The Case of the Salamis's Battle
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. 5/1 Some geotechnical aspects of the marls of Corinth Canal Quelques aspects geotechniques des marnes du canal de Corinthe A.ANAGNOSTOPOULOS, Ass. Professor, Technical University of Athens, Greece ST.CHRISTOULAS, Ass. Professor, Technical University of Athens, Greece N.KALTEZIOTIS, Public Works Research Center, Athens, Greece G.TSIAMBAOS, Public Works Research Center, Athens, Greece SYNOPSIS: The Corinth Canal is of great importance regarding the navigation in the Mediterranean Sea and the railway and roadway transportation between Peloponnese and the Central Greece. For a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the marls, found in abundance in the narrow zone of the Corinth Canal, investigations of laboratory and in situ testing have been carried out including: Dril ling of boreholes and sampling; laboratory testing (determination of Atterberg limits, unconfined and triaxial compression tests, residual shear strength characteristics of the different types of marls involved, consolidation tests, etc.); mineralogical analysis by using X-Ray diffraction techniques and electronic microscopy. In this paper after considering the Engineering geological aspects of the area, results of the tests described above are presented and critically discussed, some correlations are given and some comparisons with marls from other areas of Greece are considered. -
The First Corinth Canal SUP Crossing
THE FIRst CORINTH CANAL SUP CROSSING THE CORINTH CANAL, A MAN-MADE WATERWAY LINKING THE IONIAN AND AEGEAN SEAS, SLICES THROUGH THE NARROW IstHMUS OF CORINTH AND SEPARATES THE PELOPONNESIAN PENINSULA FROM THE GREEK MAINLAND. FOLLOWING OUR PADDLES IN CLASSIC LOCATIONS ACROSS THE GLobe — SequANA IN PARIS, SILVAPALANA IN SWITZERLAND AND THE GERMAN PORT OF HAMBURg — THE FIRST CORINTH CANAL SUP By Helen Katsarou CROSSING CONNECTED THE NEW SPORT OF SUP WITH THE HIstORY OF THIS ANCIENT LAND. 62 /SU P magazine / VOL 4Nº3 2O12 STANDUPpaddlemagazine.COM / 63 THE PLAN canal control tower speaking. In two minutes, Poseidonia Bridge will be sunk. Are you ready?” Our response was immediate: “Everyone Crossing the canal via SUP for the very first time ever: The idea was is ready!” Moments later, the bridge operator spoke. “The bridge bold, the plan was challenging, and the bureaucracy was egregious. The has been sunk. You are ready to go!” From our attendant board, canal’s management team had lots of questions, the first of which was, alone in the morning silence, came the command, “Start now.” H IstORY OF THE CORINTH CANAL “What is a SUP?” We answered endless queries patiently, describing Paddles dug hard in the water. Everyone paddled vigorously, seeking the burgeoning sport, explaining how winds and currents affect the proper rhythm. We all wanted to place first in this mesmerizing, Many ancient rulers dreamed of bisecting the Isthmus of Corinth. The him first. Nero actually began the project in 67 AD, but it never went paddlers and reassuring everyone with liability on his mind that proper historic canal crossing. -
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf William D. Gilstrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield February 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the production, exchange and consumption of pottery around the Saronic Gulf, Greece, during Late Mycenaean period, specifically Late Helladic IIIB1 to Late Helladic IIIC Phase 1, roughly 1300-1130 BC. While the focus of many studies of Mycenaean political economy has fallen on Messinia and the Argolid, the choice of the Saronic Gulf offers the chance to examine ceramic crafting, movement and use in an area which hosts no accepted ‘palatial’ centres. It aims to examine the role of pottery in everyday social and economic transaction, taking a ‘bottom-up’ approach to shedding light on Mycenaean society and economy. Pottery from a wide range of sites has been studied: urban centres such as Athens; harbours at Kanakia on Salamis and Kalamianos in coastal Corinthia; small settlements of Stiri in Corinthia, Myti Kommeni on Dokos and Lazarides on Aegina; sanctuary sites of Eleusis and Ayios Konstantinos, Methana; and finally the settlement and pottery production site of Kontopigado, Alimos near the Attic coast. Based on typological and macroscopic fabric studies, a large number of samples have been chosen for examination by an integrated programme of petrographic, chemical (by neutron activation analysis) and microstructural analysis (by scanning electron microscopy), in order to group and characterise to pottery according to composition, to reconstruct key aspects of ceramic manufacture and, where possible, to suggest the area or location of their production. -
Ancient Greece
