DOCSLIB.ORG

Coffee and Its Biologically Active Components: Is There a Connection to Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancer? – a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coffee and Its Biologically Active Components: Is There a Connection to Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancer? – a Review Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 2020, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 207–222 DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/120017 http://journal.pan.olsztyn.pl Review article Nutritional Research Section Coffee and its Biologically Active Components: Is There a Connection to Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancer? – a Review Anna M. Witkowska*, Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska, Katarzyna M. Terlikowska, Kamila Kulesza, Małgorzata E. Zujko Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15–295 Bialystok, Poland Key words: coffee, caffeine, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer Coffee is an important dietary source of biologically active components, not to mention caffeine, phenolic acids, and diterpenes. It has been sug- gested that selected coffee secondary metabolites may benefi cially modulate several mechanisms of anti-cancer protection. This literature review was intended to present current knowledge related to coffee and its components and hormone-dependent female cancers, such as breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer, and to identify gaps in research that may be exploited in the future. The search for studies was conducted through electronic data- bases. Publications on coffee composition, coffee preparation and brewing methods, in vitro and in vivo experiments with the use of substances naturally present in coffee, observational studies, and meta-analyses were collected. In population studies, the greatest attention has been paid to the anticancer effect of caffeinated coffee and/or caffeine. In general, most studies and meta-analyses indicated that there was no clear correlation between coffee and breast cancer or ovarian cancer. Some subgroups of women may benefi t from coffee consumption. This is the case for post-menopausal women with regard to the risk of breast cancer and obese women with regard to the risk of endometrial cancer. This paper identifi es a number of issues for future research, related to a better understanding of the anti-cancer mechanisms of coffee compounds and further research that would focus on specifi c target groups, taking into account both the different methods of coffee preparation and lifestyle factors that may infl uence the results. INTRODUCTION rity of DNA by decreasing spontaneous DNA strand breaks [Bakuradze et al., 2015]. Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world Cancers in women are a serious global health prob- because of its taste, aroma and stimulating properties, but lem and a leading cause of death. They are responsible for the perception of coffee as a potentially health-promoting a quarter of the deaths of women in Europe [European component of the diet is not very high in the global popu- Commission, 2019] and a fi fth in the USA [Centers for lation [Sa moggia & Riedel, 2019]. Except some cases, like Disease Control and Prevention, 2019]. In sex hormone- pregnancy or sensitivity to some coffee compounds, coffee -dependent cancers, abnormal estrogen and progester- can offer many benefi cial health effects [Grosso et al., 2016, one levels are among the risk factors [Brown & Hankin- 2017a; Poole et al., 2017; Wierzejska, 2016]. Interestingly, son, 2015; Diep et al., 2015]. With 24.2% incidence, breast a recent exploratory study has shown that coffee consumption cancer cases are the most common in women [Bray et al., may modulate the expression of 297 genes in healthy women 2018]. In the global incidence of female cancers, endometri- in different ways [Barnung et al., 2018], thus affecting meta- al (4.4%) and ovarian cancers (3.4%) rank sixth and eighth, bolic and infl ammatory pathways. Several lines of evidence respectively [Bray et al., 2018]. have linked coffee consumption to a reduced risk of car- Coffee is a source of biologically active compounds, many diovascular diseases [Poole et al., 2017; Rodríguez-Artalejo of which have anti-cancer properties. However, observational & López-García, 2018], cancer [Gapstur et al., 2017; Grosso studies with humans, which focus mainly on coffee consump- et al., 2017a], neurodegenerative diseases [Liu et al., 2016; tion (caffeinated or decaffeinated) and caffeine intake, show Qi & Li, 2014], and diabetes [Ding et al., 2014], as well as rather confl icting results for breast, uterine, and ovarian can- to a lower cancer mortality and all-cause mortality [Grosso cer. This literature review aims to present current research re- et al., 2017b; Gunter et al., 2017; Poole et al., 2017]. On a mo- lated to coffee and its components and hormone-dependent lecular basis, regular coffee consumption preserves the integ- female cancers, such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, and to identify gaps in research that may be exploited in the future. * Corresponding Author: Tel.: 85 6865090; Fax: 85 6865089 E-mail: [email protected] © Copyright by Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences © 2020 Author(s). This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 208 Biologically Active Components of Coffee vs. Cancers SEARCH STRATEGY et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 2012]. Others, such as caffeine, can be found in tea, cola-type beverages, and chocolate. From the point of view of current knowledge, the search for studies from the last decade, i.e. from 2010 to 2019, was con- Caffeine ducted through the electronic databases: Medline and Web Caffeine is a heat-stable methylxanthine alkaloid (Fig- of Science. Publications on coffee composition, coffee prepa- ure 1) present mainly in coffee, tea, guarana, cola-type soft ration and brewing methods, in vitro and in vivo experiments