both the scientific and the spiritual perspectives? 303 Future Prospects for the Relationship between Spirituality and Psychology 305 Chapter XV What I Learned regarding Values and Morals in Counseling 307 Research Question 5: What are spiritual values? 307 ix Question 6: In the practice of psychotherapy, are the spiritual and the scientific views of human beings (a) cooperative; or (b) complementary and supportive; or (c) distinct and non-overlapping; or (d) at odds; or does that answer depend on the client, the context, and the problem? 308 Moral Deliberations in Counseling as a Precursor to Spiritual Development 314 A Binocular, Four-Dimensional Perspective 319 Conclusions 320 Chapter XVI: How I Reconciled the Spiritual and Scientific Worldviews in my Approach to Counseling 322 1. The Nine Spiritual Competencies 323 2. Carl Rogers and Person-centered Counseling 327 Research Question 7: Is there a way to combine the spiritual and scientific worldviews in one approach to counseling that, based on my research, class work, and experience, I feel comfortable recommending to clients? 337 Chapter XVII: A Spiritually Sensitive Person-Centered
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