Ancient Greece with the Elk Grove Chamber of Commerce
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Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. 5/1 Some geotechnical aspects of the marls of Corinth Canal Quelques aspects geotechniques des marnes du canal de Corinthe A.ANAGNOSTOPOULOS, Ass. Professor, Technical University of Athens, Greece ST.CHRISTOULAS, Ass. Professor, Technical University of Athens, Greece N.KALTEZIOTIS, Public Works Research Center, Athens, Greece G.TSIAMBAOS, Public Works Research Center, Athens, Greece SYNOPSIS: The Corinth Canal is of great importance regarding the navigation in the Mediterranean Sea and the railway and roadway transportation between Peloponnese and the Central Greece. For a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the marls, found in abundance in the narrow zone of the Corinth Canal, investigations of laboratory and in situ testing have been carried out including: Dril ling of boreholes and sampling; laboratory testing (determination of Atterberg limits, unconfined and triaxial compression tests, residual shear strength characteristics of the different types of marls involved, consolidation tests, etc.); mineralogical analysis by using X-Ray diffraction techniques and electronic microscopy. In this paper after considering the Engineering geological aspects of the area, results of the tests described above are presented and critically discussed, some correlations are given and some comparisons with marls from other areas of Greece are considered. -
A Bronze Pail of Athena Alalkomenia
A BRONZE PAIL OF ATHENA ALALKOMENIA (PLATES 31-34) T HE remarkable archaic Greek bronze vessel published here (P1. 31, a) was l.4 purchased in Mantinea in Arcadia in the spring of 1957 and donated to the Museum in Tegea where other antiquities from the same region have their abode. It had been found by a local shepherd some distance to the north of the ruins of Man- tinea but, unfortunately, the exact location of the discovery could not be ascertained.' The major part of the vessel is preserved, including about half of its upper profiled edge and one attachment for the handle which passed through its upper ring. The whole of this ring is still filled with iron and it is evident that the missing handle was made of this material. The carefully proportioned body has a height of 0.241 m. to the upper edge of the lip. Its largest diameter, 0.215 m., is slightly smaller than the total height and exactly the same both at the outer edge of the lip and at the greatest width of the body which, in turn, occurs precisely half way between that edge and the bottom of the vessel, 0.12 m. distant from both. The upper face of the lip inclines outward slightly to allow overspilling liquid to run off, as it were, from an architectural cornice. The proportion of diameter to height, the rounded bottom and the contraction of the width under the lip combine to give the impression of an elastic curvilinear rhythm to the generally ovoid form. -
VISIONS ACADEMY! Outstanding ‘Performing & Expressive Arts’ School Trips for Drama, Dance, Music and Art Groups
Tour: Academy in Greece Destination: Poros, Greece with excursions to Athens, Epidaurus, Nafplio & Corinth Canal Specialization: Drama & Music; Workshop-based Itinerary: 5-days / 4-nights in destination Academy in Greece - Sample Itinerary Morning Afternoon Evening 1 Travel to Athens, excursion to Corinthian Canal, transfer to the Island of Poros Welcome Dinner 2 Breakfast Master Class 1 Lunch Master Class 2 Master Class 3 Dinner 3 Breakfast Classical Tour Day Trip - Nafplio & Epidaurus Dinner & Greek Dancing Evening 4 Breakfast Master Class 4 Master Class 5 Lunch Free Time Dinner 5 Breakfast Athens Excursion Fly Home Welcome to world of VISIONS ACADEMY! Outstanding ‘Performing & Expressive Arts’ school trips for Drama, Dance, Music and Art groups. With our destinations around the world you’ll find workshop-based trips, performance-based trips, and combination trips. From New York to China, Greece to Costa Rica, Spain to Hollywood… let us take you on a trip your students will remember for a lifetime! Welcome to Visions Academy! As with all sample itineraries, please be advised that this is an ‘example’ of a schedule and that the activities and hotels shown may be variable dependent upon dates, weather, special requests and other factors. Itineraries will be confirmed prior to travel. Greece… Visions Academy offers the delights of the Greek mainland and the culturally rich region of the Peloponnese all wrapped up in one fantastic tour. Here, our groups are offered a wealth of culture matched only by the spectacular landscape, lapped by sparkling blue seas and covered in lemon groves. Greece produced some of the greatest philosophers, artists and poets of the ancient world and this unique trip enables students to take a step back in time and appreciate this mythical country. -
The Case of the Salamis's Battle