drinks, cacao, and chocolate. It is very soluble in boiling wa- with the use of substances naturally present in coffee, obser- ter. Depending on the type of coffee preparation (ground, vational studies, and meta-analyses were collected. In some instant) or brewing methods (boiling, fi ltering, French press- cases, with the exception of case-control and epidemiologi- ing,), coffee may contain 19–803 mg caffeine per serving cal studies, studies that were important for this review, but (Table 1). Decaffeinated coffee, in turn, presents considerably outside the search period, were described as well. The search reduced caffeine content <9 mg/serving. terms were multiple with “coffee” as a broad search term, Several benefi cial or adverse biological effects are at- and in combination with “breast cancer”, “ovarian cancer”, tributable to caffeine. As an adenosine receptor antagonist, and “endometrial cancer” as the most critical for this review. it is a central nervous system stimulant and anti-infl ammato- The articles published in English that were relevant for this ry agent [Madeira et al., 2017]. In vitro studies have demon- review were selected. strated cell cycle modulating and apoptotic properties of caf- feine, mediated through various mechanisms, that can lead BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF COFFEE to tumor suppression [He et al., 2003; Ito et al., 2003; Saiki et al., 2011]. Caffeine also exhibits antiproliferative activity Roasted coffee beans are composed of several substanc- in ovarian cancer cells, even several times higher than that es derived from different chemical groups, not to mention of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid [Tai et al., 2010]. Besides, caffeine, phenolic acids, and diterpenes. Their contents it may possibly alter circulating levels of luteal estrogens in a coffee brew depend, to a large extent, on the type of cof- and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and thereby af- fee bean (Coffea arabica vs. Coffea canephora var. robusta), fect the development of cancers [Kotsopoulos et al., 2009]. roasting parameters, as well as the methods of brewing. Variants in cytochrome P-450 (CYP) genes involved in caf- A coffee brew contains substances that are only specifi c to feine metabolism may increase or decrease the risk of ovarian coffee, such as diterpenes – cafestol and kahweol [Gross cancer development [Kotsopoulos et al., 2009]. It has been FIGURE 1. Chemical structure of major coffee compounds. A.M. Witkowska et al. 209 TABLE 1. Caffeine contents in varied coffee infusions*. one [Huber & Parzefall, 2005]. Consequently, conjugates are eliminated. Several lines of evidence connect coffee-specifi c Caffeine content Caffeine content Coffee infusion type (mg/L) (mg per serving**) diterpenes with anticancer properties. In male F344 rats, kah- weol and cafestol (1:1) or only cafestol caused an increase Boiled/ Turkish 850–2330 201–552 in the level of hepatic O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltrans- Decaffeinated 1–37 0.24–8.77 ferase (MGMT), an enzyme which is involved in the reversal Espresso 722–5334 19–144 of precarcinogenic damage of O(6)-alkylguanine, a DNA ad- duct formed by alkylating agents in a dose-dependent man- Filtered 397–2008 81–416 ner [Huber et al., 2003]. Anticancerogenic activity of coffee French press 520–1564 123–371 diterpenes was observed in several cancer cell lines. Most of the papers on female cancers in conjunction with coffee Instant 390–2690 92–638 diterpenes have so far been limited to mammary tumors. Mocha 924–2268 327–803 Antitumor activity of kahweol was tested in a few cancer cell *adopted from: [dePaula & Farah, 2019]; **serving size for coffee: boiled/ lines. It has been shown to be manifested in both inhibited Turkish, French press, instant, decaffeinated, 237 mL; espresso 27 mL; tumor cell growth and clonogenicity, and a decreased survival fi ltered 207 mL; mocha 354 mL. of cancer cells [Cárdenas et al., 2014]. These effects were mostly pronounced in estrogen-negative human breast can- cer cells MDA-MB231, and were accompanied by the activa- suggested that caffeine from coffee may protect against endo- tion of caspases 3/7 and 9, and the release of cytochrome c. metrial cancer [Hashibe et al., 2015]. Kahweol increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells, but Coffee diterpenes it did not affect the healthy cells [Cárdenas et al., 2014].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coffee and Its Effect on Digestion
    Expert report Coffee and its effect on digestion By Dr. Carlo La Vecchia, Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Contents 1 Overview 2 2 Coffee, a diet staple for millions 3 3 What effect can coffee have on the stomach? 4 4 Can coffee trigger heartburn or GORD? 5 5 Is coffee associated with the development of gastric or duodenal ulcers? 6 6 Can coffee help gallbladder or pancreatic function? 7 7 Does coffee consumption have an impact on the lower digestive tract? 8 8 Coffee and gut microbiota — an emerging area of research 9 9 About ISIC 10 10 References 11 www.coffeeandhealth.org May 2020 1 Expert report Coffee and its effect on digestion Overview There have been a number of studies published on coffee and its effect on different areas of digestion; some reporting favourable effects, while other studies report fewer positive effects. This report provides an overview of this body of research, highlighting a number of interesting findings that have emerged to date. Digestion is the breakdown of food and drink, which occurs through the synchronised function of several organs. It is coordinated by the nervous system and a number of different hormones, and can be impacted by a number of external factors. Coffee has been suggested as a trigger for some common digestive complaints from stomach ache and heartburn, through to bowel problems. Research suggests that coffee consumption can stimulate gastric, bile and pancreatic secretions, all of which play important roles in the overall process of digestion1–6.
