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Les Médecins Au Cambodge. Entre Élite Sociale Traditionnelle Et Groupe Professionnel Moderne Sous Influence Étrangère Anne Yvonne Guillou

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Les Médecins Au Cambodge. Entre Élite Sociale Traditionnelle Et Groupe Professionnel Moderne Sous Influence Étrangère Anne Yvonne Guillou Les médecins au Cambodge. Entre élite sociale traditionnelle et groupe professionnel moderne sous influence étrangère Anne Yvonne Guillou To cite this version: Anne Yvonne Guillou. Les médecins au Cambodge. Entre élite sociale traditionnelle et groupe pro- fessionnel moderne sous influence étrangère. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2001. Français. tel-00136905 HAL Id: tel-00136905 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136905 Submitted on 15 Mar 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES Année 2001 N° attribué par la bibliothèque THESE Pour l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'EHESS Discipline : Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie présentée et soutenue publiquement par Anne Yvonne GUILLOU Le 2 juillet 2001 LES MEDECINS AU CAMBODGE Entre élite sociale traditionnelle et groupe professionnel moderne sous influence étrangère ___________ Directeur de thèse : M. Jean-Pierre DOZON JURY M. Didier FASSIN M. Alain FOREST M. Pierre-Jean SIMON à Gaëlle à Eang REMERCIEMENTS J'exprime toute ma gratitude à M. Jean-Pierre Dozon qui a bien voulu diriger cette thèse et accepter ainsi, par l'imagination, d'accoster d'autres rives que celles d'Afrique. Il m'a fait amplement profiter de ce voyage de la pensée. Mme Ida Simon-Barouh et M. Pierre-Jean Simon ont suivi ce travail de bout en bout, de Rennes à Phnom Penh en passant par d'autres lieux encore. Leur soutien et leur confiance ont contribué à son aboutissement. Au moment d'achever ce travail, je repense à l'appel téléphonique de M. Christian Taillard, il y a longtemps déjà, m'annonçant qu'il avait obtenu pour moi un poste au Cambodge. Les personnes qui, au Cambodge, m'ont aidée, sont très nombreuses et je ne pourrais les citer toutes ici, bien que chacune reste gravée dans ma mémoire. De Thmar Pouk à Svay Rieng et de Kratié à Pursat, je pense d'abord à l'hospitalité sans faille, doublée d'une amicale curiosité, que j'ai toujours reçue en chemin. Je dois beaucoup, notamment, aux familles de Mmes Chea Kim Eang, Phan Samau, Suon Setha et de MM. Hang Peuo, Phal Des, Sok Tha et Ra. Je remercie le Ministère de la Santé de m'avoir aimablement accordé les autorisations que je sollicitais. Je le dois pour beaucoup à M. Krang Sun Lorn dont l'humour et la compréhension des situations ont beaucoup facilité les débuts de l'enquête. Je remercie également tous les directeurs d'hôpitaux, les médecins et les infirmiers que j'ai pu y rencontrer et qui m'ont reçue aimablement. Je songe en particulier au bon accueil que m'ont réservé M. Serey Rama et son épouse ; ainsi que Monsieur Uch Poun, Mlle Tiv Chana, Mmes Khiev Rida, Om Soth et MM. Po Sothy et Lim Solida ; Mmes Ang Sody, Nay Kry, Uk Saphay, Ung Bophana. Merci aussi au personnel et aux étudiants de la Faculté d'Archéologie de l'Université des Beaux-Arts de Phnom Penh où j'ai enseigné, ainsi qu'à M. Ang Choulean pour ses invitations à découvrir des autels et des rituels, discrètement masqués derrière les frondaisons des grands arbres des pagodes et dans les entrées de grottes. Ce travail n'aurait pas été possible sans l'aide d'organisations non- gouvernementales que je ne pourrais toutes nommer. Ma pensée va d'abord vers Mme Isabelle Fournier (Médecins Sans Frontières), son habileté à obtenir des autorisations diverses en ma faveur et son intérêt amical pour mon travail. Mme Nicole Chotard a accueilli ma recherche avec son enthousiasme habituel. Toutes deux représentent à mes yeux ce que le travail humanitaire a de meilleur à offrir. Il m'est aussi agréable de remercier Mme Michele Blatti (American Red Cross) ainsi que MM. Philippe Dufourg (Enfance Espoir) et Kiryu Takayuki (24 Hour Television). Plusieurs équipes de Médecins Sans Frontières m'ont accueillie et transportée au Cambodge et en Thaïlande. Ma réinsertion en France, après un long séjour au Cambodge, a été considérablement facilitée par l'accueil chaleureux et l'environnement intellectuel que j'ai reçus au Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Relations Inter-Ethniques et les Minorités (C.E.R.I.E.M.), laboratoire de l'Université