Dynamical Systems Theory compared to Game Theory: The case of the Salamis’s battle Konstantina Founta1, Loukas Zachilas1 1Dept. of Economics, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece Email: [email protected], [email protected] 1. Abstract In this paper, we present an innovative non–linear, discrete, dynamical system trying to model the historic battle of Salamis between Greeks and Persians. September 2020 marks the anniversary of the 2500 years that have passed since this famous naval battle which took place in late September 480 B.C. The suggested model describes very well the most effective strategic behavior between two participants during a battle (or in a war). Moreover, we compare the results of the Dynamical Systems analysis to Game Theory, considering this conflict as a “war game”. Keywords: Discrete Dynamical Systems, Modeling Strategic Behavior, Game Theory, Battle of Salamis. 2. Introduction In recent years, many researchers have studied the players’ behavior either through Game theory or through Dynamical Systems. Some of the notable works are Archan and Sagar [2] who present a possible evolutionary game-theoretic interpretation of non- convergent outcomes. They highlight that the evolutionary game dynamics is not about optimizing (mathematically) the fitness of phenotypes, but it is the heterogeneity weighted fitness that must be considered. They mention that heterogeneity can be a measure of diversity in the population. In our research, this is described by the asymmetry in the conflict. In addition, Toupo, Strogatz, Cohen and Rand [3] present how important the role of the environment of the game is for the decision-makers. They suggest simulations of agents who make decisions using either automatic or controlled cognitive processing and who not only compete, as well as affect the environment of the game. -
318136 Vol1.Pdf
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period Thesis How to cite: Walbank, Mary Elizabeth Hoskins (1987). The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1986 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000de1f Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN CORINTH TO THE END OF THE ANTONINE PERIOD Mary Elizabeth Hoskins Walbank, B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted to the Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AvrPr'lor5 1\lJt'\'\bC(: HDK' 303 . :Datrt or 6ubMlsslon; ;(0'''' October R~C, Classics, Faculty of Arts ~ata of- Aw'drc\: 7J}'v\ Januatj 19<97 October 1986 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION This thesis is an unpublished typescript and copyright is held by the author. Photocopy; ng ; sperm; tted on ly wi th the v/ri tten consent of the author. No quotation from this thesis or information derived from it may be published without the written consent of the author. i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: first, to examine and re-assess the material remains of Roman Corinth in the light 'of modern scholarship; secondly, to use this evidence, in combination with the literary sources, and thus to define, more clearly than has been done hitherto, both the nature of the original foundation and the way in which it developed. -
The First Corinth Canal SUP Crossing
THE FIRst CORINTH CANAL SUP CROSSING THE CORINTH CANAL, A MAN-MADE WATERWAY LINKING THE IONIAN AND AEGEAN SEAS, SLICES THROUGH THE NARROW IstHMUS OF CORINTH AND SEPARATES THE PELOPONNESIAN PENINSULA FROM THE GREEK MAINLAND. FOLLOWING OUR PADDLES IN CLASSIC LOCATIONS ACROSS THE GLobe — SequANA IN PARIS, SILVAPALANA IN SWITZERLAND AND THE GERMAN PORT OF HAMBURg — THE FIRST CORINTH CANAL SUP By Helen Katsarou CROSSING CONNECTED THE NEW SPORT OF SUP WITH THE HIstORY OF THIS ANCIENT LAND. 62 /SU P magazine / VOL 4Nº3 2O12 STANDUPpaddlemagazine.COM / 63 THE PLAN canal control tower speaking. In two minutes, Poseidonia Bridge will be sunk. Are you ready?” Our response was immediate: “Everyone Crossing the canal via SUP for the very first time ever: The idea was is ready!” Moments later, the bridge operator spoke. “The bridge bold, the plan was challenging, and the bureaucracy was egregious. The has been sunk. You are ready to go!” From our attendant board, canal’s management team had lots of questions, the first of which was, alone in the morning silence, came the command, “Start now.” H IstORY OF THE CORINTH CANAL “What is a SUP?” We answered endless queries patiently, describing Paddles dug hard in the water. Everyone paddled vigorously, seeking the burgeoning sport, explaining how winds and currents affect the proper rhythm. We all wanted to place first in this mesmerizing, Many ancient rulers dreamed of bisecting the Isthmus of Corinth. The him first. Nero actually began the project in 67 AD, but it never went paddlers and reassuring everyone with liability on his mind that proper historic canal crossing. -