    [Show full text]
  • Coffee and Liver Diseases
    Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 297–305 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fitoterapia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote Review Coffee and liver diseases Pablo Muriel ⁎, Jonathan Arauz Departamento de Farmacología, Cinvestav-IPN., Apdo. Postal 14-740, México 07000, D.F., Mexico article info abstract Article history: Coffee consumption is worldwide spread with few side effects. Interestingly, coffee intake has Received 26 August 2009 been inversely related to the serum enzyme activities gamma-glutamyltransferase, and alanine Accepted in revised form 25 September 2009 aminotransferase in studies performed in various countries. In addition, epidemiological Available online 13 October 2009 results, taken together, indicate that coffee consumption is inversely related with hepatic cirrhosis; however, they cannot demonstrate a causative role of coffee with prevention of liver Keywords: injury. Animal models and cell culture studies indicate that kahweol, diterpenes and cafestol Coffee (some coffee compounds) can function as blocking agents by modulating multiple enzymes Hepatic injury involved in carcinogenic detoxification; these molecules also alter the xenotoxic metabolism by Fibrosis Cirrhosis inducing the enzymes glutathione-S-transferase and inhibiting N-acetyltransferase. Drinking Cancer coffee has been associated with reduced risk of hepatic injury and cirrhosis, a major pathogenic step in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, thus, the benefit that produces coffee consumption on hepatic cancer may be attributed to its inverse relation with cirrhosis, although allowance for clinical history of cirrhosis did not completely account for the inverse association. Therefore, it seems to be a continuum of the beneficial effect of coffee consumption on liver enzymes, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, it seems reasonable to propose experiments with animal models of liver damage and to test the effect of coffee, and/or isolated compounds of this beverage, not only to evaluate the possible causative role of coffee but also its action mechanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Roasting Levels and Drying Process of Coffea Canephora on the Quality of Bioactive Compounds and Cytotoxicity
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Effect of Roasting Levels and Drying Process of Coffea canephora on the Quality of Bioactive Compounds and Cytotoxicity Deborah Bauer 1 , Joel Abreu 1 , Nathállia Jordão 2, Jeane Santos da Rosa 3, Otniel Freitas-Silva 3 and Anderson Teodoro 1,* 1 Laboratory of Functional Foods—Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil; [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (J.A.) 2 Food Science Departament, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil; [email protected] or [email protected] 3 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; [email protected] or [email protected] (J.S.d.R.); [email protected] (O.F.-S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-2542-7236 Received: 30 August 2018; Accepted: 17 October 2018; Published: 31 October 2018 Abstract: Coffee is a popular drink consumed all over the world. Besides its long-recognized stimulant effect, it has important nutritional and health effects. However, the type of bean processing modifies the composition of brewed coffee and possibly its bioactivity. In this study, extracts obtained from green and roasted beans of Coffea canephora (Coffea canephora var. robusta) were submitted to spray- or freeze-drying and were tested for antiproliferative activity, using MTT assay, and their influence on the cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, colors and nutrient contents were measured to identify the changes due to the roasting process.