αρχαία Ελλάδα (Ancient Greece) The Birthplace of Western Civilization Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Three AA * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Europe’s earliest farming communities developed in Greece and the Balkans around 6500 B.C. • Their staple crops of emmer wheat and barley were of near eastern origin, indicating that farming was introduced by settlers from Anatolia • Farming spread most rapidly through Mediterranean Europe. • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • They marked their territory through the construction of megalithic tombs and astronomical markers • Stonehenge in England • Hanobukten, Sweden * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • These were usually built over several seasons on a part time basis, and required little organization • However, larger monuments such as Stonehenge are evidence of larger, more complex societies requiring the civic organization of a territorial chiefdom that could command labor and resources over a wide area. • Yet, even these relatively complex societies had no towns or cities, and were not literate * European Civilization • Ancient Aegean Civilization • Minos and the Minotaur. Helen of Troy. Odysseus and his Odyssey. These names, still famous today, bring to mind the glories of the Bronze Age Aegean. • But what was the truth behind these legends? • The Wine Dark Sea • In Greek Epic, the sea was always described as “wine dark”, a common appellation used by many Indo European peoples and languages. • It is even speculated that the color blue was not known at this time. Not because they could not see it, but because their society just had no word for it! • The Aegean Sea is the body of water which lays to the east of Greece, west of Turkey, and north of the island of Crete. -
Sea-Level Changes and Shelf Break Prograding Sequences During the Last 400 Ka in the Aegean Margins: Subsidence Rates and Palaeogeographic Implications
ARTICLE IN PRESS Continental Shelf Research 29 (2009) 2037–2044 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Continental Shelf Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csr Sea-level changes and shelf break prograding sequences during the last 400 ka in the Aegean margins: Subsidence rates and palaeogeographic implications V. Lykousis à Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 47 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, Anavyssos 19013, Athens, Greece article info abstract Article history: The subsidence rates of the Aegean margins during the Middle-Upper Pleistocene were evaluated based Received 21 February 2008 on new and historical seismic profiling data. High-resolution seismic profiling (AirGun, Sparker and Received in revised form 3.5 kHz) have shown that (at least) four major oblique prograding sequences can be traced below the 26 September 2008 Aegean marginal slopes at increasing subbottom depths. These palaeo-shelf break glacial delta Accepted 24 November 2008 sediments have been developed during successive low sea-level stands (LST prograding sequences), Available online 6 December 2008 suggesting continuous and gradual subsidence of the Aegean margins during the last 400 ka. Subsidence Keywords: rates of the Aegean margins were calculated from the vertical displacement of successive topset-to- Aegean margins foreset transitions (palaeo-shelf break) of the LST prograding sediment sequences. Sea-level The estimated subsidence rates that were calculated in the active boundaries of the Aegean Subsidence rates microplate (North Aegean margins, Gulfs of Patras and Corinth) are high and range from 0.7 to Palaeogeography À1 À1 Middle-Upper Pleistocene 1.88 m ka , while the lowest values (0.34–0.60 m ka ) are related to the low tectonic and seismic activity margins like the margin of Cyclades plateau. -
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land In ancient times, there was no waterway for sailors to easily reach Athens if they were traveling to and from Greece’s Ionian coast. A piece of land, called the Isthmus of Corinth, was “in the way.” Without a “shortcut,” across the Isthmus, ships would have to sail from the Ionian Sea to the Aegean Sea by rounding the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Not only was that a long sail, it was a dangerous one. Gale-force winds often trouble sailors at Cape Matapan and Cape Maleas (with its treacherous shoreline). So ... the ancients invented a way to help boats cross the Isthmus on land. They made a road - known as “The Diolkos” - which served as an overland passage between the relatively quiet waters of the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. This image depicts what is left of the Diolkos (which today lies next to the Corinth Canal). We’re not exactly sure when it was first created, but ancient writers referred to it. Those writings reach-back to Aristophanes (at least) who lived between 446 BC and c. 386 BC. Scholars believe that his phrase “as fast as a Corinthian” referred to the Diolkos (and a Corinthian’s ability to swiftly move from Corinth to Athens via the overland passage). Ships carrying goods, or ships bound for war, could cross the Isthmus via the Diolkos. It measured somewhere between 3.7 to 5.3 miles (6 to 8.5 km) and likely remained in use from circa 600 BC to the middle of the first century AD. -
The Role of Weather During the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C