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf William D. Gilstrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield February 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the production, exchange and consumption of pottery around the Saronic Gulf, Greece, during Late Mycenaean period, specifically Late Helladic IIIB1 to Late Helladic IIIC Phase 1, roughly 1300-1130 BC. While the focus of many studies of Mycenaean political economy has fallen on Messinia and the Argolid, the choice of the Saronic Gulf offers the chance to examine ceramic crafting, movement and use in an area which hosts no accepted ‘palatial’ centres. It aims to examine the role of pottery in everyday social and economic transaction, taking a ‘bottom-up’ approach to shedding light on Mycenaean society and economy. Pottery from a wide range of sites has been studied: urban centres such as Athens; harbours at Kanakia on Salamis and Kalamianos in coastal Corinthia; small settlements of Stiri in Corinthia, Myti Kommeni on Dokos and Lazarides on Aegina; sanctuary sites of Eleusis and Ayios Konstantinos, Methana; and finally the settlement and pottery production site of Kontopigado, Alimos near the Attic coast. Based on typological and macroscopic fabric studies, a large number of samples have been chosen for examination by an integrated programme of petrographic, chemical (by neutron activation analysis) and microstructural analysis (by scanning electron microscopy), in order to group and characterise to pottery according to composition, to reconstruct key aspects of ceramic manufacture and, where possible, to suggest the area or location of their production. -
Ancient Greece
αρχαία Ελλάδα (Ancient Greece) The Birthplace of Western Civilization Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Three AA * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Europe’s earliest farming communities developed in Greece and the Balkans around 6500 B.C. • Their staple crops of emmer wheat and barley were of near eastern origin, indicating that farming was introduced by settlers from Anatolia • Farming spread most rapidly through Mediterranean Europe. • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • They marked their territory through the construction of megalithic tombs and astronomical markers • Stonehenge in England • Hanobukten, Sweden * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • These were usually built over several seasons on a part time basis, and required little organization • However, larger monuments such as Stonehenge are evidence of larger, more complex societies requiring the civic organization of a territorial chiefdom that could command labor and resources over a wide area. • Yet, even these relatively complex societies had no towns or cities, and were not literate * European Civilization • Ancient Aegean Civilization • Minos and the Minotaur. Helen of Troy. Odysseus and his Odyssey. These names, still famous today, bring to mind the glories of the Bronze Age Aegean. • But what was the truth behind these legends? • The Wine Dark Sea • In Greek Epic, the sea was always described as “wine dark”, a common appellation used by many Indo European peoples and languages. • It is even speculated that the color blue was not known at this time. Not because they could not see it, but because their society just had no word for it! • The Aegean Sea is the body of water which lays to the east of Greece, west of Turkey, and north of the island of Crete. -
Iliad and Odyssey - 800-750 BCE Early Greece
Clst 181SK Ancient Greece and the Origins of Western Culture Early Greece A Basic Chronology 1a. Bronze Age Greece - Minoans The Minoan Civilization (1900-1450 BCE) ! ! Knossos, Crete 1b. Bronze Age Greece - Mycenaeans The Mycenaean Civilization (1450-1200 BCE) Mainland Greece, especially the Peloponnesus Mycenae – Palace Megaron Cf. Megaron at Pylos, Palace of Nestor Mycenae – Demons? Mycenae – Palace Megaron Cf. Megaron at Pylos, Palace of Nestor The Bronze Age - Collapse ! Greek Palace structures are destroyed in about 1200-1150 BCE ! Knossos Mycenae Pylos Thebes Tiryns Troy(!) We do not know how or by whom the devastation occurred - the Greeks told a story of invaders (the “Dorian invasion”) 2. The Greek! “Dark Age” - the Iron Age 1200-800 BCE Lefkandi – Heroön plan ! 2. The Iron Age 1200-750 BCE Early Geometric Vase 850 BCE ! 3. The Archaic Period 750-480 BCE 530 BCE 750 BCE 560 BCE 700 BCE 600 BCE Clst 181SK Ancient Greece and the Origins of Western Culture Early Greece A Basic Chronology ! 1a. Bronze Age - Minoans 1900-1450 BCE 1b. Bronze Age - Mycenaeans 1450-1200 2. Iron Age (Dark Ages) 1200-750 3. Archaic Period 750-480 ! “Trojan War” - 1250-1200 BCE Collapse of Bronze Age palace system - 1200-1150 BCE Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey - 800-750 BCE Early Greece “Trojan War” - 1250-1200 BCE Collapse of Bronze Age palace system - 1200-1150 BCE Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey - 800-750 BCE Question: which early Greece does Homer’s Iliad assume? The Bronze Age era of palaces or the Iron Age era sometimes known as the Dark Ages? ! The Trojan War: The Heroes Note: Ilium or Ilias is another name for Troy, thus the Iliad means the story of the war against Troy ! Mycenae (Mycene) Review: Mesopotamia,Phoenicia, Crete, Cyprus, Delphi, Peloponnesus, Ionia Review: Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos Mycenae – aerial view Lion’s gate reconstruction Mycenae – Demons? Mycenae – Palace Megaron Cf. -
Sea-Level Changes and Shelf Break Prograding Sequences During the Last 400 Ka in the Aegean Margins: Subsidence Rates and Palaeogeographic Implications