    [Show full text]
  • Cafestol That Raises Serum Cholesterol in Humans
    Human Nutrition and Metabolism Coffee Oil Consumption Increases Plasma Levels of 7␣-Hydroxy-4- cholesten-3-one in Humans1 Mark V. Boekschoten,*†2 Maaike K. Hofman,*,** Rien Buytenhek,** Evert G. Schouten,* Hans M. G. Princen,** and Martijn B. Katan*† *Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; †Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and **TNO Prevention & Health, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands ABSTRACT Unfiltered coffee brews such as French press and espresso contain a lipid from coffee beans named cafestol that raises serum cholesterol in humans. Cafestol decreases the expression and activity of cholesterol 7␣-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the classical pathway of bile acid synthesis, in cultured rat hepatocytes and livers of APOE3Leiden mice. Inhibition of bile acid synthesis has been suggested to be responsible for the cholesterol-raising effect of cafestol. Therefore, we assessed whether cafestol decreases the activity of cholesterol ␣ ␣ 7 -hydroxylase in humans. Because liver biopsies were not feasible, we measured plasma levels of 7 -hydroxy- Downloaded from 4-cholesten-3-one, a marker for the activity of cholesterol 7␣-hydroxylase in the liver. Plasma 7␣-hydroxy-4- cholesten-3-one was measured in 2 separate periods in which healthy volunteers consumed coffee oil containing cafestol (69 mg/d) for 5 wk. Plasma levels of 7␣-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one increased by 47 Ϯ 13% (mean Ϯ SEM, n ϭ 38, P ϭ 0.001) in the first period and by 23 Ϯ 10% (n ϭ 31, P ϭ 0.03) in the second treatment period. Serum cholesterol was raised by 23 Ϯ 2% (P Ͻ 0.001) in the first period and by 18 Ϯ 2% (P Ͻ 0.001) in the second period.
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary Nmethylpyridinium and Trigonelline As Candidate Dietary
    These are not the final page numbers Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 1–11 DOI 10.1002/mnfr.201000656 1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Urinary N-methylpyridinium and trigonelline as candidate dietary biomarkers of coffee consumption Roman Lang, Anika Wahl, Timo Stark and Thomas Hofmann Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universitat. Munchen,. Freising, Germany Scope: In order to validate the in vivo function of putatively healthy molecules in foods, Received: December 23, 2010 human intervention studies are required. As the subject’s compliance concerning intake or Revised: February 7, 2011 abstinence of a given food is considered mandatory to be monitored by biomarkers, the Accepted: March 1, 2011 objective was to identify analytical markers for coffee consumption. Methods and results: Urine samples collected from coffee drinkers were compared with those of non-coffee drinkers using hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography (HILIC)/time-of- flight mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling. Two urinary molecules, found to be contributing most to the dissimilarities between both groups, were identified as N-methyl- pyridinium (NMP) and trigonelline and their suitability as coffee-specific biomarkers was validated by means of a coffee intervention study. After the volunteers (five females and four males) consumed a single dose of coffee, morning urine was collected for 10 days while staying abstinent from any coffee. HILIC-MS/MS-stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) revealed elevated urinary concentrations of trigonelline and NMP for up to 48 (p 5 0.001) and 72 h (p 5 0.002), respectively, after coffee consumption when compared with non-coffee drinkers. Conclusion: Analysis of urinary NMP allows to check for coffee consumption within a period of 3 days and is proposed as a dietary biomarker which might be used as an analytical probe to control compliance in human intervention studies on coffee.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Attributes of Cold Brew Coffee Products at Various Resting Time After Roasting Process
    Pelita Perkebunan 35 (1) 2019, 42—50 Dwiranti et al. ISSN: 0215-0212 / e-ISSN: 2406-9574 Sensory Attributes of Cold Brew Coffee Products at Various Resting Time After Roasting Process Nabiilah Salmaa Dwiranti1), Ardiansyah1), and Nurul Asiah1*) 1)Food Science and Technology Department-Universitas Bakrie, Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav C-22, Kuningan, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia *)Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 20 December 2018 / Accepted: 30 March 2019 Abstract The quality of the brewed coffee depends on various factors. Resting time of roasted coffee beans is one of the processes that can affect the sensory charac- teristics of coffee brew. During resting the reduction of CO2 gas level may change and give significan effect on sensory quality of coffee. This study aims to determine the dominant sensory characteristics that can be used as quality parameters of cold brew coffee products at various resting times after roasting. The cold brew coffee product was brewed from roasted Arabica coffee beans with various resting time (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days). Projective Mapping (Napping) sensory analysis method was used in this study. The samples were tested by 75 untrained panelists (naive panelists). Multiple Factor Analysis was used to obtain the cold brew coffee sample position configuration. The results of the analysis showed that panelists were able to differen- tiate the characteristic of sensory attributes each sample. The aroma and flavor are the main attributes that can differentiate the characteristics of each sample. From the napping method, the results obtained in the form of individual factor map and preference mapping showed that the sample resting time 1 and 3 days after roasting were assessed by the panelists as closest to the control sample (0 days).