atmosphere Article The Role of Weather during the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C. Christos Zerefos 1,2,3,4,*, Stavros Solomos 1, Dimitris Melas 5, John Kapsomenakis 1 and Christos Repapis 1,4 1 Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 106 80 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece 3 Navarino Environmental Observatory (N.E.O.), 24 001 Messinia, Greece 4 Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation for the Environmental Sciences, 106 75 Athens, Greece 5 Department of Applied and Environmental Physics, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 8 August 2020 Abstract: The Battle of Salamis in 480 B.C. is one of the most important naval battles of all times. This work examines in detail the climatically prevailing weather conditions during the Persian invasion in Greece. We perform a climatological analysis of the wind regime in the narrow straits of Salamis, where this historic battle took place, based on available station measurements, reanalysis and modeling simulations (ERA5, WRF) spanning through the period of 1960–2019. Our results are compared to ancient sources before and during the course of the conflict and can be summarized as follows: (i) Our climatological station measurements and model runs describing the prevailing winds in the area of interest are consistent with the eyewitness descriptions reported by ancient historians and (ii) The ancient Greeks and particularly Themistocles must have been aware of the local wind climatology since their strategic plan was carefully designed and implemented to take advantage of the diurnal wind variation. -
Post-Depositional Alteration of Calcium Carbonate Phases in Archaeological Ceramics: Depletion and Redistribution Effects
minerals Article Post-Depositional Alteration of Calcium Carbonate Phases in Archaeological Ceramics: Depletion and Redistribution Effects William D. Gilstrap 1,*, Jennifer L. Meanwell 1 , Elizabeth H. Paris 2 , Roberto López Bravo 3 and Peter M. Day 4,5 1 Center for Materials Research in Archaeology and Ethnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] 3 Escuela de Arqueología, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez 29039, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, 153 41 Athens, Greece; p.m.day@sheffield.ac.uk 5 Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3NJ, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The final stage in the life history of prehistoric pottery prior to archaeological recovery is usually the longest, and frequently the most dynamic. The remains of archaeological ceramics spend hundreds to thousands of years deposited within the upper layers of the earth’s crust where they encounter the same diagenetic environmental processes as the surrounding natural materials. Harsh conditions of subterranean environments induce physical stresses and chemical reactions, causing alterations of ceramic structure and composition. This is especially true of carbonate-rich ceramics, as carbonate phases are soluble when deposited within acidic environments. This paper Citation: Gilstrap, W.D.; Meanwell, examines common carbonate depletion and accretion effects of post-depositional environments on J.L.; Paris, E.H.; López Bravo, R.; Day, ancient ceramics from two rather different geological and archaeological contexts: Mesoamerica and P.M. -
Ancient History
ANCIENT HISTORY 500 – 440 BC Evaluate the contribution of Miltiades and Themistocles to the Greek victory over the Persians from 490 to 479 BC. During the Persian Wars a number of personalities arose to challenge the threat from across the Aegean, all of them with personal motivations, strategies, diplomatic initiatives and policies. Greek politics were tense at the time of the Persian wars as Herodotus reports,“Among the Athenian commanders opinion was divided”. Some of the prominent personalities of both Athens and Sparta include Aristides, Themistocles, Leonidas, Miltiades and Pausanius. However it was Miltiades and Themistocles that made the greatest contribution to Greek Victory. Both Miltiades and Themistocles used their prior experience as well as thought out tactics to outplay the ‘unbeatable’ Persian army. Separately, these two personalities successfully led the Greeks to victory through the battles of Marathon and Salamis, as well as a number of significant catalysts. Despite this, the contribution of Themistocles to the Persian Wars may have been greater than that of Miltiades due to the lasting effect his changes made to the entire war effort but this may have been due to the length of their time in power. Miltiades was not always respected by his Athenian counterparts as previous to the Persian Wars he had acted as vassal to the Persian King, Darius I. The Ionian Revolt proved a great turning point for many Greeks who were under Persian influence. Miltiades joined the revolt and returned to Athens but was imprisoned for the crime of tyranny with the sentence of death. However, he was able to prove himself anti-Persian and was released. -