ARTICLE IN PRESS Continental Shelf Research 29 (2009) 2037–2044 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Continental Shelf Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csr Sea-level changes and shelf break prograding sequences during the last 400 ka in the Aegean margins: Subsidence rates and palaeogeographic implications V. Lykousis à Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 47 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, Anavyssos 19013, Athens, Greece article info abstract Article history: The subsidence rates of the Aegean margins during the Middle-Upper Pleistocene were evaluated based Received 21 February 2008 on new and historical seismic profiling data. High-resolution seismic profiling (AirGun, Sparker and Received in revised form 3.5 kHz) have shown that (at least) four major oblique prograding sequences can be traced below the 26 September 2008 Aegean marginal slopes at increasing subbottom depths. These palaeo-shelf break glacial delta Accepted 24 November 2008 sediments have been developed during successive low sea-level stands (LST prograding sequences), Available online 6 December 2008 suggesting continuous and gradual subsidence of the Aegean margins during the last 400 ka. Subsidence Keywords: rates of the Aegean margins were calculated from the vertical displacement of successive topset-to- Aegean margins foreset transitions (palaeo-shelf break) of the LST prograding sediment sequences. Sea-level The estimated subsidence rates that were calculated in the active boundaries of the Aegean Subsidence rates microplate (North Aegean margins, Gulfs of Patras and Corinth) are high and range from 0.7 to Palaeogeography À1 À1 Middle-Upper Pleistocene 1.88 m ka , while the lowest values (0.34–0.60 m ka ) are related to the low tectonic and seismic activity margins like the margin of Cyclades plateau. -
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land In ancient times, there was no waterway for sailors to easily reach Athens if they were traveling to and from Greece’s Ionian coast. A piece of land, called the Isthmus of Corinth, was “in the way.” Without a “shortcut,” across the Isthmus, ships would have to sail from the Ionian Sea to the Aegean Sea by rounding the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Not only was that a long sail, it was a dangerous one. Gale-force winds often trouble sailors at Cape Matapan and Cape Maleas (with its treacherous shoreline). So ... the ancients invented a way to help boats cross the Isthmus on land. They made a road - known as “The Diolkos” - which served as an overland passage between the relatively quiet waters of the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. This image depicts what is left of the Diolkos (which today lies next to the Corinth Canal). We’re not exactly sure when it was first created, but ancient writers referred to it. Those writings reach-back to Aristophanes (at least) who lived between 446 BC and c. 386 BC. Scholars believe that his phrase “as fast as a Corinthian” referred to the Diolkos (and a Corinthian’s ability to swiftly move from Corinth to Athens via the overland passage). Ships carrying goods, or ships bound for war, could cross the Isthmus via the Diolkos. It measured somewhere between 3.7 to 5.3 miles (6 to 8.5 km) and likely remained in use from circa 600 BC to the middle of the first century AD. -
The Role of Weather During the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C
atmosphere Article The Role of Weather during the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C. Christos Zerefos 1,2,3,4,*, Stavros Solomos 1, Dimitris Melas 5, John Kapsomenakis 1 and Christos Repapis 1,4 1 Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 106 80 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece 3 Navarino Environmental Observatory (N.E.O.), 24 001 Messinia, Greece 4 Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation for the Environmental Sciences, 106 75 Athens, Greece 5 Department of Applied and Environmental Physics, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 8 August 2020 Abstract: The Battle of Salamis in 480 B.C. is one of the most important naval battles of all times. This work examines in detail the climatically prevailing weather conditions during the Persian invasion in Greece. We perform a climatological analysis of the wind regime in the narrow straits of Salamis, where this historic battle took place, based on available station measurements, reanalysis and modeling simulations (ERA5, WRF) spanning through the period of 1960–2019. Our results are compared to ancient sources before and during the course of the conflict and can be summarized as follows: (i) Our climatological station measurements and model runs describing the prevailing winds in the area of interest are consistent with the eyewitness descriptions reported by ancient historians and (ii) The ancient Greeks and particularly Themistocles must have been aware of the local wind climatology since their strategic plan was carefully designed and implemented to take advantage of the diurnal wind variation.