    [Show full text]
  • Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors in Vascular Pathophysiology Lei Xiao, Phd; Zihui Zhang, Bsc; Xiaoqin Luo, Phd
    1520 XIAO L et al. Circulation Journal REVIEW Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society http://www.j-circ.or.jp Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors in Vascular Pathophysiology Lei Xiao, PhD; Zihui Zhang, BSc; Xiaoqin Luo, PhD The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), 2 closely related and liver-enriched members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nonnuclear receptor transcrip- tion factor (TF), are major receptors/TFs regulating the expression of genes for the clearance and detoxification of xenobiotics. They are hence defined as “xenobiotic receptors”. Recent studies have demonstrated that PXR, CAR and AhR also regulate the expression of key proteins involved in endobiotic responses such as the metabolic ho- meostasis of lipids, glucose, and bile acid, and inflammatory processes. It is suggested that the functions of PXR, CAR and AhR may be closely implicated in the pathogeneses of metabolic vascular diseases, such as hyperlipid- emia, atherogenesis, and hypertension. Therefore, manipulation of the activities of these receptors may provide novel strategies for the treatment of vascular diseases. Here, we review the pathophysiological roles of PXR, CAR and AhR in the vascular system. (Circ J 2014; 78: 1520 – 1530) Key Words: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Constitutive androstane receptor; Pregnane X receptor; Vascular diseases he circulation system is the major organ exposed to for- ly expressed in liver and intestine and mainly function to cata- eign substances, or “xenobiotics”, as well as endog- lyze the first step of detoxification.9,10 Phase II conjugation T enous chemicals, or endobiotics, during metabolic ho- reactions are catalyzed by a large group of transferases, such meostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?
    nutrients Review Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled? Hubert Kolb 1,2, Kerstin Kempf 2,* and Stephan Martin 1,2 1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.M.) 2 West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-211-56-60-360-16 Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 18 June 2020; Published: 20 June 2020 Abstract: The association of habitual coffee consumption with a lower risk of diseases, like type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, certain cancer types, or with reduced all-cause mortality, has been confirmed in prospective cohort studies in many regions of the world. The molecular mechanism is still unresolved. The radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of coffee constituents is too weak to account for such effects. We argue here that coffee as a plant food has similar beneficial properties to many vegetables and fruits. Recent studies have identified a health promoting mechanism common to coffee, vegetables and fruits, i.e., the activation of an adaptive cellular response characterized by the upregulation of proteins involved in cell protection, notably antioxidant, detoxifying and repair enzymes. Key to this response is the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2) system by phenolic phytochemicals, which induces the expression of cell defense genes. Coffee plays a dominant role in that regard because it is the major dietary source of phenolic acids and polyphenols in the developed world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Coffee on Glucose Metabolism
    The Effects of Coffee on Glucose Metabolism by Tracey M. Robertson Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey April 2016 ©Tracey M. Robertson 2016 1 This thesis and the work to which it refers are the results of my own efforts. Any ideas, data, images or text resulting from the work of others (whether published or unpublished) are fully identified as such within the work and attributed to their originator in the text, bibliography or in footnotes. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other academic degree or professional qualification. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK for originality checks. Whether or not drafts have been so-assessed, the University reserves the right to require an electronic version of the final document (as submitted) for assessment as above. 2 It has been suggested that coffee drinking may confer a beneficial effect on health by reducing the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and indeed there is much epidemiological evidence for a reduced incidence of T2DM in habitual coffee drinkers. However, many acute studies have reported a temporary worsening in postprandial glycaemia following caffeinated coffee (CC) consumption. Varied methodologies have been employed by these studies with many giving their participants large doses of coffee. In the acute studies conducted for this thesis, a single serving of CC increased the postprandial glycaemic response more than control (p=0.008), with no apparent dose- response effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Correlates in Drug-Herbal Interactions Mediated Via Nuclear Receptor PXR Activation and Cytochrome P450 Induction