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Documentation Centre - EKT journals Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece Vol. 43, 2010 GEOMYTHOLOGICAL APPROACH OF ASOPOS RIVER (AEGINA, GREECE) Mariolakos I. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology Theocharis D. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11248 Copyright © 2017 I. Mariolakos, D. Theocharis To cite this article: Mariolakos, I., & Theocharis, D. (2010). GEOMYTHOLOGICAL APPROACH OF ASOPOS RIVER (AEGINA, GREECE). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 43(2), 821-828. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11248 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 20/02/2020 23:45:10 | Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, 2010 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 2010 Πρακτικά 12ου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Proceedings of the 12th International Congress Πάτρα, Μάιος 2010 Patras, May, 2010 GEOMYTHOLOGICAL APPROACH OF ASOPOS RIVER (AEGINA, GREECE) Mariolakos I.1 and Theocharis D.1 1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, GR-15784 Athens, Greece, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In Greek Mythology rivers are, with some exceptions, Gods and they were “born” by the Titans, Oceanus and Tethys. The River Gods are also considered to have given birth to some Islands. Amongst them Aso- pos River has the most important position as he is considered to have given birth to Aegina, Salamis, Euboea and some other islands as well. -
Saronic Gulf Islands
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Saronic Gulf Islands Includes ¨ Why Go? Aegina .............130 The Saronic Gulf Islands (Νησιά του Σαρωνικού) dot the wa- Aegina Town ........131 ters nearest Athens and offer a fast track to Greek island life. Perdika & Around ....133 As with all Greek islands, each of the Saronics has a unique feel and culture, so you can hop between classical heritage, Angistri ............134 resort beaches, exquisite architecture and remote escapism. Poros ..............135 Aegina is home to a spectacular Doric temple and ruined Poros Town .........136 Byzantine village, while nearby pine-clad Angistri feels pro- Hydra ..............137 tected and peaceful outside of the booming midsummer Hydra Town .........138 months. Further south, Poros, with its forested hinterland, curves only a few hundred metres from the Peloponnese. Spetses ............143 The Saronic showpiece, Hydra, is a gorgeous car-free is- Spetses Town .......145 land with a port of carefully preserved stone houses rising from a chic, history-charged harbour. Deepest south of all, pine-scented Spetses also has a vibrant nautical history and pretty town architecture, plus myriad aqua coves only min- Best Places utes from the Peloponnese. to Eat ¨ Sunset (p142) ¨ Akrogialia (p146) When to Go ¨ Aspros Gatos (p136) Hydra ¨ Tarsanas (p146) °C/°F Te mp Rainfall inches/mm 40/104 0.79/20 30/86 Best Places 0.39/15 20/68 to Stay 0.2/5 ¨ Poseidonion Grand Hotel 10/50 (p146) 0/32 0 J FDM A M J J A S O N ¨ Hydra Hotel (p141) ¨ Rosy’s Little Village (p134) Apr & May The Jun Celebrate Sep The best-kept ¨ Orloff Resort (p145) islands awaken Miaoulia in Hydra secret: clear skies, after winter; come with sparkling thinning crowds ¨ Cotommatae (p139) for flower-filled waters and warm and Spetses’ Ar- ¨ Hotel Miranda (p139) Easter. -
Salamis in Easy Attic Greek
'yJlMLJ. n. C^\- SxJ^bris PROFESSOR J. S.WILL z.'vS" f*^ Cambridge Mkiiuiuary Classics Salamis in easy Attic Greek 13 en O Sal a mis in easy Attic Greek With Introduction, Notes and Vocabulary by G. M. EDWARDS, ^M.A. Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge ' - / Cambridge : at the University Press if J I9'3 S57H CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ILonUon: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, Manager GFUinbursb: 100, PRINCES STREET ectlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Efipjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS ip,etoSorfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS »otnbag antj Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. All rights reserved WIIHTeO Ih •«i»T ««ITAIII PREFACE rilHIS mlaptation of part of Herodotus, imirli -*- shortened and simplified, is intended for students in their second year of Greek readin<r. The re-written text is mainly Attic ; but a few Ionic touches have been retained for their literary value. The subject-matter is of great and varied interest ; and there is abundance of useful idiom. The excellent editions of Dr Shuckburgh and Messrs How and Wells and Dean Blakesley's admirable Excursus on the battle of Salamis have been found very useful. G. M. E. CAMBRmOK June 1913 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ...... vii Text ........ 1 Notes 32 Vocabulary ...... 61 Index of Proper Names . .77 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP Map of Salamis .... Frontispiece Athens and the Acropolis {Phot. Frith) To face p. 2 A Greek Trireme Themistocles {Phot. Anderson) . Note.— The illustration of the trireme is re- produced by permission of Mr Cecil Torr. A full explanation of its details will be found in his work on Ancient Ships (p.