de Rennes II dans laquelle j'ai bénéficié d'un poste d'A.T.E.R. Je songe en particulier aux heures passées en compagnie d'Anne Morillon et de Martine Wadbled. Je remercie également pour leur aide Angélina Etiemble et Véronique Vasseur, de l'association Quest'us. J'ai pu, encore, m'imaginer au Cambodge grâce à l'Association des Khmers d'Ille-et-Vilaine et à son président, M. Suon Sarun qui m'ont associée à toutes les manifestations culturelles et religieuses de l'association ; ainsi qu'à l'Association Solidarité Bretagne-Cambodge dont le responsable, M. Saur Sokkhaing ainsi que Mme Saur Phuoc ont toujours répondu avec gentillesse à mes sollicitations, malgré leurs occupations multiples. Je remercie également l'Association des Médecins Cambodgiens de France et tous les médecins et les pharmaciens qui, en France, ont bien voulu réveiller pour moi leurs souvenirs. J'adresse également mes remerciements à M. M. Robert du Centre de Documentation et de l'Audiovisuel du Pharo, ainsi qu'à M. J. F. Blanc, président de l'Association Santé Navale et Outre-Mer pour m'avoir mise en contact avec de nombreux médecins français ayant exercé au Cambodge. Nombre d'entre eux ont accepté de me livrer leur expérience et leurs impressions. Tout ethnologue rentrant de son premier long séjour est, je pense, convaincu de l'indicible de son expérience personnelle et, à la fois, inquiet de la partager. C'est au Laboratoire Asie du Sud-Est et Monde Austronésien (LASEMA) du C.N.R.S. que j'ai pu le mieux échanger ces impressions et prendre la distance nécessaire à l'analyse de mon matériel. Je remercie Mmes Muriel Charras et Nelly Krowolsky, ainsi que Mme Josiane Massard-Vincent dont l'aide m'a été précieuse. Plusieurs personnes ont bien voulu lire tout ou partie de mon manuscrit à différents stades de sa réalisation et me faire bénéficier de leurs remarques et de leurs critiques. Je remercie, en plus de personnes déjà évoquées, Mmes Elisabeth Longuenesse et Anne-Marie Moulin, ainsi que MM. Didier Fassin, Alain Forest, Bernard Hours et Serge Thion. Merci, enfin, à ma famille et à mes amis, notamment François Demont, Annick Guénel, Elisabeth, Antoine et Monika, Rose-Marie Lormel, Chantal et Christophe Peschoux, Pôleth, “Pou” Run, Raoul Pourcelle, Florence Piard et Andrew Thomson. Merci à René-Charles Quil. Cette recherche a bénéficié d'un soutien financier du LASEMA. SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 5 SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................................... 7 AVANT-PROPOS ............................................................................................................................ 9 ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 11 PREMIÈRE PARTIE. POUR UNE ANTHROPOLOGIE DES MEDECINS AU CAMBODGE23 CHAPITRE I - LE CADRE CAMBODGIEN ................................................................................ 25 CHAPITRE II- LES TRADITIONS DE RECHERCHE AU CAMBODGE ET L'ECLIPSE DES ANNEES 1970-1980 ...................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPITRE III - COMMENT ETUDIER LES MEDECINS AU CAMBODGE ......................... 45 CHAPITRE IV - METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................ 63 DEUXIEME PARTIE ÉTAT. SYSTÈMES DE SANTE ET MEDECINS. LES HERITAGES D'UNE HISTOIRE CHAOTIQUE SOUS INFLUENCE ÉTRANGÈRE ..................................... 77 CHAPITRE I - MEDECINE COLONIALE FRANCAISE ET MEDECINS INDOCHINOIS (1863- 1953) ............................................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPITRE II - LA MODERNITE DANS LA “NEUTRALITE” SIHANOUKISTE (1953-1970)133 CHAPITRE III - LE TEMPS DES RUPTURES. MEDECINE DE GUERRE (1970-1975) ET MEDECINE REVOLUTIONNAIRE (1975-1979) ...................................................................... 179 TROISIÈME PARTIE. LES MEDECINS DANS L'ESPACE THERAPEUTIQUE. L'ETAT, LES PRATICIENS "TRADITIONNELS", LES PATIENTS .............................................................. 249 CHAPITRE I - STATUTS POLITIQUES, STATUTS PROFESSIONNELS : LES MEDECINS ET L'ETAT-PARTI CAMBODGIEN ................................................................................................ 253 CHAPITRE II - LES THERAPEUTES “TRADITIONNELS” ET LES MEDECINS. SAVOIRS ET POUVOIRS, SPECIFICITE ET EMPRUNTS MUTUELS ......................................................... 303 CHAPITRE III - LES USAGES SOCIAUX DE LA PLURALITE THERAPEUTIQUE.
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