    J Endocrinol Reprod 12 (2008) 1: 1-12 Review Article Clinical correlates in drug-herbal interactions mediated via nuclear receptor PXR activation and cytochrome P450 induction Seema Negi1, Mohammad A. Akbarsha2 and Rakesh K. Tyagi1 1Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110067, India 2Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India This article is dedicated to the memory of Late Prof. Ben M.J. Pereira of Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, who had been actively associated with SRBCE and the Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction Summary Pregnane and Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR), a vital xenosensor, acts as master regulator of phase-I (cytochrome P450) and phase-II enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, sulfotransferases, and uridine 5’-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases) as well as several drug transporters (multi-drug resistance protein, and multi- drug resistance-associated protein). PXR can bind to a variety of chemically distinct endobiotics (steroids, bile acids and their derivatives, vitamins, etc.) and xenobiotics (prescription drugs, herbal medicines, endocrine disruptors, etc.). Activation of PXR by various compounds leads to trans-activation of PXR- target genes involved in detoxification system (phase-I and phase-II enzymes, and efflux proteins). Herbal medicines are readily used without prescription under the belief that anything natural is safe. These medicines contain active chemical constituents which execute distinctly different or similar pharmacological response(s). But, like prescription drugs, herbal drugs also have both therapeutic and, sometimes, adverse effects. Some of the herbal drugs induce drug metabolizing enzymes (especially CYP3A4) and drug efflux proteins via activation of PXR. Phase-I enzyme CYP3A4 is involved in the metabolism of 50-60% of clinical drugs as well as the chemical ingredients in herbal medicines.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Effects of Caffeine and Its Congeners Present in Tea And
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 August 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0032.v1 1 Type of the paper: Review 2 3 Physiological effects of caffeine and its congeners 4 present in tea and coffee beverages 5 6 I. Iqbal1, M. N. Aftab2, M. A. Safer3, M. Menon4, M. Afzal5⌘ 7 1Department of Life Sciences, Lahore College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan 8 2Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College University, 9 Lahore 54000, Pakistan 10 3Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait 11 4Plamer University (West Campus) San Jose, CA 12 5Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait 13 ⌘ Correspondence: [email protected], Tel. +1 352 681 7347 14 15 16 Running title: Caffeine 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Corresponding author: 24 M. Afzal, 25 10547 NW 14th PL. 26 Gainesville, FL. USA 27 email: [email protected] 28 Tel. +1 352 681 7347 29 30 1 © 2018 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 August 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0032.v1 31 Abstract: Tea and coffee are the most commonly used beverages throughout the 32 world. Both decoctions are rich in small organic molecules such as 33 phenolics/polyphenolics, purine alkaloids, many methylxanthines, substituted 34 benzoic and cinnamic acids. Many of these molecules are physiologically 35 chemopreventive and chemoprotective agents against many severe conditions such 36 as cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinsonism, inflammation, sleep apnea, cardiovascular 37 disorders, bradycardia, fatigue, muscular relaxation, and oxidative stress.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumption of Chlorogenic Acids Through Coffee and Health Implications
    beverages Review Consumption of Chlorogenic Acids through Coffee and Health Implications Adriana Farah * and Juliana dePaula Lima Laboratório de Química e Bioatividade de Alimentos e Núcleo de Pesquisa em Café (NUPECAFÉ), Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. J, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-39386449 Received: 11 December 2018; Accepted: 15 January 2019; Published: 1 February 2019 Abstract: Chlorogenic acids (CGA) are the main antioxidant compounds in the Western diet, due to their high concentrations in coffee associated with the high consumption of the beverage. Until about 10 years ago, like many other phenolic compounds, CGA were thought to be poorly absorbed in the human digestive system. Along the years, large amounts of information on the absorption and metabolism of these compounds have been unveiled, and today, it is known that, on average, about one third of the consumed CGA from coffee is absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract, although large inter-individual variation exists. Considering results from in vitro animal and human studies, it is possible to conclude that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of coffee CGA are responsible for, at least to a certain extent, the association between coffee consumption and lower incidence of various degenerative and non-degenerative diseases, in addition to higher longevity. Keywords: chlorogenic acids; coffee beverages; consumption; health effects 1. Introduction Chlorogenic acids (CGA), esters of trans-hydroxycinnamic acids and quinic acid (Figure1), were discovered in 1837 [1]. They were first thought to be caffetannic acid [2], which was in fact a mixture of different acids.
    [Show full text]